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In 2004 the Monitoring the Future study marked its 30th year of conducting national surveys of substance use among American young people. Beginning with the first survey of high school seniors in 1975, the study has provided the nation with a window through which to view the important, but largely hidden, problem behaviors of illicit drug use, alcohol use, and cigarette smoking. It has thus enabled the nation to gain a better understanding of the changing nature of these problems, as well as some of their causes and consequences. This annual monograph series has been the primary vehicle for disseminating the epidemiological findings from the study. It has grown substantially over the years in both coverage and size, in part because of the proliferation of substances being used. This latest two-volume monograph presents the results of the 30th (2004) national survey of drug use and related attitudes and beliefs among American high school seniors, the 25th such survey of American college students, and the 14th such survey of 8th- and 10th-grade students. Results have also been reported for varying intervals on young adult high school graduates, as well as adult high school graduates into middle age (currently through age 45), who have been followed from high school graduation through a series of panel studies. Appended are: (1) Prevalence and Trend Estimates Adjusted for Absentees and Dropouts; (2) Definition of Background and Demographic Subgroups; (3) Estimation of Sampling Errors; (4) Trends by Subgroup: Supplemental Tables for Secondary School Students; and (5) Trends in Specific Subclasses of Hallucinogens, Amphetamines, Tranquilizers, and Narcotic Drugs Other Than Heroin. (Contains 71 tables and 97 figures.) [For Volume II, see ED489469.]

This study examined the relative impact of both student-driven and institutional factors on anticipated academic and career outcomes among first-year graduate students. The study addressed two primary questions: (1) whether significant gender and ethnic differences exist in the academic credentials, expectations, and degree of incorporation within graduate departments among first-year graduate students; and (2) which factors account for differences in expected academic and career outcomes. The study used data from a longitudinal study tracing the educational and career outcomes of the Fall 1995 entering cohort of 289 graduate students in engineering and the physical sciences. Findings indicated there were relatively few differences in the academic credentials, self-confidence, or expectations about their departments and faculty among the first-year students in these fields. There were significant differences in Anglo and minority student perceptions about the roles that gender and ethnicity play in academic outcomes. However, gender and race were not significant predictors of anticipated academic outcomes. International students expected higher grades, but anticipated lower earnings and more difficulty finding jobs than U.S. counterparts. Married students expected to finish earlier than non-married counterparts and anticipated higher wages upon degree completion. Two significant predictors for lower expected grade point averages were upper class status and student perception of race as liability. (Contains 64 references.) (CK)

This report describes a longitudinal evaluation of an on-going 5-year program at the University of Michigan to improve minority student retention and academic performance. The Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP) creates research partnerships between first- and second-year students and faculty researchers, and provides peer counseling, workshops in learning skills, and research peer groups. The evaluation compared students in the program with students matched for grade point averages and college entrance examination scores who had applied to the program. Among evaluation findings are: (1) UROP students had an attrition rate 32 percent lower than underrepresented students university-wide; (2) African-American students in UROP showed an attrition rate 51 percent lower than control group students; (3) participation in UROP resulted in grade point averages some 6 percent higher than all students; and (4) UROP appeared to positively affect student self-esteem, coping strategies, learning behaviors, and expectations about academic performance. Individual sections of the report present an executive summary, an overview of the project, and a description of the project's purpose, background and origins, major components, and evaluation/results. Appendices include the UROP brochure, newsletter, and faculty handbook, the survey instruments, and a draft paper titled "Undergraduate Student-Faculty Research Partnerships Affect Student Retention" (Biren A. Nagda and others). (DB)

This study investigated an apparent dilemma suggested by previous research on faculty orientations toward students and academic standards. Some research suggests that encouraging faculty to be student-centered is an effective way to increase student learning and development, while other research indicates that being student-centered leads to lenient grading and lower academic standards. Information was obtained from 134 institutions based on a longitudinal data set from the Cooperative Institutional Research Program, providing a nationally representative cohort of college freshmen who completed questionnaires upon entry in 1985 and again 4 years later in 1989. Faculty data were obtained from a Higher Education Research Institute survey of teaching practices. Student-centered evaluation methods were considered to be student presentations, student evaluations of each others' work, and weekly essay assignments. Using a series of multiple regression analyses predicting undergraduate grades, it was found that student evaluation practices and the ways in which faculty viewed their orientations toward students were not significantly related to institutional average grades. Faculty views of student-centeredness were also unrelated to institutional grades. (Contains 40 references.) (SW)

