Search

Gastropoda merupakan keong yang bernilai ekonomis tinggi karena cangkangnya diambil sebagai bahan untuk perhiasan dan cinderamata, sedangkan dagingnya merupakan makanan yang lezat. Beberapa jenis keong yang bernilai ekonomis diantaranya dari famili Strombidae, Cypraeidae, Olividae, Conidae, dan Tonnidae. Mempelajari pentingnya manfaat Gastropoda, maka diperlukan adanya kajian tentang hewan tersebut. Oleh karena itu peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian mengenai hewan Gastropoda yang meliputi jenis dan kelimpahan gastropoda di perairan Kota Bengkulu khususnya di Pantai Teluk Sepang Kota Bengkulu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei dengan menggunakan transek 1x1 meter. Data yang diukur berupa data identifikasi dan data kelimpahan Gastropoda. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, terdapat sembilan jenis Gastropoda dengan kelimpahan yaitu 216 ind/m2 Cerithidea cingulata, 7 ind/m² Natica gualteriana, 3 ind/m² Trochusconus, 8 ind/m² Turbo chrysostomus, 7 ind/m2 Telescopium telescopium, 9 ind/m2 Strombus labiatus, 162 ind/m2 Cerithidea obtuse, 3 ind/m2 Vexillum rugosum, dan 164 ind/m2 Cerithide aquadrata. Kata kunci: Gastropoda, Pantai Teluk Sepang, identifikasi, Moluska

Many valid species can hide buried within prior taxonomic revisions. These need to be examined before the taxonomist embarks on the challenging task of naming new taxa. In this study we re-examine the synonyms complied by Abbott (1960) under Canarium urceus (Linné, 1758), examining each taxon for morphological clarity and distinctiveness. After considering the written descriptions and type material in light of prior revisions, we suggest that there are three valid species buried within the C. urceus synonymy of Abbott. All three species can be differentiated from C. urceus in general form, being less equi-triangulate and lacking the strong shoulder knobbing of that species. In addition, all three species are distinguishable by their distinctive aperture colouration. Canarium urceus possesses a typically black aperture, Canarium anatellum (Duclos, 1844) can be differentiated by its typically uniformly red/orange aperture, while Canarium incisum (Wood, 1828)is recognisable by the typically orange columella and outer lip, and a more triangular form. Strombus ustulatus form laevis Dodge, 1946 is the classical well-known form from the Philippines and elsewhere that is recognisable by its white columella. As the name laevis was preoccupied, we have renamed the species Canarium esculentum nomen novem. We assessed Strombus crassilabrum Anton, 1839 to be a nomen dubium. Further, our revision provides an improved hypothetical framework for the evolution and radiation of this most adaptable and variable of organisms, through increased clarity, and the re-circumscription of hitherto described taxa with distinctive morphotypes and separate biogeographical ranges.

Seagrass is a community that consists a large number of organisms which associated within. Organisms associated with seagrass are gastropods. The purpose of this research is to determine the structure of gastropods community at seagrass on Pulau Panjang, Jepara. Exploration methods was applied and data was analyzed descriptively. The location of research are divided into 3 locations based on 3 different densities of seagrass : sparse, medium and dense. Every location consists of 4 stations with 3 repetitions. The research was held during Desember 2014. Sampling using quadratic a frame size of 1x1 m. The result, there are were 15 genera gastropods of 8 families as followed Trochus (Ciridae), Strombus (Strombidae), Turbo, Astralium, Dentarene, Liotina (Turbinidae), Cantharus, Nassaria, Engina (Buccinidae), Cerithium, Rhinoclavis, Clypeomorus (Cerithiidae), Morulla (Muricidae), Columbella (Columbellidae), and Neritodryas (Neritidae). The abundance in location I 108.75 ind/????2 with dense of seagrass density, location II 91 ind/m2 with medium of seagrass density, and location III 47,25 ind/m2 with rare of seagrass density. Index value of Gastropod diversity classified medium category, index value of gastropod similarity classified high category, it means abudance from each spesies can be said to be similar, and evenly distributed and not on domination by a specific species. Community similarity index classified in the category of medium to very large

International audience; Crypt cells—one of the three cell types composing Strombidae digestive tubules—are characterized by the presence of numerous metal-containing phosphate granules termed spherocrystals. We explored the bioaccumulation and detoxification of metals in Strombidae by exposing wild fighting conch Strombus pugilis for 9 days to waterborne CuSO4 and ZnSO4. The total amount of Cu and Zn was determined in the digestive gland and in the rest of the body by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analyses. The digestive gland spherocrystal metal content was investigated based on the semi-quantitative energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental analysis. ICP analyses of unexposed individuals revealed that 87.0 ± 5.9% of the Zn is contained in the digestive gland, where its concentration is 36 times higher than in the rest of the body. Regarding Cu, 25.8 ± 16.4% of the metal was located in the digestive gland of the control individuals, increasing to 61.5 ± 16.4% in exposed individuals. Both Cu and Zn concentrations in the digestive gland increased after exposures, pointing to a potential role of this organ in the detoxification of these metals. EDX analysis of spherocrystals revealed the presence of Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, P, and Zn in unexposed individuals. No difference was found in the relative proportion of Zn in spherocrystals of exposed versus control individuals. Contrastingly, copper was never detected in the spherocrystals from controls and Zn-exposed individuals, but the relative proportion of Cu in spherocrystals of Cu-exposed individuals varied from 0.3 to 5.7%. Our results show the direct role of spherocrystals in Cu detoxification.

— One of the problems with undertaking revisions within Strombidae Rafinesque, 1815 is the tendency for chaining within the genus Strombus Linne, 1758. Strombus is often used taxonomically as a holder for confusing taxa acting in sensu lato (s.l.). This paper addresses one of the chaining issues with Strombus with the erection of Striatostrombus gen. nov. This revision is based on morphology and spatio-temporal considerations in relation to the determination of species reassignment to the new genus. While there are no extant members of Striatostrombus, two extinct species currently classified as Strombus (Lentigo) micklei Ladd, 1972 and Strombus (s.l.) blanci Trondle & Salvat, 2010 were brought into the new genus. The shifting of S. blanci to Striatostrombus provides improved taxonomic clarity within Strombus Linne, 1758 sensu stricto and furthermore, the new genus provides a new cladistic reference point that aids in the understanding of the evolution and radiation within the Strombidae.

