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Objective: To assess the accuracy of stridor in comparison to endoscopic examination for diagnosis of pediatric post-intubation subglottic stenosis. Method: Children who required endotracheal intubation for >24 h were included in this prospective cohort study. Children were monitored daily and underwent flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy after extubation. Those with moderate-to-severe abnormalities underwent another examination 7–10 days later. If lesions persisted or symptoms developed, laryngoscopy under general anesthesia was performed. Patients were assessed daily for stridor after extubation. Results: A total of 187 children were included. The incidence of post-extubation stridor was 44.38%. Stridor had a sensitivity of 77.78% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 51.9–92.6) and specificity of 59.18% (95% CI: 51.3–66.6) in detecting subglottic stenosis. The positive predictive value was 16.87% (95% CI: 9.8–27.1), and the negative predictive value was 96.15% (95% CI: 89.9–98.8). Stridor persisting longer than 72 h or starting more than 72 h post-extubation had a sensitivity of 66.67% (95% CI: 41.2–85.6), specificity of 89.1% (95% CI: 83.1–93.2), positive predictive value of 40.0% (95% CI: 23.2–59.3), and negative predictive value of 96.07% (95% CI: 91.3–98.4). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.65–0.91). Conclusions: Absence of stridor was appropriate to rule out post-intubation subglottic stenosis. The specificity of this criterion improved when stridor persisted longer than 72 h or started more than 72 h post-extubation. Thus, endoscopy under general anesthesia can be used to confirm subglottic stenosis only in patients who develop or persist with stridor for more than 72 h following extubation. Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar a precisão do estridor em comparação com o exame endoscópico no diagnóstico de estenose subglótica pós-intubação em crianças. Método: Foram incluídas neste estudo de coorte prospectivo crianças que necessitaram de intubação endotraqueal por mais de 24 horas. Elas foram monitoradas diariamente e submetidas à nasofibrolaringoscopia flexível após a extubação. As crianças com anomalias moderadas foram submetidas a outro exame sete a 10 dias depois. Caso as lesões persistissem ou os sintomas evoluíssem, a laringoscopia era realizada com anestesia geral. Os pacientes foram avaliados diariamente quanto ao estridor após a extubação. Resultados: Participaram 187 crianças. A incidência de estridor após a intubação foi de 44,38%. O estridor apresentou uma sensibilidade de 77,78% (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC]: 51,9-92,6) e especificidade de 59,18% (IC: 51,3-66,6) na detecção de SGS. O valor preditivo positivo foi de 16,87% (IC: 9,8-27,1) e o valor preditivo negativo (VPN) foi de 96,15% (IC: 89,9-98,8). O estridor que persistiu por mais de 72 horas ou que começou 72 horas após a extubação teve uma sensibilidade de 66,67% (IC: 41,2-85,6), especificidade de 89,1% (IC: 83,1-93,2), valor preditivo positivo de 40,0% (IC: 23,2-59,3) e valor preditivo negativo de 96,07% (IC: 91,3-98,4). A área sob a curva de característica de operação do receptor (ROC) foi de 0,78 (IC: 0,65-0,91). Conclusões: A ausência de estridor foi adequada para descartar a estenose subglótica pós-intubação. A especificidade desse critério melhorou quando o estridor perdurou por mais de 72 horas ou começou mais de 72 horas após a extubação. Assim, a endoscopia com anestesia geral pode ser utilizada para confirmar a estenose subglótica somente em pacientes que desenvolveram ou continuaram com estridor por mais de 72 horas após a extubação. Keywords: Stridor, Laryngoscopy, Acquired subglottic stenosis, Intubation, Accuracy, Palavras-chave: Estridor, Laringoscopia, Estenose subglótica adquirida, Intubação, Precisão

Se trata de un masculino de 8 meses con historia de un mes de estridor que acude en múltiples ocasiones al servicio de emergencia sin mejoría. Se le realizaron dos radiografías de tórax que estaban normales. Por persistir sintomático se realizó broncoscopía que evidenció una compresión de la tráquea y posteriormente se visualiza un cuerpo extraño en esófago. Se lleva a sala de operaciones para gastroscopía y se logra extraer sin complicaciones una uña acrílica. No se documentaron perforaciones. El niño evoluciona satisfactoriamente. La ingesta inadvertida de un cuerpo extraño radiolúcido debe ser considerada dentro de las causas poco frecuentes de estridor. Palabras clave Estridor; cuerpo extraño; lactante; esófago