This study examined the relationship between students' self-reported goals of being socially responsible and of forming relationships with peers, to their achievement goals in English and mathematics. The sample consisted of 175 male and 138 female seventh-graders from a predominantly white, lower middle-class middle school. The study found that social responsibility goals were positively related to task goals and relative ability goals, and negatively related to extrinsic goals. Students who aimed to be socially responsible were likely to engage in their academic work to gain a personal sense of mastery or to demonstrate their ability in comparison to others, and not out of a desire to get extrinsic rewards such as grades. Social relationship goals were found to be positively related to both task goals and relative ability goals. Social relationship and extrinsic goals were unrelated in English and were negatively related in math. In addition, gender was a significant predictor of extrinsic and relative ability goals, with males being more likely to pursue extrinsic goals. Contains 16 references. (MDM)

This is the second volume in a two-volume set reporting the results of all surveys through 1992 from the Monitoring the Future study of American secondary school students and young adults. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the volume, noting that Monitoring the Future consists of an ongoing series of annual national surveys of American high school seniors begun in 1975 (the results of which are presented in volume I) and a series of annual follow-up surveys of representative samples of the previous participants from each high school senior class going back to the Class of 1976. It further notes that this volume presents the results of the 1977 through 1992 follow-up surveys of the graduating classes of 1976 through 1991. Chapter 2 presents an overview of key findings, examining trends in illicit drug use, alcohol use, and cigarette smoking, and noting college-noncollege and male-female differences. Racial and ethnic comparisons are included. Chapter 3 describes the study design and procedures, chapter 4 looks at the prevalence of drug use among young adults, and chapter 5 explores trends in drug use among young adults. Chapter 6 focuses on the attitudes and beliefs about drugs among young adults, while chapter 7 concentrates on the social milieu. Chapters 8 and 9 focus on college students, looking at the prevalence of and trends in drug use in this population. Twenty-seven tables and 48 figures illustrate data from the study. (NB)

In response to a request by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to examine what attracted women to physics and mathematics, this report has two major goals: (1) to provide a literature review of published studies on women at the college and post college levels in science and mathematics; and (2) to present synopses of three studies carried out at the University of Michigan. The literature review is separated into five topics: (1) statistical trends about women in mathematics and physics; enrollment and graduation trends: decline in interest, and undergraduate programs producing students who earn advanced degrees; (2) enrollment and attrition studies investigating factors influencing women to pursue mathematics and science majors; (3) background characteristics of women in science, mathematics, and engineering; (4) determinants of women's achievement in mathematics and science (individual, environmental, and multiple factors); and (5) interventions employed to recruit and retain women in nontraditional fields of study. The three studies focused on what men and women in mathematics and physics courses believed enhanced and inhibited their decisions to pursue or not to pursue academic work and careers in mathematics and physics. The report ends with recommendations for institutional changes which would have the greatest impact on improving the academic experience of women in the fields of mathematics and physics. (Contains over 300 references.) (MDH)

This is the second volume in a two-volume set reporting the results of all surveys through 1991 from the Monitoring the Future study of American secondary school students and young adults. Volume II begins with chapter 11 which provides an introduction to the volume, noting that Monitoring the Future consists of an ongoing series of annual national surveys of American high school seniors begun in 1975 (the results of which are presented in volume I) and a series of annual follow-up surveys of representative samples of the previous participants from each high school senior class going back to the Class of 1976. It further notes that this volume presents the results of the 1977 through 1991 follow-up surveys of the graduating classes of 1976 through 1990. Chapter 12 presents an overview of key findings, examining trends in illicit drug use, alcohol use, and cigarette smoking, and noting college-noncollege and male-female differences. Racial and ethnic comparisons are included. Chapter 13 describes the study design and procedures, chapter 14 looks at the prevalence of drug use among young adults, and chapter 15 explores trends in drug use among young adults. Chapter 16 focuses on the attitudes and beliefs about drugs among young adults, while chapter 17 concentrates on the social milieu. Chapters 18 and 19 focus on college students, looking at the prevalence of and trends in drug use in this population. Twenty-six tables and 48 figures illustrate data from the study. (Author/NB)