A systematic study on distribution of some marine conchs collected from three coastal regions of Myanmar water was carried out A total of individuals were collected from the study areas during low tide and were transferred to the laboratory for species identification labeled specimens were stored and images were taken and recorded Some marine conch shells on intertidal and subtidal areas in Myanmar coastal water are composed of species belonging to genus Strombus Linnaeus of family Strombidae Rafinesque under the order Mesogastropoda Thiele collected from field observations during Species identification had been conducted with emphasis on liquid preserved materials and living specimens in the field based on the external shell sculptures such as shape of body whorl texture colour aperture shape style of siphonal canal and columella umbilicus formation and operculum type of conchological features The collected specimens comprised S aurisdiane Linnaeus S bulla R ouml ding S campbelli Griffith amp Pidgeon S canarium Linnaeus S dentatus Linnaeus S erythrinum Dillwyn S gibberulus Linnaeus S isabella Lamarck S japonicus Reeve S labiatus R ouml ding S lentiginosus Linnaeus S luhuanus Linnaeus S marginatus Linnaeus S microurceum Kira S mutabilis Swainson S pulchellus Reeve S sinuatus Humphrey S thersites R ouml ding S urceus Linnaeus and S variabilis Swainson In this study provide the habitats utilization and fishery of these species in brief Moreover the local species community similarity and zonal distribution of marine conchs were also presented nbsp

Cabo Cruz, Southeastern coast of Cuba, is an important site for queen conch development. Within the Desembarco del Granma National Park, a conch fishery is practically non-existent. Research was carried out in 2010 during three climatic periods (rainy, dry and cold front) at three zones (Farito, Guafe, and Laguna) in order to determine density and population structure of the queen conch. Population density varied from 247 ind.ha-1 at Guafe in the rainy period, to 1767 ind.ha-1 at Farito in the dry one. Conch population displayed an aggregated distribution in all zones and seasons. The highest density was detected during the dry season (1395 ind.ha-1) and the lowest in the rainy season (647 ind.ha-1). Siphonal lengths (SL) and the lip thickness (LT) of 1836 conchs were measured; the SL varied from 87 to 286 mm. An analysis of LT showed that 73% of conchs had a completely formed lip, but they measured less than 200 mm SL, which represents the minimal fishing size in Cuba. Apparently, the conch popu...

The endangered species Strombus gigas is a marine gastropod of significant economic importance through the Greater Caribbean region. In contrast to phenotypic plasticity, the role of genetics on shell variations in S. gigas has not been addressed so far, despite its importance in evolution, management and conservation of this species. This work used geometric morphometrics to investigate the phenotypic variation of 219 shells of S. gigas from eight sites of the Colombian Southwest Caribbean. Differences in mean size between sexes and among sites were contrasted by analysis of variance. Allometry was tested by multivariate regression and the hypothesis of common slope was contrasted by covariance multivariate analysis. Differences in the shell shape among sites were analyzed by principal component analysis. Sexual size dimorphism was not significant, whereas sexual shape dimorphism was significant and variable across sites. Differences in the shell shape among sites were concordant with genetic differences based on microsatellite data, supporting its genetic background. Besides, differences in the shell shape between populations genetically similar suggest a role of phenotypic plasticity in the morphometric variation of the shell shape. These outcomes evidence the role of genetic back- ground and phenotypic plasticity in the shell shape of S. gigas. Thus, geometric morphometrics of shell shape may constitute a complementary tool to explore the genetic diversity of this species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1585-1595. Epub 2016 December 01. Resumen:La especie en peligro, Strombus gigas, es un gastrópodo marino de importancia económica en la región del Gran Caribe. En contraste con la plasticidad fenotípica, el papel de la genética en la variación de la concha en S. gigas no ha sido abordado hasta ahora, a pesar de su importancia evolutiva, manejo y conservación. Este trabajo utilizó la morfometría geométrica para investigar la variación fenotípica de la concha de S.gigas en ocho sitios del suroeste del Caribe colombiano. Las diferencias en el tamaño promedio entre sexos y sitios se contrastaron mediante análisis de varianza. La alometría se evaluó mediante regresión multivariada y la hipótesis de pendientes similares se contrastó mediante un análisis multivariado de covarianza. Las diferencias en la conformación de las conchas entre sitios se exploraron mediante análisis de componentes principales. El dimorfismo sexual en el tamaño no fue significativo, mientras que el dimorfismo sexual en la conformación fue significativo y variable entre los sitios. Las diferencias en la conformación de la concha entre sitios fueron concordantes con diferencias genéticas basadas en microsatélites, lo cual apoya su base genética. Además, las diferencias en conformación de la concha entre poblaciones genéticamente similares sugieren un papel de la plasticidad fenotípica en la variación morfométrica de la conformación de la concha. Estos resultados evidencian el papel de la genética y la plasticidad fenotípica en la conformación de la concha de S. gigas. Por lo tanto, la morfometría geométrica de la conformación de la concha puede constituir una herramienta complementaria para explorar la diversidad genética de esta especie.

Despite their economic importance, the ecology of Strombus canarium is poorly understood and factors influencing their habitat preferences remain largely unexplained. The species was reported as highly associated with seagrass bed ecosystems, but their distribution and specific preferences within the habitat remain unknown. Determining the mechanisms that regulate conch distribution and abundance is of fundamental importance for management of the species. In this study habitat preference and usage of conch in their natural habitat were investigated. The population was patchily distributed and present in local colonies that comprised of mixed age groups. There was high spatial variation in conch abundance, where multivariate analysis (PCA) showed high preferences for microhabitat with mixed seagrasses dominated by Halophila spp. Other important habitat characteristics preferred were high sediment organic content (% LOI), high sediment sorting (φ), and low mean sediment particulate size. Areas with...

The medium-sized, strongly ornamented nominal species Strombus schroeckingeri Hornes in Hoernes & Auinger, 1884 is well known from Langhian deposits of the Paratethys Sea. Its traditional generic affiliation in the literature with Euprotomus Gill, 1870, implicated a biogeographic relation of the Paratethys and the proto-Mediterranean with the Neogene Indo-West-Pacific region. This relation, however, is problematic because the Tethys Seaway was already closed or a very shallow, strongly evaporitic passage at that time. Despite its superficial similarity with extant genera of the IWP region, the genus is unrelated to all known strombid genera and represents a new genus, which is introduced herein as Europrotomus nov. gen. The genus comprises only one or maybe two species, which occur in the European Middle Miocene geological record. No ancestors are known so far. This sudden occurrence is discussed as immigration from an adjacent bioprovince rather than as a result of autochthonous evolution. Hypothetically, such a biogeographic source area might have been established along the coasts of tropical West Africa—a scenario that is already documented for Pleistocene times.

Strombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758 is an important gastropod species within the study area and was traditionally collected for food by the locals. The objective of the present study is to assess the incidence of imposex and its severity in this species. Adult conchs were sampled during their main reproductive period, from October 2005 to January 2006, at Sungai Pulai estuary, Johor Straits, Malaysia. A total of 32.81% of adult females showed imposex characteristics, with varying degrees of severity though. The relative penis size (RPS) index ranged from 1.74 to 33.29 (mean = 13.40 ± 2.27, n = 21), while the relative penis length (RPL) index ranged from 6.28 to 55.19 (mean = 25.83 ± 3.33, n = 21). The use of vas deferens sequence (VDS) index was however cannot be applied as the presence of egg groove obscured any vas deferens development in affected females. Sequence of imposex (male penis) development in female conch, from merely a small stump to an advance male penis homologous was therefore carefully analyzed and described, and an alternative imposex classification scheme was proposed. S. canarium can be a good indicator for monitoring of organotin pollution within the study area. However, more studies are needed in order to further develop and test its validity and application, such as its correlation with levels of pollutant within the tissues and the environment, as well as its application on other Strombus species.