El estridor es un ruido respiratorio anormal generado por obstrucción o colapso de la vía aérea laringotraqueal, de manera aguda o de evolución crónica. Existen distintas causas tanto congénitas como adquiridas capaces de producir dificultad respiratoria, que puede llegar a ser grave y con potencial riesgo vital. El diagnóstico clínico del paciente con estridor persistente debe ser complementado con un estudio endoscópico de la vía aérea y en ocasiones con imágenes, para intentar determinar el o los sitios comprometidos y posibles malformaciones asociadas. La indicación de tratamiento debe ser individualizada, considerando el estado general del paciente, las etiologías responsables, el impacto sobre la respiración y la deglución, el pronóstico y la capacidad técnica del equipo tratante, entre otras. Las alternativas pueden incluir observación, medidas no farmacológicas, medicamentos locales o sistémicos, procedimientos endoscópicos, cirugías abiertas, o bien la instalación de una traqueostomía de manera temporal o como manejo definitivo. El objetivo de esta revisión es entregar un adecuado conocimiento de la fisiopatología y la etiopatogenia del estridor pediátrico persistente, fundamental para el correcto manejo de estos pacientes complejos, que debiera realizarse idealmente en un contexto multidisciplinario.

RESUMEN La malacia de la vía aérea central puede afectar la tráquea y/o los bronquios, haciéndola susceptible al colapso de sus paredes durante el ciclo respiratorio. Puede clasificarse como primaria o secundaria y clínicamente se manifiesta por síntomas respiratorios recurrentes o persistentes (especialmente en espiración), infecciones recurrentes y en casos severos, episodios de hipoventilación con cianosis. El diagnóstico se establece mediante broncoscopía flexible o rígida. Los estudios de imágenes se consideran complementarios, siendo especialmente útiles en casos de duda diagnóstica, estudio de causas secundarias o para la planificación preoperatoria. Su tratamiento depende de distintos factores como la severidad de los síntomas, su etiología, ubicación y extensión. En casos leves, una observación activa y tratamiento médico en espera de la resolución espontánea en los primeros 2 años, suelen ser suficientes. En casos moderados, la ventilación a presión positiva podría ser de utilidad. En casos severos está indicado el tratamiento quirúrgico, mediante distintas técnicas que buscan dar soporte a la estructura traqueobronquial debilitada, incluyendo traqueostomía, suspensiones directas (traqueopexias) o indirectas (aortopexia), tutores externos o stents intraluminales. En este articulo se revisarán las principales causas y tratamientos disponibles para la traqueomalacia pediátrica. Ya que su diagnóstico y manejo son complejos, es fundamental el trabajo de equipos médicos multidisciplinarios familiarizados con esta patología. ABSTRACT Central airway malacia can affect the trachea and/or the main bronchi, making their walls susceptible to collapse during the respiratory cycle. It can be classified as primary or secondary, and clinically presents with recurrent or persistent respiratory symptoms (especially on expiration), recurrent infections and in severe cases, episodes of hypoventilation with cyanosis. The diagnosis is established by flexible or rigid bronchoscopy; imaging studies are considered as complementary, especially in cases of unclear diagnosis, secondary causes or for preoperative planning. Treatment depends on different factors such as the severity of the symptoms, their etiology, location and extension. In mild cases, active observation and medical treatment waiting for spontaneous resolution may be enough, which usually occurs in the first 2 years of age. In moderate cases, positive pressure ventilation could be useful. In severe cases, surgical treatment is indicated. Different techniques aiming to provide support to the weakened tracheobronchial structures are available, including tracheostomy, direct (tracheopexies) or indirect suspensions (aortopexy), external splints and intraluminal stents. In this article we present the main etiologies and available treatments for pediatric tracheomalacia. Given that diagnosis and management of these patients is complex, the work of multidisciplinary teams familiar with this pathology is of paramount importance.

La epiglotitis aguda infecciosa es infrecuente en la actualidad, debido a la vacunación contra su principal agente etiológico, el Haemophilus influenzae b. Se requiere alto índice de sospecha ante el cuadro clínico de dificultad respiratoria, estridor, disfonía y fiebre. Se presenta a un niño de 2 años, previamente sano, con esquema de vacunas completas, con dificultad respiratoria aguda y estridor laríngeo, en el que, al momento de realizar la intubación, se realizó el diagnóstico de epiglotitis aguda. Con hemocultivos positivos para Haemophilus influenzae b, cumplió 13 días de tratamiento con ceftriaxona, con hemocultivos de control y cultivo de líquido cefalorraquídeo negativo. Acute infectious epiglottitis is infrequent at present due to vaccination for its main etiologic agent, Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib). It must be taken into account when we make a differential diagnosis in a child whose clinical symptoms are respiratory distress, stridor, dysphonia and fever. We report a 2-year-old child, previously healthy, whose vaccination calendar was complete, and whose clinical presentation included respiratory distress and stridor; at the moment of the intubation the laryngoscopy showed an acute epiglottitis. Blood cultures were taken, which were positive for Hib. He was treated with ceftriaxone during 13 days, and the control blood cultures and cerebrospinal fluid were negative.