This document contains volume I of a two-volume report presenting the results of the 17th national survey of drug use and related attitudes among American high school seniors and the 12th national survey of American college students. Volume I contains the results from the secondary school samples of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the report. Chapter 2 contains an overview of key findings, looking at trends in illicit drug use, alcohol use, and cigarette smoking, and the drug use of 8th and 10th graders. A summary of trends notes that, over the last 10 years, there have been appreciable declines in the use of a number of the illicit drugs among seniors. Chapter 3 describes the study design and procedures; chapter 4 considers the prevalence of drug use among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders; chapter 5 examines trends in drug use among high school seniors; and chapter 6 focuses on drug use at earlier grade levels. Chapter 7 concentrates on the degree and duration of drug highs. Chapter 8 explores attitudes and beliefs about drugs and chapter 9 considers the social milieu. Other findings from the study, including findings on the use of nonprescription stimulants and the use of marijuana on a daily basis are presented in chapter 10. Prevalence and trend estimates adjusted for absentees and dropouts are appended. Thirty-four tables and 32 figures are included. (NB)

This document is the second of two volumes reporting the results of the 1990 surveys, and all previous surveys, from the Monitoring the Future study of American high school students and young adults. Volume II presents the results of the annual follow-up surveys of representative samples of previous participants from each high school senior class going back to the Class of 1976. The time period covered by this volume is 1977 through 1990, encompassing the graduating classes of 1976 through 1989. In order for this volume, which begins with chapter 11, Introduction to Volume II, to stand alone, material from two chapters of Volume I is repeated in chapter 12, Overview of Key Findings, and chapter 13, Study Design and Procedures. Chapters 14 through 17 focus on findings from post-high school young adults, looking at the prevalence of drug use, trends in drug use, attitudes and beliefs about drugs, and the social milieu of young adults. Chapters 18 and 19 concentrate on college students, examining the prevalence of, and trends in, drug use in this population. Trends over the past decade are reported that show appreciable declines in the use of a number of illicit drugs among seniors, American college students and young adults. These trends are interpreted cautiously and it is emphasized that improvements cannot be taken for granted. Twenty-six data tables and 48 figures are included throughout the document. (NB)

There is growing recognition that elementary, junior, and senior high schools are different organizations with different school cultures and different leadership needs. School-level differences in principal leadership behavior, student and teacher perceptions of the school culture, and student and teacher commitment were assessed using data from 160 principals, 171 teachers, and 1,492 students from Illinois. Principals' reports of their behavior were similar across three school levels. Junior high teachers reported more stress on accomplishment and affiliation goals and less emphasis on power goals than teachers at other school levels. Elementary students had the highest, and senior high students the lowest, means on both the culture and the commitment scales. At all three levels, student perceptions of a cultural stress on accomplishment and affiliation were positively related to commitment. At the elementary and junior high levels a perceived stress on recognition, and at the senior level a stress on power, also predicted student commitment. A considerable discrepancy between student and teacher perceptions of the school culture was found. Numerous tables are included. (14 references) (Author/MLH)

Black undergraduate students' educational characteristics, experiences, and outcomes at six predominantly white, State-supported universities were examined in this study. Data were collected from 695 undergraduates by means of questionnaires. Findings show that black students in the study came from high schools where blacks were in the majority, and entered college with established histories of academic achievement. The majority were doing relatively well academically, although their grades were lower than in high school. Frequent exposure to racial discrimination was reported. Many students characterized general relationships between black students and white faculty and staff as negative. However, personal relationships with white faculty, staff, and students were rated good to excellent. Black students also reported that white faculty had difficulty relating to them and tended to avoid interaction with them outside of class. Most students believed white faculty to be concerned about their success but felt that they sometimes evaluated black academic performance unfairly. Socially, black students were at a severe disadvantage. Even though black organizations sponsored activities, over half the students reported infrequent participation in such activities. Most students were reasonably satisfied with the amount of financial aid they received. Finally, despite obvious problems, black students clearly possessed high perceptions of self. (CMG)