Strombus canarium is a commercially important gastropod that has great potential for advancement into aquaculture. In this study, the metamorphosis response of Strombus canarium larvae to various metamorphosis cues associated with conch nursery habitat and to KCl and GABA, were tested. Bioassays were run as static, no choice experiment and adopting a continuous exposure approach. Strombus canarium larvae showed strong metamorphosis responses when sediment (i.e., conch nursery habitat sediment/SD-NU) and detrital substrata (i.e., Thalassia detritus leachate/T-LC) from their nursery habitat were used (p

The age, growth, mortality and population structure of Strombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758 were examined in the Johor Straits, Malaysia from January to December 2005. A total of 2088 conchs were sampled where females were more abundant than males with monthly sex ratio of 1.72±0.17 (N = 12). The estimated growth parameter showed higher asymptotic length (L∞) and growth coefficient (K) in females (L∞ = 70.20 mm, K = 1.50 year-1) compared with the males (L∞ = 69.30 mm, K = 1.20 year-1). This resulted in better overall growth performance of females (φ’ = 3.81) compared with the males (φ’ = 3.48). The growth pattern of females and males showed positive allometric nature of growth (b>3, p

Summary The reproductive cycle of the Queen Conch, S. gigas, in the Archipelago of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina, Colombia, was estimated during a 1-year period (February 2003–January 2004) from monthly observations on histological sections of gonads collected from sexually mature individuals. The resting, gametogenic, mature, and post-spawning stages were present almost all year long, while spawners (or “gamete producers” as S. gigas does not spawn into the water but copulates) appeared only twice, from March to April (6% males and 20% females) and in September (6% males, 43% females). The results of our histological analyses are congruent with those of previous works on S. gigas in San Andres Archipelago based only in mating and egg-laying behaviors, and in the presence of egg-masses as proxies for spawning. The current fishing season of Queen Conch in San Andres Archipelago extends from November 1 to May 31, according to Resolution No. 179 of May 5, 1995, and overlaps with the first reprod...

Populations of Strombus galeatus Swainson 1823 have been severely overfished in Pacific Panama. In this study, we assessed the status of the S. galeatus population in Las Perlas and Coiba Archipelagos. Average densities per site were dismal: 0.45 ± 3.8 indha -1 and 6.0 ± 18 indha -1 in Las Perlas and Coiba, respectively. In Las Perlas, low densities occurred on the southwest coast of Del Rey, the south coast of Chaperas, and Bolanos, whereas intermediate densities were found on the eastern coast of Saboga. In Coiba, high relative densities occurred only on the west coast of Coiba Island and at the north and south of Bahia Damas. Environmental variability and depth did not explain the differences found between densities nor the low abundances in the archipelagos. Shell length of S. galeatus from Coiba ranged from 91.0-213.3 mm (156 ± 22.2 mm). We fitted a von Bertalanffy growth model to juvenile data using the following parameters: LN ¼ 315 mm, K ¼ 0.029 mo -1 , and to ¼ 0.5 mo. The model suggests that 27-28 mo are required (on average) before the outer lip begins to form. Two years after the enactment of Decree No. 159 in September 2004, which banned the Strombus fisheries in Panama for five years, the conch populations in Las Perlas and Coiba have not recovered. The Las Perlas population is recruitment limited and we recommend that a program of law enforcement and monitoring should be implemented immediately to protect this species, conducive to increase spawning and settlement in nursery grounds.

The study was conducted at the Merambong Shoal, Johor Straits, Malaysia. Strombus canarium was the most abundant herbivorous mollusc within the study site, highly prized as seafood and contributes to the economics of the locals. Ontogenetic development of sex characters and sexual maturity were determined via logistic curve analysis, using shell-length and/or lip thickness as predictors. The minimum shell-length at which sex characters appeared was at 30 mm in males and 32 mm in females and both sexes can definitely be determined at more than 41 mm shell-length. The SX50 (probability of individuals can be sexed is 0.5) was at 38.33+0.41 mm for male and at 37.15+0.31 mm for female. The SL„ (length at which the probability of individuals are matured is 0.5) was at 54.14+0.86 mm shell-lengths for males and at 58.51+1.02 nun shell-lengths for females. The LIP„ (lip thickness at which the probability of individuals are matured is 0.5) values on the other hand was about 0.69+0.0003 and 0.80+0.014 mm for males and females respectively. The findings indicate that sexual dimorphisms occurred at very early stage in S. canarium life history

The Strombus Linne, 1758 is a genus of marine mollusks belonging to the class Gastropoda, and is distributed in the tropical waters of the world. Typically, the family Strombidae includes five extant genera (Strombus, Lambis, Terebellum, Tibia, and Rimella), all of which are mostly found in tropical waters. Five individuals of Strombus luhuanus Linne, 1758 were collected from Uljin, Gyeongsangbuk-do province for the first time. In this study, we describe details of shell morphology and radula characters of the species with scanning electron microscopy images of the radula. This is a new record of Strombus luhuanus Linne, 1758 from Korean waters.

This study provides a first evaluation of the biological impact of a marine fishery reserve on the stock of queen conch (Strombus gigas) in the Turks and Caicos Islands. The density and the shell length of the population living in the reserve are compared with those of the individuals living in the surrounding fished areas. The results show that the adult density is six times higher in the reserve than in the fished areas. The shell length analysis shows that both adults and juveniles are significantly smaller in the reserve than in the fished area. This unexpected result suggests the existence of a crowding effect (i. e. a high density-induced reduction in growth rate) within the ­reserve. It is hypothesised that this crowding effect is due to the superimposition of two factors leading to very high density values in the reserve: (a) the reduced fishing mortality following the creation of the reserve, (b) the existence of natural barriers that impede the emigration of adults outside the reserve. These results are then discussed in relation to current considerations on marine fisheries reserves.