RESUMEN La amiloidosis es una enfermedad poco frecuente, de etiología desconocida, caracterizada por la presencia de depósitos extracelulares de proteínas fibrilares en diversos órganos y tejidos, teniendo una amplia gama de manifestaciones clínicas según localización y tamaño de los depósitos. En cabeza y cuello, el sitio de presentación más frecuente es la laringe. Suele presentarse con disfonía y/o disnea progresiva, cuyo tratamiento definitivo, sin estar estandarizado, suele ser la resección quirúrgica. Se presenta a continuación el caso de un paciente de 78 años, con historia de disnea en reposo y estridor laríngeo leve de 6 meses de evolución, cuya nasofibroscopía evidenció una masa subglótica, determinando lumen crítico de vía aérea superior. Biopsia reveló amiloidosis, siendo tratado de manera exitosa con exéresis tumoral vía laringoscopía directa. ABSTRACT Amyloidosis is a rare disease of unknown etiology, characterized by the presence of extracellular acumulations of fibrillar proteins in a variety of organs and tissues, with a wide range of clinical manifestations depending on the location and size of the deposits. In head and neck, the most common site of presentation is the larynx. It usually presents with dysphonia and / or progressive dyspnea, whose definitive treatment, without being standardized, is usually surgical resection. A case of a 78-year-old patient with a history of dyspnea at rest and mild laryngeal stridor of 6 months of evolution is presented, whose nasofibroscopy showed a subglottic mass at the cricoid level, determining a critical upper airway lumen. Biopsy revealed extensive amyloidosis of the upper respiratory tract mucosa, being successfully treated with tumoral excision under direct laryngoscopy.

This paper reports the case of a toddler with chronic stridor of four months of evolution, treated several times by micro-nebulization (MNB) with beta 2, adrenergics, O2 and corticosteroids with partial improvement. The patient did not have complementary studies nor a clear history of foreign body aspiration (FB). During the last visit to the ER, a neck X-ray revealed a stippling sign in the upper airway. A bronchoscopy was performed, and a sharp foreign body (fishbone) was found in the upper airway, which was subsequently removed. This case is reported due to the unusual evolution of the foreign body in the upper airway, which manifested as a chronic stridor that resolved without further complications. Se presenta el caso de una paciente prescolar con estridor crónico de 4 meses de evolución, tratada varias veces mediante micronebulizaciones (MNB) con beta 2, adrenérgicos, O2 y corticoides con mejoría parcial, sin estudios complementarios ni antecedentes claros de atoramiento con cuerpo extraño (CE). Además, se realizó una radiografía de cuello (Rx) que reveló la presencia de imagen en punta de lápiz traqueal y una broncoscopia que comprobó la existencia de un cuerpo extraño puntiagudo (espina de pescado) en la vía aérea superior.Este caso se reportó por su inusual presentación, pues es un CE en la vía aérea superior que se manifestó con estridor crónico, sin mayores complicaciones.

Resumen: El abordaje del paciente con estridor es un reto diagnóstico, ya que diversas entidades pueden ser responsables y los síntomas acompañantes son muy variables. Si bien la laringomalacia es por mucho la causa más frecuente, se debe considerar otras etiologías. Hasta un 5% de los pacientes con estridor pueden tener malformaciones cardiovasculares subyacentes que causen la compresión de la vía aérea responsable del estridor. Cuando se tiene esta sospecha, la mejor técnica de imagen es una angio-TC para definir la anatomía de las malformaciones y planificar su resolución quirúrgica. Se presenta el caso de un lactante de 26 días, que tras haberle realizado una piloromiotomía presenta estridor de forma súbita. El diagnóstico en un primer momento se encubrió por el antecedente de la intubación quirúrgica; sin embargo, los estudios posteriores permitieron identificar un doble arco aórtico como responsable del estridor. Abstract: The approach to the patient with stridor may become a true diagnostic challenge, due to the broad spectrum of entities which may cause stridor and the accompanying symptoms are very variable. Although laryngomalacia is by far the most frequent cause, other etiologies should also be considered l. Up to 5% of patients with stridor may have cardiovascular abnormalities that cause the extrinsic compression of the airway responsible for the estridor. Once the suspicion has arisen, usually a CT may become the best image technique to define the anatomy and plan its surgical repair. We present the case of a 26-day-old infant who suddenly develops stridor after a pyloromyotomy. The diagnosis was at first concealed by the antecedent of surgical intubation; however, the subsequent studies allowed the identification of a double aortic arch as the responsible for the stridor.