The Monitoring the Future study surveys high school seniors annually. Data from a special survey of high school seniors (N=1,050) conducted in 1978 designed to complement the annual Monitoring the Future survey were compared to data from the 1978 Monitoring the Future survey of approximately 18,000 high school seniors. Means and correlations were compared in order to determine the extent to which the special survey reproduced the findings from the Monitoring the Future sample. Only one clear-cut difference between the two sets was found. Results indicated that respondents in the special data collection exhibited a tendency to give identical answers to most or all of the questions within large item sets in later parts of the questionnaire. The reported data suggest that due to what is assumed to be a decline in motivation people responded in somewhat more stereotypical ways in latter parts of the long questionnaire used in the special data collection, as reflected in the straight-line or almost straight-line reporting. Appropriate cautions are therefore suggested when using the data from this special data collection for estimation of means and interrelationships between questions from the same set, but correlational and multivariate analyses using questions from different sets should not be seriously biased. (BHK)

This paper compared findings from a drug use and related attitudes survey with those from the Monitoring the Future study. The comparison group consisted of high school seniors who attended the Department of Defense Dependents Schools (DoDDS) in 1982. The current prevalence of drug use among high school seniors in DoDDS and comparisons of drug use between high school seniors in DoDDS and seniors in stateside schools were examined. Data on grade of first use, intensity of drug use, attitudes and beliefs, and perceptions of certain relevancy aspects of the social environment were studied. Questionnaires were compled from DoDDS seniors (N=2,460) or 83% of the targeted students. This response compared to the 83% of the sampled targeted stateside seniors. Overall the patterns of licit and illicit substance use by the overseas DoDDS student population were impressively similar to their stateside counterparts. The same proportion of both population reported having ever tried any illicit drug, and nearly identical proportions reported having used an illicit drug other than marijuana. Equivalent proportions of DoDDS and stateside students perceived use of drugs as entailing great risk. Research indicated DoDDS students used inhalants, tranquilizers, heroin, barbiturates and opiates other than heroin, exhibited a higher use of licit drugs, and reported lower usage of marijuana than did stateside students. (BHK)

A study was conducted in thirty-four sixth grade classrooms in order to examine (1) the effect of teacher behavior on pupil achievement and feelings of control; (2) how pupil characteristics affect teachers' differential behaviors toward different pupils; (3) how the effect of teachers' behaviors on pupils varies according to pupil characteristics; and (4) how changes in pupils' attitudes and expectancies mediate their changes in academic performance. Included in this report are the results of pupil achievement and personality tests (administered three times during the school year) and data from coded observations of teacher pupil interaction. The sample of pupils for which data are analyzed included black and white children of both sexes and different levels of internal and external control. Results are presented in separate chapters on teacher judgments of children, teacher behaviors, the relationship between teacher judgment and behavior, and teacher locus of control. This study also highlights ways that teacher behaviors and pupil characteristics may interact to hinder rather than to facilitate a pupil's learning. (Author/GC)

The current prevalence of drug use among American high school seniors, and trends in drug use since 1975, were investigated as part of the program entitled "Monitoring the Future: A Continuing Study of the Lifestyles and Values of Youth," funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The basic research design involved data collection from high school seniors in approximately 125 public and private high schools across the United States, beginning with the class of 1975. Subjects were asked to respond to questionnaire items about current drug use, use at earlier grade levels, degree and duration of "highs," attitudes and beliefs, and their social milieu. Results indicated that: (1) 65% had used illegal drugs at some point in their lives with a substantial proportion having used only marihuana; (2) cigarettes were used daily by more of the students than any other drug; (3) more students used marihuana daily as compared to alcohol; and (4) higher proportions of males than females were involved in drug use, especially heavy drug use. (Author/HLM)