Strombus tautiranus Curtiss, 1938, a synonym of Lambis robusta (Swainson, 1821) Original description (pp. 191, 192). ���The Tahiti strombus, which is called by the Indians pupu (like many other sea-snails) is three and a half inches long from the tip of its first finger to the end of its canal; it has a spiral shell, with the outer lip spread out and running out into six fingers, rather straight, and blunt at the end (as if cut off) with a canal on the under side of each. The first finger, one inch long, goes to the tip of the spire; the second finger is one inch long; the four side fingers are shorter (half an inch long.) The opening of the shell runs back at the left into a canal, which forms a tail, shorter than any of the side-fingers. The entrance of the opening has elevated white streaks, with rusty brown spaces between them. The outside of the shell is pale rusty brown and white, with many white knobs on it. (Strombus tautiranus. [Near Tautira, in the sea.])��� Identity. Curtiss���s detailed description of the ���Tahiti strombus ���, notably the outer lip and details about the ���fingers���, and the aperture (elevated white streaks, with rusty brown spaces between), leaves little doubt that it is synonymous with Lambis robusta (Swainson, 1821), a widely-distributed species (Poutiers 1998). Evidently, his remarks ���... outer lip spread out and running out into six fingers, rather straight, and blunt at the end with a canal on the underside...��� indicate that he had seen only subadult specimens., Published as part of Low, Martyn E. Y. & Tan, Siong Kiat, 2014, On the identities of the molluscan names described in A Short Zoology of Ta h i t i in the Society Islands by Anthony Curtiss in 1938 (Mollusca: Cephalopoda, Gastropoda), pp. 394-400 in Zootaxa 3764 (3) on page 398, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3764.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/226594, {"references":["Curtiss, A. (1938) A Short Zoology of Tahiti in the Society Islands. [Published by the Author]. Printed by Guide Printing, Brooklyn, New York, xvi + 193 pp.","Poutiers, J. M. (1998) Gastropods. In: Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (Eds.), FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 1. Seaweeds, Corals, Bivalves and Gastropods. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, pp. 364 - 686."]}

Surveys for veliger larvae of the large gastropods Strombus gigas and Strombus costatus were carried out in duplicate transects running offshore (0.26-5 km) from Lee Stocking Island, Exuma Cays, Bahamas. The across-shelf distribution of the larvae during the 1991 spawning season was highly variable over periods of 3-6 days. Larvae of both species are known to inhabit the upper few meters of the water column, and analysis of wind stress patterns over the study period showed that across- shelf distribution of the larvae was affected by wind forcing. Seaward (recruitment-unfavorable) transport near Lee Stocking Island was most highly correlated with wind stress toward the north- northwest (335-357°). The resultant wind stress during the study was toward 279°, suggesting that recruitment of conch to nursery grounds on the Great Bahama Bank in the Exuma Cays occurs under anomalous summer wind conditions. The correlation between the across-shelf distribution of conch veligers and wind stress was highest with extinction coefficients of 0.17-0.23 in the exponentially filtered wind stress. This indicates that larval distribution over the 5-km-long transects responded rapidly to changes in wind stress. Over 75% of the effective wind stress occurred over just 6-8 h preceding collections; therefore, short-term changes in wind stress, such as afternoon strengthening of the trade winds, may have a significant influence on across-shelf larval transport.

The queen conch Strombus gigas represents one of the most important fishery resources of the Caribbean but heavy fishing pressure has led to the depletion of stocks throughout the region, causing the inclusion of this species into CITES Appendix II and IUCN’s Red-List. In Mexico, the queen conch is managed through a minimum fishing size of 200mm shell length and a fishing quota which usually represents 50% of the adult biomass. The objectives of this study were to determine the intrinsic population growth rate of the queen conch population of Xel-Ha, Quintana Roo, Mexico, and to assess the effects of a regulated fishing impact, simulating the extraction of 50% adult biomass on the population density. We used three different minimum size criteria to demonstrate the effects of minimum catch size on the population density and discuss biological implications. Demographic data was obtained through capture-mark-recapture sampling, collecting all animals encountered during three hours, by three divers, at four different sampling sites of the Xel-Ha inlet. The conch population was sampled each month between 2005 and 2006, and bimonthly between 2006 and 2011, tagging a total of 8 292 animals. Shell length and lip thickness were determined for each individual. The average shell length for conch with formed lip in Xel-Ha was 209.39±14.18mm and the median 210mm. Half of the sampled conch with lip ranged between 200mm and 219mm shell length. Assuming that the presence of the lip is an indicator for sexual maturity, it can be concluded that many animals may form their lip at greater shell lengths than 200mm and ought to be considered immature. Estimation of relative adult abundance and densities varied greatly depending on the criteria employed for adult classification. When using a minimum fishing size of 200mm shell length, between 26.2% and up to 54.8% of the population qualified as adults, which represented a simulated fishing impact of almost one third of the population. When conch extraction was simulated using a classification criteria based on lip thickness, it had a much smaller impact on the population density. We concluded that the best management strategy for S. gigas is a minimum fishing size based on a lip thickness, since it has lower impact on the population density, and given that selective fishing pressure based on size may lead to the appearance of small adult individuals with reduced fecundity. Furthermore, based on the reproductive biology and the results of the simulated fishing, we suggest a minimum lip thickness of ≥15mm, which ensures the protection of reproductive stages, reduces the risk of overfishing, leading to non-viable density reduction. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (4): 1343-1352. Epub 2014 December 01. El caracol rosa Strombus gigas representa una de las especies de mayor importancia pesquera en el Caribe, pero la creciente presión pesquera ha llevado al deterioro de las poblaciones en toda la región, llevando a la inclusión de esta especie en el apéndice II de CITES y la lista roja de UICN. En México, el caracol rosa se maneja con una talla mínima de pesca de 200mm longitud de heliconcha y una cuota pesquera que generalmente representa el 50% de la biomasa adulta. Este estudio tuvo como objetivos determinar la tasa intrínseca de crecimiento poblacional del caracol rosa en Xel-Ha, Quintana Roo, México, y evaluar el efecto de un esfuerzo pesquero regulado, simulando la extracción del 50% de la biomasa adulta. Utilizamos tres diferentes criterios de talla mínima para la pesca, para evaluar el efecto de ésta sobre la densidad de la población y discutimos las implicaciones bilógicas asociadas. Los datos demográficos se obtuvieron mediante un muestreo de marcaje-recaptura, recolectando todos los animales presentes, durante tres horas, con tres buzos, en cuatro sitios diferentes de la caleta. En 2005 los muestreos fueron mensuales, y de 2006 a 2011 bimensuales, marcándose un total de 8 292 caracoles. Se obtuvo la longitud de heliconcha y grosor de labio de cada individuo. La talla media de caracoles con labio formado fue de 209.39±14.18mm y la mediana de 210mm. La mitad de los caracoles con un labio formado presentaban tallas de 200mm a 219mm longitud de heliconcha. Suponiendo que la presencia del labio es un indicador de madurez sexual, se puede concluir que muchos animales alcanzan la madurez sexual a tallas mayores de 200mm longitud de heliconcha y deberían ser considerados inmaduros. La estimación de la abundancia relativa y densidad de adultos varía ampliamente según el criterio de clasificación utilizado. Cuando se aplicó una talla mínima de 200mm longitud, el 26.2% a 54.8% de la población calificó como adulta, correspondiendo a un impacto pesquero simulado de casi un tercio de la población. El impacto fue menor simulando la extracción de adultos, utilizando un criterio de clasificación basado en grosor de labio. Se concluyó que la mejor estrategia de manejo para S. gigas es una talla mínima basada en el grosor de labio, ya que esta medida reduce el impacto sobre la densidad poblacional, y por el otro lado disminuye la presión selectiva sobre la talla, lo cual conduce a la aparición de individuos pequeños con fecundidad inferior. Más allá, basado en la biología reproductiva y los resultados de las simulaciones, recomendamos un grosor de labio mínimo de ≥15mm para la pesca, ya que esta medida asegura la protección de las etapas reproductivas y reduce el riesgo de sobrepesca, el cual llevaría a reducciones no viables de la densidad poblacional.