Introducción: La laringomalacia es la causa más frecuente de estridor en lactantes, representando el 60%-70% de los defectos congénitos laríngeos. Entre 10%-20% de estos pacientes puede requerir tratamiento quirúrgico. Objetivo: Revisar las manifestaciones clínicas y los resultados de las supragloto-plastías en laringomalacia severa en nuestro hospital durante 2015. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo mediante revisión de fichas clínicas de pacientes sometidos a supraglotoplastía en el Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente de Concepción en 2015. Resultados: Se intervinieron 11 pacientes siendo el promedio de edad, al momento de la cirugía, de 7,3 meses. Todos los pacientes tenían dificultad para alimentarse y el 45% además cianosis con la alimentación y el llanto, desaturaciones y pausas respiratorias. Cuatro casos portaban anomalías congénitas asociadas y el 73% presentó lesiones concomitantes de vía aérea, principalmente estenosis subglótica (64%). Los tipos morfológicos observados de laringomalacia fueron los tipos I y II con 27% y 73%, respectivamente. La tasa de éxito quirúrgico fue de 91%, sin necesidad de revisiones y no se presentaron complicaciones relacionadas al procedimiento. Conclusiones: La supraglotoplastía con láser es una técnica segura y efectiva para el tratamiento de laringomalacia severa. Los pacientes con laringomalacia severa debiesen ser sometidos a una revisión completa de vía aérea para evaluar otras comorbilidades. Introduction: Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of stridor in infants, accounting for 60%-70% of laryngeal congenital defects. Between 10% to 20% of these patients may require surgical treatment. Aim: To review the clinical manifestations and outcomes of supraglottoplasties in severe laryngomalacia at our hospital during 2015. Material and method: Retrospective medical record review of children that underwent CO2 laser supraglottoplasty at Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente in Concepcion during 2015. Results: Eleven patients were included in this study, the average age at the time of surgery was 7.3 months. All the patients had stridor associated with feeding difficulty and 45% of them also had cyanosis with feeding and crying, desaturations and respiratory pauses. Four cases had associated congenital anomalies and 73% of the patients had airway comorbidity, mostly subglottic stenosis (64%). All of ourpatients had types I and II laryngomalacia with 27% and 73%, respectively. The success rate of surgery was 91%, no patients required a revision supraglottoplasty and there were no complications related to the procedure. Conclusions: CO2 laser supraglottoplasty proved to be a safe and effective treatment for severe laryngomalacia. Patients with severe laryngomalacia should undergo a full airway revision under general anesthesia to assess airway comorbidity.

Introduction: Viral croup is the most common cause of stridor in children seen at emergency room. In the absence of response to treatment with corticosteroids and nebulized adrenaline, bacterial tracheitis should be considered.Case Report: A six year-old child, was admitted in emergency room with stridor, respiratory distress and fever, with partial response to therapy with nebulized epinephrine. Ceftriaxone was prescribed for suspected bacterial laryngotracheobronchitis. Despite therapy, developed cervical cellulitis with progression to retropharyngeal abscess and mediastinitis. Good outcome after therapy with ceftriaxone, clindamycin and vancomycin.Discussion/Conclusion: The authors describe an original case of a bacterial tracheitis complicated with retropharyngeal abcess and mediastinitis, emphasizing that bacterial tracheitis is potentially life threatening, requiring a high index of suspicion for early diagnosis., Introdução: A laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) vírica constitui a causa mais comum de estridor nas crianças que recorrem ao Serviço de Urgência. Na ausência de resposta ao tratamento com corticóide e adrenalina nebulizada, a traqueíte bacteriana deve ser considerada.Caso Clínico: Criança de seis anos de idade observada no Serviço de Urgência por estridor, sinais de dificuldade respiratória e febre com resposta parcial à terapêutica com adrenalina nebulizada; por suspeita de LTB com sobreinfeção bacteriana iniciou terapêutica empírica com ceftriaxone. Apesar da terapêutica, desenvolveu celulite cervical com posterior evolução para abcesso retrofaríngeo e mediastinite. Boa evolução após terapêutica com ceftriaxone, clindamicina e vancomicina.Discussão/Conclusões: Os autores descrevem um caso de traqueíte bacteriana complicada de abcesso retrofaríngeo e mediastinite, até agora não descrito na literatura. Pretendem elucidar que a traqueíte bacteriana é uma doença potencialmente ameaçadora à vida e que requer alto índice de suspeição para diagnóstico célere.