This volume is the second in an annual series surveying the lifestyles and values of youth. Presented here are detailed statistics on the prevalence of drug use among American high school seniors in 1978 and on trends in those figures since 1975. Research involved annual data collection in approximately 125 public and private high schools across the U.S. Explored are students' attitudes about drug use, exposure to drug use, and perceptions about the availability of drugs. New subjects covered this year include the intensity and duration of the highs usually experienced with the various drugs and the cross-cohort comparisons of the rate of initiation into drug use. Also new this year are two figures in each drug chapter that deal with trends in drug use at earlier grade levels. Finally, two new chapters have been added that deal with certain relevant aspects of the social milieu in which American teenagers find themselves. (Author)

The current prevalence of drug use among American high school seniors (classes of 1975 through 1978) was investigated through a program entitled "Monitoring the Future: A Continuing Study of the Lifestyles and Values of Youth," conducted by the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research and funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The basic research, involving data collections beginning with the class of 1975, took place in approximately 125 public and private high schools selected to provide an accurate cross section of seniors throughout the United States. Questionnaire results indicated that: (1) about 65% report illicit drug use at some time in their lives; (2) marihuana is the most widely used illicit drug; (3) use of alcohol and cigarettes is more widespread than use of illicit drugs; (4) college-bound students have lower rates of illicit drug use; and (5) regional differences in 1978 were insignificant. Trends in drug use comparing the classes of 1975 through 1978 suggest there has been an appreciable rise in marihuana use and female cigarette smoking, and despite the decline in perceived harmfulness of most drugs (licit or illicit) there has been very little change over the past three years in levels of disapproval for most of them. (Author/HLM)

The opinions of nearly 17,000 college-bound and noncollege-bound high school seniors concerning a wide range of issues of both personal and social significance were surveyed in 1979 at the end of the senior year. Developing successful personal relationships, particularly a good marriage and family life, ranked at the top of freshman goals in life, and satisfaciton and success in work were also central concerns. In large proportions they preferred marriage, wanted children, and seemed willing to accommodate the needs of those children. Students' ratings of very important aspects in a job and of the desirability of different work settings are considered. Highest ratings were assigned to jobs that are interesting and make use of a person's skills. The most preferred work settings are those that provide the greatest independence and involve the least external control. The majority of the high school student respondents were employed and most were making fairly good money. While the students had positive expectations for their own future, they were considerably more pessimistic about how things will go for the country and the world over the next five years. Specific problems they are worrying about are summarized. The national issue that has been of greatest concern to recent high school classes has been crime and violence, and an issue that historically has been of less worry, the energy shortage, has reached a level of comparable concern. Drug abuse, pollution, and economic problems rank next among student concerns. Slightly less often on the minds of seniors are the issues of possible nuclear conflict, race relations, hunger and poverty, and population growth. Their views on national defense and the military, politics and the system, and their ratings of institutions in society are also addressed. (SW)

This report presents findings from a national survey of the 1975-80 high school classes, focusing on drug use and related attitudes of American high school seniors. The materials highlight data on grade of first use, usage trends at earlier grade levels, intensity of drug use, attitudes and beliefs about various types of drug use, and students' perceptions about their social environment. A description of the research is provided in the introduction, followed by an overview of key findings from 1980 data, e.g., a decline in the use of cigarettes, marijuana, PCP, inhalants, and barbituates, and stability in the use of cocaine and heroin. An increase in the use of stimulants and methaqualone is reported, accompanied by an increase in the proportion of seniors who use illicit drugs other than marijuana. The conclusion reflects the continued trend of widespread drug use among high school students. (NRB)

This report is the seventh in an annual series reporting the drug use and related attitudes of America's high school seniors; the findings come from an ongoing national research and reporting program, "Monitoring the Future: A Continuing Study of Lifestyles and Values of Youth," also known as the High School Senior Survey. Data on two major topics are reported: current prevalence of drug use among high school seniors (especially illicit drug use), and trends in use since 1975. Also reported are data on grade of first use, trends in use at earlier grade levels, intensity of drug use, seniors' attitudes and beliefs concerning various types of drug use, and their perceptions of certain relevant aspects of the social environment. Eleven separate classes of drugs are distinguished, including marijuana, inhalents, hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, natural and synthetic opiates other than heroin, stimulants, sedatives, tranquilizers, alcohol, and cigarettes. The report also includes sections dealing with the use of non-prescription stimulants such as diet pills, stay-awake pills, and psuedo-amphetamines, and trends in use at the higher frequency levels gathered from reports of the duration and intensity of the highs experienced by drug type. Numerous tables and figures illustrate the results. (MCF)

