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This paper provides an analysis on the use of 15D and EQ-5D to measure health related quality of life. Measures like these are often used interchangeably in cost-effectiveness studies. However, it is unclear whether they measure the same level of health in the same patients. The empirical performance of the two multi-attribute utility instruments is tested in terms of feasibility, utility score, linear relationship and agreement by using a novel Norwegian data set. The paper also includes an analysis of how the instruments rank individuals in terms of health status, and their discriminatory power are tested. The results show that EQ-5D and 15D should not be used interchangeably in economic evaluations. EQ-5D is likely to give a more favourable cost utility ratio than 15D. The utility scores generated from the two instruments differ significantly different from each other, even though they correlate well. The instruments also rank individuals in terms of health status differently.

Background: To evaluate characteristics and mortality related to post-stroke fatigue (PSF)., Methods: All surviving stroke patients admitted to the Stroke Unit, Haukeland University Hospital, between February 2006 and November 2008 were sent a postal questionnaire including the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADSD), and the Barthel Index (BI) at least 6 months after stroke onset. Survival among patients returning the questionnaire was determined by November 2009. PSF was defined as FSS score ≥5., Results: Among 377 patients returning the questionnaire, 42.3% had PSF. Logistic regression showed that PSF was independently associated with pre-stroke depression, leucoaraiosis, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, pain, and sleeping disturbances. Mean FSS score was lower among TIA patients than among patients with minor cerebral infarction (patients with BI=100) (P=.002). Cox regression analysis showed mortality to be associated with PSF., Conclusion: There is a multifactorial basis for PSF suggesting different therapy options. Cerebral lesions may cause PSF in some patients. Post-stroke fatigue is associated with higher mortality., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Many patients with cerebral infarction suffer from symptoms such as pain, fatigue, and depression. The aim of this study was to evaluate these symptoms in relation to health-related quality of life (HRQoL) on long-term follow-up., Materials and Methods: All surviving stroke patients admitted to the Stroke Unit, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway between February 2006 and November 2008 were sent a questionnaire, including a visual analog pain scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Depression Subscale of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Barthel Index, and three measures of HRQoL--15D, EuroQol, and EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale--at least 6 months after stroke onset. Cox regression survival analysis, including EQ-5D, was performed by November 2009., Results: The questionnaire was returned by 328 patients. All three symptoms were reported by 10.1% of the patients, and 26% reported two symptoms. There was a significant association between worse HRQoL scores and an increasing number of cooccurring symptoms for all three HRQoL scores. Fatigue, depression, pain, functional state, and sleeping disorder on follow-up accounted for 58%-83% of the variability in HRQoL, depending on which HRQoL scale was used. Cox regression analysis showed that mortality was associated with a low EuroQol score (P = 0.016)., Conclusion: Pain, fatigue, and depression were common symptoms among these stroke patients and, to a large extent, they determined the patients' HRQoL. Low HRQoL was associated with increased mortality.

Background: Many patients with cerebral infarction suffer from symptoms such as pain, fatigue and depression. Most studies focus on single symptoms, but these symptoms often occur together. Whereas symptom clusters have been studied in cancer patients, little is known about different symptom clusters in patients with cerebral infarction. The aim was to evaluate clusters of co-occurring symptoms in the long term. We hypothesized that patients with cerebral infarction display distinct symptom clusters. Furthermore, we hypothesized that multiple co-occurring symptoms have an adverse effect on patients., Methods: All consecutive patients with acute stroke (the index stroke) admitted to the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, between February 2006 and July 2008, were prospectively registered in a database. Prior risk factors (including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation and prior stroke), prior depression and stroke severity (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score on day 7) were registered. Patients with cerebral infarction were sent a questionnaire including a visual analogue pain scale (VAS), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety, Depression Scale (HADS-D) and Barthel Index at least 6 months after stroke onset., Results: The questionnaire was returned by 328 patients (response rate 60%). All three symptoms were reported by 10.1%. Pain and fatigue among nondepressed patients were reported by 19.6%. Pain and depression among nonfatigued patients were reported by 2.0%. Depression and fatigue, and no pain were reported by 4.4%. Single symptoms were reported by 31% whereas 33% reported no symptoms. VAS, FSS and HADS-D score severity increased with the number of co-occurring symptoms. Logistic regression analyses showed that two or three symptoms (versus no symptoms) was associated with high mRS score on day 7 (p = 0.02), prior stroke (p = 0.002), prior diabetes mellitus (p = 0.005) and prior depression (p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Symptom clusters are frequent in patients with cerebral infarction. Fatigue was associated with pain and depression whereas there was little association between depression and pain in nonfatigue patients, indicating distinct symptom clusters. The severity of symptoms increased with the number of co-occurring symptoms., (Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

The objective of this study is to evaluate characteristics and mortality related to long-term post-stroke pain (PSP). All surviving stroke patients admitted to the Stroke Unit, Haukeland University Hospital, between February 2006 and July 2009 received a postal questionnaire including the fatigue severity scale (FSS), the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADSD), the Barthel index (BI), and questions regarding location of pain and pain severity at least 6 months after onset of stroke. Survival among patients returning the questionnaire was determined by November 2009. Stroke severity was defined by the modified Rankin score (mRS), 7 days after stroke onset. About 30% of the 408 patients had moderate to severe PSP. On logistic regression, PSP was associated with females (odds ratio (OR) = 2.1, p = 0.002), lower age (OR = 0.98, p = 0.04), fatigue (OR = 3.1, p < 0.001), sleep disturbances (OR = 3.3, p < 0.001), and mRS 3-5 (OR = 1.9, p = 0.03). Among patients with pareses (persistent or transient), there was no difference between paretic and non-paretic side as to frequency of limb pain on follow-up (p = 0.91). By November 2009, 26 patients had died. Cox regression analysis showed that mortality was associated with PSP (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.4, p = 0.040), high age (HR = 1.07, p = 0.001), males (HR = 2.5, p = 0.04), and low BI (HR = 0.97, p < 0.001). In conclusion, our study indicates a multifactorial basis for post-stroke pain. The main new findings were that the frequencies of pain were similar in paretic and non-paretic limbs and that long-term mortality was associated with post-stroke pain.