Introdução: A laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) vírica constitui a causa mais comum de estridor nas crianças que recorrem ao Serviço de Urgência. Na ausência de resposta ao tratamento com corticóide e adrenalina nebulizada, a traqueíte bacteriana deve ser considerada. Caso Clínico: Criança de seis anos de idade observada no Serviço de Urgência por estridor, sinais de dificuldade respiratória e febre com resposta parcial à terapêutica com adrenalina nebulizada; por suspeita de LTB com sobreinfeção bacteriana iniciou terapêutica empírica com ceftriaxone. Apesar da terapêutica, desenvolveu celulite cervical com posterior evolução para abcesso retrofaríngeo e mediastinite. Boa evolução após terapêutica com ceftriaxone, clindamicina e vancomicina. Discussão/Conclusões: Os autores descrevem um caso de traqueíte bacteriana complicada de abcesso retrofaríngeo e mediastinite, até agora não descrito na literatura. Pretendem elucidar que a traqueíte bacteriana é uma doença potencialmente ameaçadora à vida e que requer alto índice de suspeição para diagnóstico célere. Introduction: Viral croup is the most common cause of stridor in children seen at emergency room. In the absence of response to treatment with corticosteroids and nebulized adrenaline, bacterial tracheitis should be considered. Case Report: A six year-old child, was admitted in emergency room with stridor, respiratory distress and fever, with partial response to therapy with nebulized epinephrine. Ceftriaxone was prescribed for suspected bacterial laryngotracheobronchitis. Despite therapy, developed cervical cellulitis with progression to retropharyngeal abscess and mediastinitis. Good outcome after therapy with ceftriaxone, clindamycin and vancomycin. Discussion/Conclusion: The authors describe an original case of a bacterial tracheitis complicated with retropharyngeal abcess and mediastinitis, emphasizing that bacterial tracheitis is potentially life threatening, requiring a high index of suspicion for early diagnosis.

La laringomalacia es la principal causa de estridor en la infancia, que se resuelve espontáneamente la mayoría de los casos antes de los dos años de vida. Sin embargo, un pequeño porcentaje no presenta esta evolución favorable, por lo que es importante identificar los casos graves con repercusión clínica y conocer el abanico de patologías con las que es necesario plantear un diagnóstico diferencial. Los principales signos de alarma son la presencia de apneas y el fallo de medro. Presentamos dos casos de interés en este sentido, el primero por la gravedad y precocidad de la repercusión clínica, el segundo por el retraso en la resolución espontánea, con síntomas vividos con gran ansiedad por los familiares. Una buena anamnesis, incluyendo antecedentes perinatales y quirúrgicos, y una exploración física completa (características del estridor, rasgos dismórficos, lesiones cutáneas…) son clave para el enfoque diagnóstico adecuado. La nasofaringolaringoscopia flexible en vigilia permite el diagnóstico de gran parte de anomalías supraglóticas, si bien puede no detectar disfunciones dinámicas que se ocasionan solo en ciertas situaciones (por ejemplo, con el paciente dormido en decúbito supino). La fibrobroncoscopia bajo sedación, en respiración espontánea, se ha demostrado una prueba segura y eficaz en el diagnóstico de certeza de las diferentes causas de estridor, presentando además la ventaja de poder ser utilizada como vía de acceso para diferentes procedimientos terapéuticos en el mismo acto médico, aumentando el grado de sedación/anestesia según se requiera. Laryngomalacia is the most common congenital laryngeal abnormality underlying stridor in infants, and usually resolves spontaneously before two years of age. However, a small percentage of cases have no such favorable evolution, so it is important to identify severe cases with clinical consequences and perform a thorough differential diagnosis. Principal signs of concern are the presence of apnea or failure to thrive. We present two cases of interest in this field, one because of severe clinical consequences at early onset and the other because of late resolution with sleeping apnea episodes lived as threatening by the family. A careful clinical anamnesis, including perinatal details and surgical history, and a complete physical examination (stridor characteristics, peculiar facial features, skin lesions) are the key to an appropriate diagnosis approach. Awake flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy may achieve diagnosis of most supraglotic abnormalities, even though it may fail when detecting dynamic dysfunctions appearing only in certain circumstances (e.g. asleep patient in supine position). Fibrobronchoscopy under sedation, in patients breathing spontaneously, has been proven a safe and effective tool in the differential diagnosis of stridor in childhood. Moreover, it can be used as therapeutic approach in the same procedure, by means of different techniques under deep sedation or general anesthesia depending on their complexity.