This report contains detailed statistics on the prevalence of drug use among American high school seniors in l983, and on trends in those figures since l975. The introduction provides an overview of the study design and purposes; defines the larger population represented by the survey samples; and discusses sampling procedures, questionnaires and administration methods, the representativeness of the sample, and the validity of the self-report measures of drug use. Section II provides an overview of important results. Section III, Prevalence of Drug Use and Recent Trends, is divided into 12 chapters. Chapter 1 provides a compilation across drugs of the key results contained in chapters 2 through 12 which deal with actual use of various drugs: marijuana/hashish, inhalants, hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, opiates other than heroin, stimulants, sedatives, tranquilizers, alcohol, and cigarettes. Extensive figures and data tables are included in each chapter. A standard set of tables with comparable table numbers from chapter to chapter are used whenever possible. The key points from data tables are presented in a brief, structured format at the beginning of each chapter. Chapters have been organized and formatted to facilitate use of this report as a reference work. Section IV examines attitudes and beliefs about drugs and the social milieu. Section V presents other findings from the survey. A brief guide for interpreting data tables is appended and all measures discussed in the report are either given or operationally defined in the appendices. (Author/NRB)

Although sex roles seem to be undergoing substantial changes in today's society, the work and family roles of women remain quite different from those of men. Data from the Monitoring the Future project, a 2-year project focusing on high school seniors' sex role attitudes and the relationship of those attitudes to various plans for adult roles, confirmed that high school seniors were generally committed to the principle of equal opportunity but not to any principle of identical family roles. The overwhelming majority preferred the traditional role distinction in their own future marriages. Larger proportions of females favored complete equality in vocational and educational opportunities, while more males favored traditional sex roles; however, there were more similarities than differences between male and female responses. There were also few differences between the educational plans of male and female students; females seemed to take work as seriously as did males. Numerous data tables are provided to illustrate the research findings as well as a summary data chart that appears in the beginning of the document to aid the reader in finding particular tables of interest. (JAC)

The Monitoring the Future project was created to assess the changing lifestyles, values, and preferences of American youth on a continuing basis. Trends in marijuana use and related attitudes were investigated, and alternative hypotheses about the linkage between attitudes and behaviors were examined. Data were obtained using questionnaires administered to nationwide samples of approximately 17,000 high school seniors annually from 1976 through 1985. Trend data showed that perceived risks and personal disapproval increased steadily from 1978 onward, whereas actual use of marijuana reached peak levels in 1978-79 and then declined during the early 1980s. Subgroup trend analyses revealed that when attitudes were held constant there was no decline in rate of marijuana use, supporting the hypothesis that the overall decline found in the total samples was attributable to changes in perceived risk and disapproval. Reversing the subgroup trend analysis procedure, by holding constant the levels of use, provided no support for the alternative hypothesis that changes in use caused the trends in attitudes. The findings are useful theoretically because they indicate that in this area attitudes seem to shape behaviors, rather than the reverse. For those involved in prevention efforts, the findings suggest that realistic information about risks and consequences can play an important role in reducing the demand for drugs. (Author/NB)

This report presents findings from a national research and reporting program dealing with drug use and related attitudes of high school seniors. The major topics focus on the current prevalence of drug use among students and trends in drug use since 1975. Also reported are data on the school for first usage, trends in use at earlier grade levels, the intensity of drug use, attitudes among seniors about drug use, and their perceptions of certain aspects of the social environment. Statistics are presented for 11 separate classes of drugs. Findings related to alcohol and smoking are also included, with a particular emphasis on the higher frequency levels of drug use. (JAC)