Queen conch is a gastropod inhabiting the Caribbean Sea, it represents the second largest fishery after the spiny lobster, but it has been extensively captured in the area. In order to know its population status in Chinchorro Bank, we determined conch density changes and its effects on reproductive activities, between July and November 2009. For this, data on conch density, morphology and reproductive activities were obtained from 15 sites within three fishing zones, and compared with previously collected data (1990, 1992, 1994, and 1997). Data showed that adult density decreased with time, from 10 700ind./ha in 1990, to 198ind./h in 2009. Neither egg masses nor spawns were found and mating was only observed once in July 2009. In July, adult (lip>4mm) density in the Southern zone was 23ind./ha whereas in the Northern zone and Central zone densities were 15 and 9ind./ha respectively. In November, density was somewhat higher: Southern zone 96ind./ha; Central zone 39ind./ha and Northern zone had 38ind./ha. In July, mean shell length was 170.80±46.28mm, with a higher median abundance at 180-189mm. In November, higher frequency was 187.63±45.14mm, maximum at 210-219mm interval. For the last 10 years period, mean adult conch densities have diminished in each zone, which might be the main cause of decreased reproductive activities of the conch at Banco Chinchorro. It is therefore an immediate need to analyse the management plan for this species in this Reserve and perhaps to promote a re-population of queen conch and culture activities.

International audience; Strombus gigas and Strombus pugilis are threatened species and aquaculture represents a good alternative solution to the fishing. In this study, we highlighted the intracellular digestion process in the digestive gland of two Strombidae species, S. gigas and Strombus pugilis, by the cytochemical characterization of two lysosomal enzymes: acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase. In order to check the efficiency of artificial food digestion, we onducted the characterization on freshly collected, tarved and artificially fed individuals of S. pugilis. TEM observations of digestive gland sections from freshly collected individuals of both species revealed the resence of acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase activity mostly located in the apical third of digestive cells. Both enzymes were also detected in artificially fed individuals. In response to the starvation, acid phosphatase is not produced anymore by digestive cells, while arylsulfatase is still present. To our knowledge, this is the first cytochemical validation of intracellular digestion of artificial food in Strombidae. This study highlights the intracellular digestion of artificial food developed for Strombidae aquaculture. Moreover, we have shown that the lysosomal activity could be used as a feed index.

Digestive tubules of Strombidae are composed by three cell types: digestive cells, vacuolated cells, and crypt cells. The last one is characterized by the presence of intracellular gran- ules identified as spherocrystals. Such structures are known to occur in basophilic cells of gastro- pod digestive gland, where they are supposed to be involved in the regulation of some minerals and in detoxification. In this study, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and energy filtered trans- mission electron microscopy (EFTEM) were used to determine the elemental content of spherocrys- tals in two Strombidae, Strombus gigas and Strombus pugilis. In freshly collected individuals of both species, the following elements were detected: Ca, Fe, Mg, P, and Zn. Aluminum and Mn were also detected in S. gigas. Their presence in spherocrystals indicates that, in Strombidae, sphero- crystals are involved in the regulation of minerals and essential trace metals. In order to answer the question ''are spherocrystals involved in nonessential trace metals scavenging?,'' artificial cad- mium and lead exposure by both waterborne and dietary pathways was applied to S. pugilis .N o evidence of cadmium (Cd(NO3)2) or lead (Pb(NO3)2) provided by food was found in spherocrystals. Cadmium provided in water (Cd(NO3)2 and CdCl2) causes structural modifications of the digestive gland; however, this element was not trapped in spherocrystals. These results suggest that spher- ocrystals are not involved in detoxification of such nonessential trace metals. Microsc. Res. Tech.

The Inlet of Xel-Ha is used as a park for ecotourism, representing a sanctuary for the conservation of Pink Queen Conch. Increasing fishing pressure has led to the inclusion of the species in CITES. Most knowledge about the growth of the queen conch was generated through aquaculture, ocean enclosures or obtained using estimates derived from population dynamics. In this study we estimated the growth rate of juvenile S. gigas in a natural protected area by direct methods, during the period of April 2009 to January 2011. Data was obtained by capture-mark-recapture sampling. 1418 individuals were tagged and growth of 714 conchs was analyzed. Population size and density was estimated using Schnabel’s method. The average density was estimated at 0.1694 ± 0.0996ind. m-2, while the highest density was estimated for September 2010 (0.3074ind. m-2). The highest growth rate (0.27 ± 0.10mm day-1) was detected in juveniles with an initial size between 100-149mm, followed by conch 200mm (0.08 ± 0.07mm day-1). Variability in growth rate was high in conch 100-149mm and showed seasonal differences, with the highest growth rate in May 2010. Recruitment of juveniles was highest in October 2009 and February 2010. The population of Xel-Ha has grown in size and more large and juvenile conch could be found than in previous studies, indicating that Xel-ha park is working as a sanctuary for the conservation of the queen conch in Mexico’s Riviera Maya. The growth rate of juvenile conch in Xel-Ha is high and exhibits large variations in individuals, reflecting the natural conditions of foraging and aggregation. Seasonal differences in growth rate may be associated with water quality and availability of nutrients for primary production. We conclude that the direct method is useful for the assessment of growth in juvenile S. gigas and that growth in natural conditions may be higher than in aquaculture systems. This information may be applied to fishery management as well as rehabilitation programs and aquaculture.La Ensenada de Xel-Ha es usada como parque para ecoturismo y representa un santuario para la conservación del caracol rosado. El incremento en la presión de la pesca ha llevado a la inclusión de esta especie en CITES. Mucho del conocimiento acerca del crecimiento del caracol rosado ha sido generado a través de la acuicultura, encierros oceánicos o usando estimaciones derivadas de las dinámicas poblacionales. En este estudio estimamos la tasa de crecimiento de Strombus gigas juvenil en un área natural protegida, por métodos directos durante el período de abril 2009 a enero 2011. Los datos fueron obtenidos por muestras de captura-marca-recaptura. Un total de 1 418 individuos fueron marcados y el crecimiento de 714 caracoles fue analizado. La talla de la población y la densidad relativa fue estimada usando el método de Schnabel. La densidad promedio relativa fue estimada en 0.1694±0.0996ind. m-2, mientras que la densidad más alta fue estimada para septiembre 2010 con 0.3074ind. m-2. La tasa de crecimiento más alta (0.27±0.10mm día-1) fue detectada en juveniles con una talla inicial entre 100-149mm, seguida por juveniles 200mm (0.08 ± 0.07mm día-1). La variabilidad en la tasas de crecimiento fue alta en individuos entre 100-149mm y mostró diferencias estacionales; con la tasa de crecimiento más alta en mayo 2010. El reclutamiento de juveniles más alto se dio en octubre 2009 y en febrero 2010. La población de Xel-Ha ha crecido en tamaño y se pudo encontrar más adultos y juveniles que en estudios anteriores, lo que demuestra que el Parque de Xel-Há está funcionando como un santuario para la conservación del caracol rosado del Caribe en la Riviera Maya de México. La tasa de crecimiento de juveniles en Xel-Ha es alta y presenta grandes variaciones en los individuos, lo cual refleja las condiciones naturales de la alimentación y la agregación. Las diferencias estacionales en las tasas de crecimiento pueden estar asociadas con la calidad del agua y la disponibilidad de nutrimentos para la producción primaria. Concluimos que el método directo es útil parar monitorear el crecimiento en juveniles de S. gigas y que el crecimiento en condiciones naturales es mayor que en sistemas de acuicultura. Esta información puede ser aplicada al manejo de pesquerías así como también en programas de rehabilitación y acuicultura