[ES] La mayoría de las causas de obstrucción de la vía aérea son raras durante la infancia. Sin embargo, es importante reconocer precozmente estos problemas e instaurar las medidas oportunas para evitar las complicaciones relacionadas con la hipoxia. El síntoma fundamental que define la obstrucción de la vía aérea superior es el estridor. Éste puede ser agudo, más relacionado con causas inflamatorias o infecciosas, o crónico, en general en relación con alteraciones anatómicas o patología funcional. Además puede ser congénito o adquirido. Un buen estudio clínico del estridor puede orientar el diagnóstico. Sin embargo, sólo la realización de una exploración completa de la vía aérea nos aportará un diagnóstico de certeza.En este estudio revisamos las causas más frecuentes que originan estridor en la infancia y nuestra experiencia en su manejo diagnóstico., [EN] Most causes of airway obstruction are rare in childhood. However, it is important to recognize these problems early and to establish appropriate measures to avoid the complications associated with hypoxia. The main symptom that defines the obstruction of the upper airway is stridor. It can be acute, more related to inflammatory or infectious, or chronic, usually in relation to anatomic abnormalities or functional pathology. It can also be congenital or acquired. A good clinical study of stridor can guide the diagnosis. However, only the realization of a full exploration of the airway will give us an accurate diagnosis. In this study we review the most common causes of stridor in childhood and our experience in handling diagnosis.

Doenças congênitas e adquiridas das vias aéreas podem causar dispnéia e estridor em crianças. Nas UTIs tem-se registrado maior sobrevida de prematuros, porém também elevada incidência de complicações relacionadas à intubação. OBJETIVO: Analisar retrospectivamente os achados endoscópicos em crianças com estridor. TIPO DE ESTUDO: Corte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram revisados 55 prontuários de crianças com estridor, submetidas aos exames endoscópicos de janeiro de 1997 a dezembro de 2003. Endoscopias foram: estridor pós-extubação (63,63%) e avaliação de estridor neonatal (21,82%). Observou-se alto índice de doenças associadas, como pulmonares (60%), neurológicas (45,4%) e DRGE (40%). Os principais achados endoscópicos e as indicações de traqueotomia foram: estenose subglótica (27,27%) e processos inflamatórios das vias aéreas (21,82%), principalmente em crianças com menos de cinco anos. Lesões congênitas foram mais freqüentes em crianças com menos de um ano. CONCLUSÕES: O estridor na infância possui múltiplas etiologias, sendo as relacionadas à intubação traqueal as mais freqüentes em hospitais com atendimento de doenças complexas. Pediatras e otorrinolaringologistas devem conhecer as causas de estridor, realizando avaliação clínica detalhada para determinar a gravidade do caso. O exame endoscópico deverá ser minucioso e detalhado.Congenital and acquired airway diseases are responsible for upper respiratory distress and stridor in children. In neonatal intensive care units, we have seen increased survival in premature babies, but also a high incidence of airway complications related to intubation, which present as stridor. AIM: To review endoscopic findings in children with stridor. STUDY DESING: a cross-sectional cohort study. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was done of 55 cases of children with stridor who underwent endoscopic exams, between January 1997 and December 2003. RESULTS: 69% were aged below one year. The main indications for endoscopy were post-extubation stridor (63.63%) and evaluation of neonatal stridor (21.82%). Many associated diseases were seen, including lung diseases (60%), neurological condition (45.4%), and GERD (40%). The main endoscopic findings and indications for tracheotomy were subglottic stenosis (27.27%) and airway inflammatory process (21.82%) occurring in children under five years old. Congenital disorders were more frequent in children under age one year. CONCLUSION: Neonatal stridor has many causes; those related to tracheal intubation are more frequent in hospitals that treat more complex diseases. Pediatricians and otorhinolaryngologists should know the main causes of stridor and perform detailed clinical evaluations to determine case severity. The endoscopic examination, must be meticulous.

Seven patients (mean age 46.6; range 33-58; 6M.1F) presented with sleep-related choking episodes and were found to have features in common that distinguished them from other known causes of choking episodes during sleep. The characteristic features include: an awakening from sleep with an acute choking sensation, stridor, panic, tachycardia, short duration of episode Gess than 60 seconds), infrequent episodes (typically less than 1 per month), and absence of any known etiology. The disorder most commonly occurs in middle-aged males who are otherwise healthy. In one patient an episode of laryngospasm was polysomnographically documented to occur during stage 3. The clinical features and the polysomnographic findings suggest spasm of the vocal cords of unknown etiology. Sete pacientes (média de idade = 46,6; variação de 33-58; 6M,1F) apresentavam episódios de sufocamento estritamente relacionados ao período de sono. Esses episódios tinham características que os diferiam de outras causas conhecidas de sufocamento durante o sono. Estas características incluem: despertar com súbita sensação de sufocamento, estridor, pânico, taquicardia. Os episódios eram breves (< 60s), infrequentes (< 1 por mês) e não apresentam qualquer evidência de etiologia conhecida. O distúrbio ocorre em homens saudáveis de meia idade. Em um paciente um episódio foi documentado polissonograficamente durante o estágio 3. Os aspectos clínicos e polissonográficos sugerem espasmo das cordas vocais de etiologia desconhecida.