In the spring of 1987, a survey was conducted of 2,700 seniors in 37 overseas schools of the Department of Defense Dependents Schools (DoDDS) system, replicating an earlier 1982 survey. Both matched a parallel series of domestic national surveys in the ongoing Monitoring the Future study. This report presents the findings on the prevalence of drug use and related factors among both DoDDS and stateside seniors in 1987, and also compares trends between 1982 and 1987 for both populations. After an introductory overview of key findings, the study presents the survey outcomes with respect to the following: (1) prevalence of drug use over all and among important subgroups; (2) trends in drug use among high school seniors, both DoDDS and stateside; (3) drug use at earlier grade levels; (4) degree and duration of highs; (5) attitudes and beliefs about drugs, including perceived harmfulness and personal disapproval of drug use; and (6) the social milieu, including current perceptions of friends' attitudes, exposure to drug use by friends and others, implications for validity of self-reported usage questions, perceived availability of drugs, and perceived risks of apprehension and punishment for drug use. The survey includes estimates of sampling variance and trends in willingness to be honest about drug use. (TE)

The so-called "drug abuse problem" in America is really a constellation of separate but related problems; since a variety of drugs are illicitly used, and drug abuse leads to many derivative problems, both within and outside the United States. This monograph begins by assessing the current state of the drug abuse problem in America, and analyzing specific policy issues in relation to the ongoing government efforts to reduce the supply and demand for drugs. After an overview and critique of current approaches to both supply reduction and demand reduction. The study recommends a series of policy initiatives. Demand reduction initiatives include: (1) developing knowledge for more and better prevention techniques; (2) educating people in key roles to deal with drug abuse; and (3) using the influence of the mass media. Supply reduction initiatives include conducting epidemiological studies in trans-shipment and supplier countries and increasing public awareness and prevention programs in these countries. (TE)

This preliminary report summarizes findings from a study of over 400 black graduate and professional students on eight, majority white, state-supported university campuses nationally. Students reported high professional achievement goals and self-concepts, generally came from families displaying high levels of academic and occupational achievement, and reported above average undergraduate grades and rankings. The findings suggest that the experiences of black students in graduate and higher education are less than optimal. On measures of academic performance, social adjustment, campus race relations, and interactions with faculty, student responses were at best ambivalent--more often negative. Such findings should be seen in relation to the national decline in black student enrollments in advanced study degree programs since the mid-70s and the effect of this trend on the black community. Strategies for ameliorating the campus experiences of black graduate and professional students include: (1) attempts to achieve greater involvement of black students in the informal networks of training programs; (2) increasing the presence of students with diverse backgrounds and viewpoints, resulting in a more open institution sensitive to the special needs of black and other nontraditional student populations; (3) the creation of mechanisms facilitating their right to appeal unfair actions or decisions; and (4) ensuring equal access to important professional information and resources. (RDN)

Almost 700 black undergraduates responded to a questionnaire investigating the educational characteristics, experiences, and outcomes of black undergraduates at six predominantly white state-supported campuses. It was found that students in the study entered college with established histories of academic achievement, came from majority-black schools, and now found themselves in the unfamiliar situation of being in a decided minority, with little contact with black faculty staff. The students reported relatively good relations with their peers in the classroom, but little contact outside the classroom. They also reported frequent exposure to racial discrimination, on the part of students, staff, and faculty. Most students believed white professors to be concerned about their success, but felt that the professors sometimes evaluated black academic performance unfairly. Socially, the black students felt at a severe disadvantage. Though most were reasonably satisfied with their financial aid, over a third felt that other support services were unsatisfactory. Finally, despite obvious problems, the students clearly possessed high perceptions of self. Overall, the study revealed a tremendous gap between black student needs on white campuses and the currently existing policies and programs of those campuses. (RDN)

This report presents findings from the national research and reporting program, Monitoring the Future: A Continuing Study of the Lifestyle and Values of Youth, and is the sixth in an annual series reporting the drug use and related attitudes of high school seniors; the report covers the high school classes of 1975-1982. Two of the major topics covered are the current prevalence of drug use, and trends in use since 1975. Also reported are statistical data on grade of first use, trends in use at earlier grade levels, intensity of drug use, attitudes and beliefs among students concerning various types of drug use, and their perceptions of certain relevant aspects of the social environment. The eleven separate classes of drugs distinguished are marijuana (including hashish), inhalants, hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, natural and synthetic opiates, stimulants, sedatives, tranquilizers, alcohol and cigarettes. Most of the information deals with illicit drug use. A special section discusses the use of non-prescription stimulants, including diet pills, stay-awake pills, and the look-alike pseudo-amphetamines. Results of the survey of seniors from approximately 125-140 public and private high schools throughout the United States showed that, although about two-thirds of all American students try an illicit drug before they finish high school, the use of many illegal drugs as well as cigarettes is declining. About 1 in 16 students drinks alcohol daily and 41% had had five or more drinks in a row at least once in the 2 weeks prior to the survey. These levels of substance use and abuse probably reflect the highest level of illicit drug use in the industrialized world. (JAC)