El caracol rosa (Strombus gigas, Linnaeus, 1758) es una especie de importancia económica en el Mar Caribe, por lo cual, en la década de 1980 representó la segunda pesquería después de la langosta espinosa, razón por la que actualmente se encuentra en estado de sobrepesca. Con el objetivo de determinar la variación en la abundancia de larvas durante la época reproductiva, cuatro localidades del Caribe Mexicano “CM” (México: Puerto Morelos, Sian Ka’an, Mahahual; Belice: San Pedro) fueron muestreadas. Mensualmente, de mayo a octubre del 2008, se realizaron arrastres de plancton en cada localidad empleando una red cónica (300μm). Temperatura (°C), salinidad (ppm) y oxígeno disuelto (mg L-1) fueron registrados para cada sitio. Una densidad media larval de 0.34±0.87 larvas·10m-3 fue registrada entre localidades, con un pico de abundancia entre agosto y septiembre (0.82±1.00 y 0.76±1.68 larvas 10m-3, respectivamente). La densidad larval tuvo una correlación del 60% con la salinidad (r=0.6063, p0.05). El 100% de las larvas capturadas corresponden al estadio I definido por Davis et al (1993), mostrando actividad reproductiva local, de esta manera, se considera que los sitios muestreados en el CM son fuente de larvas para la especie S. gigas.