A laringomalácia é a causa mais comum de estridor respiratório na infância, sendo a malformação congênita da laringe de maior incidência. Geralmente, associa-se a outras doenças e/ou malformações, dentre elas a doença do refluxo gastroesofágico. Sua etiologia é desconhecida e a doença normalmente é autolimitada, com resolução espontânea em cerca de 85% dos casos, no entanto, 10 a 15% dos pacientes apresentam quadro severo, com obstrução respiratória, necessitando de intervenção cirúrgica. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Clínico retrospectivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Esse estudo de revisão avalia os resultados do Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia Pediátrica da Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, no tratamento da laringomalácia severa, onde quinze pacientes com diagnóstico clínico e nasofibroscópico foram submetidos a supraglotoplastia unilateral e avaliação de lesões sincrônicas associadas. Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of stridor and the most common congenital laryngeal anomaly in infants. Usually, it occurs in association with other abnormalities or diseases, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease. The etiology of laryngomalacia remains unknown; it is a self-limited condition that resolves without therapy in 85% of the affected infants. However, surgical management is necessary in 10-15% of patients who present severe upper airway obstruction. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical retrospective. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This study intends to review the experience with supraglottoplasty in 15 patients with severe laryngomalacia in the Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical School of São José do Rio Preto, submitted to unilateral section of aryepiglottic fold and the diagnosis of associated synchronic anomalies.

A laringomalácia é a causa mais comum de estridor respiratório na infância, sendo a malformação congênita da laringe de maior incidência. Geralmente, associa-se a outras doenças e/ou malformações, dentre elas a doença do refluxo gastroesofágico. Sua etiologia é desconhecida e a doença normalmente é autolimitada, com resolução espontânea em cerca de 85% dos casos, no entanto, 10 a 15% dos pacientes apresentam quadro severo, com obstrução respiratória, necessitando de intervenção cirúrgica. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Clínico retrospectivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Esse estudo de revisão avalia os resultados do Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia Pediátrica da Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, no tratamento da laringomalácia severa, onde quinze pacientes com diagnóstico clínico e nasofibroscópico foram submetidos a supraglotoplastia unilateral e avaliação de lesões sincrônicas associadas.Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of stridor and the most common congenital laryngeal anomaly in infants. Usually, it occurs in association with other abnormalities or diseases, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease. The etiology of laryngomalacia remains unknown; it is a self-limited condition that resolves without therapy in 85% of the affected infants. However, surgical management is necessary in 10-15% of patients who present severe upper airway obstruction. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical retrospective. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This study intends to review the experience with supraglottoplasty in 15 patients with severe laryngomalacia in the Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical School of São José do Rio Preto, submitted to unilateral section of aryepiglottic fold and the diagnosis of associated synchronic anomalies.