A longitudinal study was conducted to determine the effect of teachers and achievement on the students valuing of mathematics. A total of 1,301 students and the teachers they had for mathematics before and after transition to junior high school were involved in the study. It was found that when students move from elementary teachers they percieve to be low in support to junior high teachers they perceive to be high in support, the intrinsic value of math is enhanced, while students who move from teachers they perceive to be high in support to teachers they perceive to be low in support experience a sharp decline in both intrinsic value and perceived usefulness and importance of math. Students' perceptions of the usefulness and importance of math interacts with achievement level. Math values decrease more sharply during the first year of junior high for low achieving students who move from more supportive to less supportive teachers than for high achieving students who experience the same change. (Author/TW)

Classroom decision-making was conceptualized within the framework of person-environment fit. A longitudinal sample of 2239 sixth graders in 117 mathematics classrooms were surveyed. The findings include: (1) students typically report fewer decision-making opportunities than they think they should have in their mathematics classrooms; (2) students within a classroom tend to agree among themselves concerning decision-making prerogatives that actually do exist, but there is less consensus concerning prerogatives that should exist; (3) congruence on these "can decide" and "should decide" dimensions is associated with positive values and affect concerning mathematics as well as high effort and expectancies for success in mathematics; (4) congruence in mathematics classrooms is not related in the same way to similar outcomes in social and athletic activity domains; (5) congruence is inversely related to student misbehavior at school; and (6) these effects of decision-making congruence persist even after controlling for the level of actual decision-making opportunities in the classroom. Since past research has demonstrated that children's values and expectancies predict significant educational outcomes, the findings of this study imply that educators should work toward increasing their students' decision-making congruence in mathematics. Thirty-two references, four tables, and the study instrument are appended. (Author/HNS)

After a brief overview of the size and nature of illicit drug use observed among American adolescents and young adults over the past 20 years, this paper argues that the nation's reliance on supply reduction as its primary strategy for controlling drug abuse has been unsuccessful. Of the two approaches to demand reduction--coercive techniques versus changing beliefs, attitudes, and norms--the latter, and primary prevention in particular, are judged most promising. The paper discusses three essential components to the process of early intervention: idea generation, program development, and systematic evaluation. The report examines the two most far-reaching current approaches to prevention--school-based programs and media-based efforts; the report then offers recommendations. The study also presents a number of specific ideas for expanded approaches to prevention. These include emphasis on health and other risks associated with various substances; early creation of parent groups; recreational alternatives for adolescents to "partying" organized around substance use; systematic attempts to change norms among adolescents regarding drug use; and a serious societal response to the adverse effects of widespread alcohol and cigarette advertising. The drug-related beliefs and attitudes of young people are examined, and procedures for changing those beliefs are suggested. (TE)

This report is the 11th in an annual series reporting the drug use and related attitudes of America's high school seniors and young adults. The findings, which cover the high school classes of 1975 through 1987, come from an ongoing national research and reporting program entitled "Monitoring the Future: A Continuing Study of the Lifestyles and Values of Youth," conducted by the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research. The opening three chapters review the design and content of the "Monitoring the Future" study, provide an overview of key findings, and describe the study design and procedures. Chapters 4 through 9 focus on high school seniors, providing data on prevalence and trends in drug use, use at earlier levels, degree and duration of drug highs, attitudes and beliefs about drugs, and the social milieu for seniors. Chapters 10 through 13 cover the prevalence, trends, attitudes, and social milieu of post-high school young adults, while chapters 14 and 15 focus on prevalence and trends in drug use among college students. Chapter 16 provides other findings from the study, including the use of nonprescription stimulants, daily marijuana use, and data correlating drug use with other factors. Estimates adjusted for absentees and dropouts are appended. (TE)