STROMBUS MUTABILIS SWAINSON 1821 Material examined Okinawa, Japan (USNM 890936). Only preserved material was available for study, thus SEM micrographs of complete midgut morphology were difficult to obtain and were supplemented with camera lucida drawings of dissected material. External anatomy and mantle cavity Anterior pedal gland opening to shallow groove along narrow tip of well-demarcated propodium. Operculum spatulate with free, pointed tip, bearing numerous small cusps along one edge. Head directed toward left, bringing left eye into inhalant margin. Mantle margin smooth with single, small pallial tentacle within exhalent margin. Hypobranchial gland large and well-developed. Reproductive system Gonad dorsally overlying digestive gland to base of kidney. Gonopericardial canal absent. Oviduct opening to glandular pallial oviduct at base of mantle cavity (Fig. 2D). Albumen gland (ag) comprising a highly complex and convoluted system of enclosed glandular folds. Capsule gland (cg) short and simple, open along entire length. Renal oviduct opening to rounded base of albumen gland (= uterine ball) with complex, internally folded structure. Single-groove portion of albumen gland (no dotted line) proceeding anteriorly from uterine ball to base of oviductal groove. Albumen gland turning back upon itself at U-shaped junction with double groove portion (with dotted line) of albumen gland. Doublegroove portion of gland, accommodating bi-directional flow of eggs, extending posteriorly, past uterine ball, to uterine apex. Apex simple with no uterine arms. Albumen gland extending anteriorly from apex, terminating blindly past anterior tip of capsule gland. Capsule gland small, composed of two glandular laminae bordering deep oviductal groove. Narrow, ciliated egg groove traversing side of foot from tip of capsule gland to anterior pedal gland. Bursa copulatrix (bc) and seminal receptacle (rcs) present. Bursa lying between capsule gland and blind tip of albumen gland, containing mass of unorientated sperm. Receptacle lying posterior to U-junction of single- and double-groove portions of albumen gland. Receptacle muscular and lobulate with many rounded chambers containing orientated sperm. Narrow ducts of receptacle and bursa opening to common muscular aperture inside oviductal groove near connection between albumen and capsule glands. Common aperture also opening to albumen gland at U-junction. Vas deferens emerging from testis, rapidly expanding into large, convoluted seminal vesicle. Seminal vesicle narrowing slightly before discharging to base of pallial gonoduct. Proximal portion of gonoduct forming crescentic prostate (Fig. 3D, pr), composed of two short laminae with open, shallow intervening groove. Seminal groove extending forward from prostate to penis (pe) lying behind right cephalic tentacle on side of neck. Penis long, muscular, with narrow base. Seminal groove continuing along ventral aspect of penis, terminating at bifid tip. Alimentary system Foregut. Mouth at tip of long, extensible snout. Paired jaws present at anterior ends of dorsal folds; jaw composed of rods with laterally overlapping homogeneous layer. Sub-radular membrane incompletely covering odontophore. Sub-radular organ present (Fig. 5D, sro) forming small, rounded protuberance within shallow sublingual cavity. Radular sac straight, extending short distance back from buccal cavity. Salivary gland ducts passing through nerve ring. Glandular mid-ventral fold present (Fig. 8E, vf), beginning within buccal cavity, extending into anterior oesophagus. Short ventro-lateral folds present within anterior oesophagus (Fig. 9E, vlf). Glandular outpocketings of anterior oesophagus absent. Dorsal folds long and slender in cross-section, curving medially. Mid-oesophagus expanding into large, sac-like crop, lined with thin, pendulous longitudinal folds; septate oesophageal gland absent. Midgut. Oesophagus entering midgut ventrally, on left (Figs 12B, e). Lumen of midgut elongate and roughly conical, curving and narrowing to shallow pouch (ce) on left side. Well-developed sorting area (sa) lining left wall, extending posteriorly from oesophageal aperture. Large, free-standing vertical flap (if) separating intestinal and oesophageal apertures. Several low folds (cf) on right side of sorting area, extending posteriorly and terminating near posterior tip of gastric chamber. Digestive gland ducts paired (dgd); anterior duct opening under lip of style sac (ss), posterior duct opening mid-ventrally to left of glandular pad (gp). Prominent gastric (gs) shield present ventrolaterally on right. Glandular pad barely projecting posteriorly past gastric shield. Proximal, free tip of major typhlosole extending into gastric chamber. Style sac (ss) and intestine (int) separate. Suture visible within style sac where typhlosoles have fused; ciliary tract of tall cilia on major typhlosole visible projecting from suture into style sac (Fig. 21C). Style sac epithelium bearing differentiated cilia. Crystalline style present. Ciliary currents unknown. Hindgut. Intestine exiting directly from gastric chamber, looping under proximal style sac, extending to right through anterior lobe of digestive gland to kidney. Intestine curving dorsally over posterior end of kidney, then turning anteriorly. Reno-pericardial system Kidney large, elongate (Fig. 22D). Excretory lamellae extending within kidney roof and along right wall. Nephridial gland (ng) present forming broad, flat, narrowly triangular organ within roof. Afferent renal vessel entering kidney posteriorly, extending forward within kidney floor, supplying approximately four to six clusters of excretory tissue along right wall. Afferent renal vessel emerging from floor near renopericardial canal, curving dorsally past nephropore (np), supplying nephridial gland, traversing midline of gland. Nervous system and sensory structures Nervous system epiathroid, right and left dialyneurous. Nerve ring lying immediately behind buccal mass at base of snout. Buccal ganglia present at back of buccal mass just anterior to nerve ring. Supraoesophageal and sub-oesophageal connectives long. Accessory pedal ganglia present. Tentacular nerve bifid, bearing prominent tentacular ganglion at base of tentacle. Paired visceral ganglia present straddling oesophagus near base of cephalic haemocoel. Two statocysts with large, ovoid statoliths lying dorsolaterally on pedal ganglia behind pedal connectives. Large eyes well above tentacle bases. Osphradium long and bipectinate, extending from inhalant margin to base of mantle cavity. Discussion In general, existing descriptions of strombid female reproductive anatomy do not allow comparisons to homologous organs found in other caenogastropods. For example, Reed (1995b) described only a single type of glandular cell comprising the ‘uterus’ in six species of Strombus. However, there are two types of gland present in S. mutabilis, homologues of the albumen and capsule glands of other caenogastropods. The open ‘uterine terminus’ described by Reed (1995b) undoubtedly corresponds to the capsule gland, although this portion of the oviduct is much shorter in S. mutabilis. Similarly, sperm storage organs of Strombus species have been rarely described (e.g. Haller, 1893; Woodward, 1894; Bergh, 1895a). While clarifying the presence of both a receptacle and a bursa, Reed (1995b) identified the anterior-most storage structure as a receptacle, the more posterior structure a bursa copulatrix, based on inferred functional criteria. However, the alternative interpretation offered here, based on the presence of orientated vs. unorientated sperm, is consistent with the position of putative homologues in other caenogastropods. Strombus mutabilis is noteworthy among strombids in possessing two openings to the albumen gland; one communicating with the joint receptacle/bursa aperture and a second opening broadly to the capsule gland. Male reproductive anatomy of Strombus mutabilis is congruent with previous descriptions (Bergh, 1895a; Risbec, 1927; Reed, 1995a). The penes in Strombus species vary in the presence or absence of ‘auxiliary prongs’ and the size and shape of finger-like projections at the tip of the verge (Bergh, 1895a; Risbec, 1927; Reed, 1995a); alternatively, the penis may be long and narrow with a blunt, deeply incised tip (Woodward, 1894). The strombid mid-oesophagus is often described as a simple, conducting tube. However, the presence of a voluminous crop (Woodward, 1894; Amaudrut, 1898; Risbec, 1927), as well as the presence of prominent, longitudinal folds (Haller, 1893; Amaudrut, 1898; Graham, 1939) has been reported in several species. Although existing descriptions are rarely sufficiently detailed to place all aspects of midgut morphology into a comparative context, it is clear that the strombid midgut is characterized by the presence of a separate style sac, a prominent curving gastric shield and two digestive gland apertures (Haller, 1893; Woodward, 1894; Bergh, 1895a; Risbec, 1927). Little’s (1965) more detailed description identified several features congruent with the present description, including a sorting area to the left of the oesophagus, folds bounding the sorting area that extend into the gastric chamber, a glandular pad that extends a short distance posteriorly from the gastric shield, and a free major typhlosole tip projecting from the style sac lip. With rare exceptions (Risbec, 1927), position of the digestive gland ducts is rather conservative: one adjacent to the style sac and a second near the gastric shield (Haller, 1893; Woodward, 1894; Bergh, 1895a; Little, 1965). Anatomical studies including the reno-pericardial system identify the presence of a nephridial gland in Strombus (Haller, 1893; Bergh, 1895a; Risbec, 1927). Little’s (1965) more detailed investigation of Strombus gigas clearly described the dorsal branch of the afferent renal vessel supplying the nephridial gland and is depicted along the midline of the gland. Strombid nervous systems have been described consistently as dialyneurous, zygoneurous, with two visceral ganglia (Bouvier, 1887; Haller, 1893; Bergh, 1895a; Amaudrut, 1898; Risbec, 1927; Little, 1965). Minor differences include the condition of the tentacular nerve, which may be single (Little, 1965), single with a tentacular ganglion (Risbec, 1927) or bifid and lacking a tentacular ganglion (Bouvier, 1887). Position of the statocysts appears to be variable within strombids, and has been described as anterior (Bouvier, 1887; Haller, 1893; Bergh, 1895a; Little, 1965) or posterior (Woodward, 1894) to the pedal ganglia., Published as part of Strong, Ellen E., 2003, Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda, pp. 447-554 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137 (4) on pages 462-464, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00058.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5437607, {"references":["Reed SE. 1995 b. Reproductive anatomy and biology of the genus Strombus in the Caribbean. II. Females. Journal of Shellfish Research 14: 331 - 336.","Haller B. 1893. Die Morphologie der Prosobranchier, gesammelt auf einer Erdumsegelung durch die Konigl. italienische Korvette ' Vettor Pisani'. IV. Die longicommissuraten Neotaenioglossen. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 19: 553 - 591.","Woodward MF. 1894. On the anatomy of Pterocera with some notes on the crystalline style. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 1: 143 - 150.","Bergh R. 1895 a. Beitrage zur Kentniss der Strombiden, besonders der Gattung Terebellum Klein. Zoologische Jahrbucher (Anatomie) 8: 342 - 378.","Risbec J. 1927. De l'anatomie de trois Strombides et du Modulus candidus Petit. Annales du Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Marseille, Zoologie 21: 3 - 19.","Reed SE. 1995 a. Reproductive anatomy and biology of the genus Strombus in the Caribbean. I. Males. Journal of Shellfish Research 14: 325 - 330.","Amaudrut A. 1898. La partie anterieure du tube digestif et la torsion chez les Mollusques Gasteropodes. Annales des Sciences naturelles, Zoologie 8: 1 - 291.","Graham A. 1939. On the structure of the alimentary canal of style-bearing prosobranchs. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 109: 75 - 112.","Little C. 1965. Notes on the anatomy of the Queen Conch, Strombus gigas. Bulletin of Marine Science 15: 338 - 358.","Bouvier E-L. 1887. Systeme nerveux, morphologie generale et classification des gasteropodes prosobranches. Academie de Paris."]}

The marine park of Xel-Ha has a population of Strombus gigas which breeds in the area. We determined the relationship between reproductive activity, conch density and environmental parameters. Samples were collected from February to December 2012, using the transect method, at four sites of Marine Park Xel-Ha, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Sediment samples were analyzed and classified using Folk & Ward’s method. Temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were also recorded. Density had a small correlation with sediment (Pearson r=0.29 with very coarse and r=0.26 with coarse sand), while mating and spawning had a correlation of r=0.54 and 0.62 with medium sand, respectively. Density was high in the four sites and was not associated with mating and spawning (r=0.08 and 0.03, respectively). For reproduction, S. gigas requires specific substrate conditions (sandy effect) and not just a density of 56 Conch Ha–1 (Allee effect). Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 3): 207-213. Epub 2014 September 01.

A detailed comparative morphology of the following 21 species is made: 1) Strombidae: Strombus pugilis (Brazil), S. alatus (Florida, USA), S. gracilior (form Panama, Pacific coast), Eustrombus goliath (Brazil), E. gigas (Caribbean), Aliger costatus, A. gallus (northeastern Brazil), Tricornis raninus (Caribbean); Conomurex luhuanus, Canarium urceus, Lambis lambis, Terebellum terebellum (all Australia), Tibia insulaechorab (Pakistan); 2) Struthiolariidae: Struthiolaria papulosa (New Zealand), Tylospira scutulata (Australia); 3) Aporrhaidae: Cuphosolenus serresianus new comb., Aporrhais occidentalis and A. pespelicani (North Atlantic and Europe); 4) Xenophoridae: Onustus caribaeus and Xenophora conchyliophora (West Atlantic) and O. indicus (Australia). The three former families are usually considered members of the superfamily Stromboidea, while the Xenophoridae are included in their own superfamily Xenophoroidea. A phylogenetic (cladistic) analysis is undertaken, based on 102 characters (255 states); with some basal Caenogastropoda as the main outgroup. A single most parsimonious tree was obtained (length: 209, CI: 74; RI: 86) as follows: ((T. scutulata - S. papulosa) (C. serresianus ((A. occidentalis - A. pespelicani)((O. caribaeus - O. indicus) - X. conchyliophora)(T. terebellum (C. urceus (C. luhuanus (T. raninus (L. lambis (S. pugilis - S. alatus - S. gracilior)((E. goliath - E. gigas) (A. costatus - A. gallus))))))))))). According to this analysis, Stromboidea (including Xenophoridae) is a monophyletic superfamily supported by 42 synapomorphies, Xenophoridae and Strombidae are monophyletic, as well as Strombus, Aliger and Eustrombus are monophyletic genera; whereas Aporrhaidae and Aporrhais are paraphyletic taxa; the Xenophoridae are the sister taxon of the Strombidae. Lambis lambis is represented in a branch within species currently included in Strombus, thus some genera were revalidated (Eustrombus and Aliger) and subgenera require elevation to genera (Strombus s.s., Tricornis, Conomurex, Canarium).

Atlantic permits were observed to break up and eat juvenile queen conches in an aquarium. It is suggested that this may occur in the wild more commonly than reported and may pose a threat to some conch seeding programmes.

Strombus dentatus [spec. nov.] S. testa labro attenuato brevi dentato, ventre spiraque plicatis. Habitat.. Strombi Juniores testae carent omni labro & turbinatae existunt, quas ad distincta genera perperam retulere Authores. * * * * Turriti spira longissima., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on pages 745-746, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus auris dianae [spec. nov.] S. testae labro antice mucronato, dorso muricato, cauda erecta acuta. Rumph. mus. t. 37. f. R. Gvalt. test. t. 32. f. H. Argenv. conch. t. 17. f. O. Klein. ostr. t. 6. f. 106. Habitat in O. Asiae., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on pages 743-744, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus gallus [spec. nov.] S. testae labro dilatato: antice mucronato longissimo, dorso coronato, cauda recta. Bonan. recr. 3. t. 309, 310. Rumph. mus. t. 37. f. 5. Gvalt. test. t. 32. f. M. Habitat.., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 743, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus chiragra [spec. nov.] S. testae labro pentadactylo, digitis curvis, cauda recurvata. Bellon. aqu. 422. Barrel. rar. 327. f. I. Bonan. recreat. 3. t. 312. Rumph. mus. t. 35. f. A. B. C. Gualt. test. t. 35. f. B. A. & t. 26. f. B. Habitat ad Bandam Asiae., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 742, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus lucifer [spec. nov.] S. testae labro antice rotundato integro, ventre dupliciter striato, spira carinata: tuberculis superioribus minutis. Bonan. recr. 3. t. 303, 304. Barrel. rar. t. 1327. f. 7. Argenv. conch. t. 17. f. E. Klein. ostr. t. 4. f. 85. Habitat ad Americam australem. Differt a sequenti testa minus crassa, & imprimis spinis spirae minimis, nec magnis crassis pollicaribus ut in illa. Listeri conchiliorum historiam cum tabularum numeris adpositis non obtinui, citationes ojusdem nonnullas aliorum oculis tantum vidi., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 744, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus ater [spec. nov.] S. testa turrita laevi, labro antice posticeque soluto. Rumph. mus. t. 30. f. R. Habitat in Asiae paludibus., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 746, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus urceus [spec. nov.] S. testae labro attenuato retuso brevi striato, ventre spiraque plicato-nodosis, apertura bilabiata inermi. Rumph. mus. t. 37. f. T. Petiv. gaz. t. 98. f. 19. Gualt. test. t. 32. f. G. Habitat in O. Asiae., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 745, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus scorpius [spec. nov.] S. testae labro heptadactylo, digitis nodosis: postico longissimo. Rumph. mus. t. 36. f. K. Gvalt. test. t. 36. f. C. Argenv. conch. t. 17. f. B. Habitat in O. Asiatico., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 743, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus vittatus [spec. nov.] S. testae labro rotundato brevi, ventre laevi, spirae elongatae anfractibus sutura distinctis. Rumph. mus. t. 36. f. O. Argenv. conch. t. 12. f. F. Habitat in O. Asiae. Confer. Rumph. mus. t. 37. f. X. Gualt. test. t. 33. f. B. Argenv. conch. t. 13. f. C. An sola varietas ?, Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 745, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206