Los hemangiomas ubicados en la región retrocricoidea son raros. Los pocos casos publicados presentan síntomas dependientes de su tamaño y corresponden principalmente a disfagia y estridor. Este reporte presenta la primera serie de casos publicados en Chile y una revisión de la literatura. Se trata de lactantes que consultaron por estridor, laringitis recurrentes, disfagia, apneas y convulsiones; dos manejados con éxito con cirugía con láser CO2 y uno solo con observación. Se discute la importancia de la nasofibroscopía flexible en el estudio del estridor y la disfagia en la población pediátrica, y la eficacia del láser CO2 como opción de manejo para esta patología. Hemangioma located in the postcricoid region is rare. The few published cases display dependent symptoms of their size and mainly correspond to dysphagia and stridor. This report presents the first series of cases published in Chile and a revision of literature. We presented cases of suckling babies who consulted by stridor, recurrent laryngitis, dysphagia, apneas and convulsions; 2 deal successfully with surgery with laser CO2 and one single one with observation. We discussed to the importance of Nasofibroscopia flexible in the study of the stridor and dysphagia in the pediatric population, and the effectiveness of laser CO2 like option of treatment for this pathology.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:59:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0034-72992006000500011.pdf: 116055 bytes, checksum: 1e4b42f87cb734bcf59e6c99d9e3c7d1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:59:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0034-72992006000500011.pdf: 116055 bytes, checksum: 1e4b42f87cb734bcf59e6c99d9e3c7d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:55:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0034-72992006000500011.pdf: 116055 bytes, checksum: 1e4b42f87cb734bcf59e6c99d9e3c7d1 (MD5) S0034-72992006000500011.pdf.txt: 22176 bytes, checksum: fb96e17f3bf1fcd3c735fcd8a07d73dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:14:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0034-72992006000500011.pdf: 116055 bytes, checksum: 1e4b42f87cb734bcf59e6c99d9e3c7d1 (MD5) S0034-72992006000500011.pdf.txt: 22176 bytes, checksum: fb96e17f3bf1fcd3c735fcd8a07d73dd (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:14:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0034-72992006000500011.pdf: 116055 bytes, checksum: 1e4b42f87cb734bcf59e6c99d9e3c7d1 (MD5) S0034-72992006000500011.pdf.txt: 22176 bytes, checksum: fb96e17f3bf1fcd3c735fcd8a07d73dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-01 Doenças congênitas e adquiridas das vias aéreas podem causar dispnéia e estridor em crianças. Nas UTIs tem-se registrado maior sobrevida de prematuros, porém também elevada incidência de complicações relacionadas à intubação. OBJETIVO: Analisar retrospectivamente os achados endoscópicos em crianças com estridor. TIPO DE ESTUDO: Corte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram revisados 55 prontuários de crianças com estridor, submetidas aos exames endoscópicos de janeiro de 1997 a dezembro de 2003. Endoscopias foram: estridor pós-extubação (63,63%) e avaliação de estridor neonatal (21,82%). Observou-se alto índice de doenças associadas, como pulmonares (60%), neurológicas (45,4%) e DRGE (40%). Os principais achados endoscópicos e as indicações de traqueotomia foram: estenose subglótica (27,27%) e processos inflamatórios das vias aéreas (21,82%), principalmente em crianças com menos de cinco anos. Lesões congênitas foram mais freqüentes em crianças com menos de um ano. CONCLUSÕES: O estridor na infância possui múltiplas etiologias, sendo as relacionadas à intubação traqueal as mais freqüentes em hospitais com atendimento de doenças complexas. Pediatras e otorrinolaringologistas devem conhecer as causas de estridor, realizando avaliação clínica detalhada para determinar a gravidade do caso. O exame endoscópico deverá ser minucioso e detalhado. Congenital and acquired airway diseases are responsible for upper respiratory distress and stridor in children. In neonatal intensive care units, we have seen increased survival in premature babies, but also a high incidence of airway complications related to intubation, which present as stridor. AIM: To review endoscopic findings in children with stridor. STUDY DESING: a cross-sectional cohort study. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was done of 55 cases of children with stridor who underwent endoscopic exams, between January 1997 and December 2003. RESULTS: 69% were aged below one year. The main indications for endoscopy were post-extubation stridor (63.63%) and evaluation of neonatal stridor (21.82%). Many associated diseases were seen, including lung diseases (60%), neurological condition (45.4%), and GERD (40%). The main endoscopic findings and indications for tracheotomy were subglottic stenosis (27.27%) and airway inflammatory process (21.82%) occurring in children under five years old. Congenital disorders were more frequent in children under age one year. CONCLUSION: Neonatal stridor has many causes; those related to tracheal intubation are more frequent in hospitals that treat more complex diseases. Pediatricians and otorhinolaryngologists should know the main causes of stridor and perform detailed clinical evaluations to determine case severity. The endoscopic examination, must be meticulous. Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista

Doenças congênitas e adquiridas das vias aéreas podem causar dispnéia e estridor em crianças. Nas UTIs tem-se registrado maior sobrevida de prematuros, porém também elevada incidência de complicações relacionadas à intubação. OBJETIVO: Analisar retrospectivamente os achados endoscópicos em crianças com estridor. TIPO DE ESTUDO: Corte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram revisados 55 prontuários de crianças com estridor, submetidas aos exames endoscópicos de janeiro de 1997 a dezembro de 2003. Endoscopias foram: estridor pós-extubação (63,63%) e avaliação de estridor neonatal (21,82%). Observou-se alto índice de doenças associadas, como pulmonares (60%), neurológicas (45,4%) e DRGE (40%). Os principais achados endoscópicos e as indicações de traqueotomia foram: estenose subglótica (27,27%) e processos inflamatórios das vias aéreas (21,82%), principalmente em crianças com menos de cinco anos. Lesões congênitas foram mais freqüentes em crianças com menos de um ano. CONCLUSÕES: O estridor na infância possui múltiplas etiologias, sendo as relacionadas à intubação traqueal as mais freqüentes em hospitais com atendimento de doenças complexas. Pediatras e otorrinolaringologistas devem conhecer as causas de estridor, realizando avaliação clínica detalhada para determinar a gravidade do caso. O exame endoscópico deverá ser minucioso e detalhado. Congenital and acquired airway diseases are responsible for upper respiratory distress and stridor in children. In neonatal intensive care units, we have seen increased survival in premature babies, but also a high incidence of airway complications related to intubation, which present as stridor. AIM: To review endoscopic findings in children with stridor. STUDY DESING: a cross-sectional cohort study. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was done of 55 cases of children with stridor who underwent endoscopic exams, between January 1997 and December 2003. RESULTS: 69% were aged below one year. The main indications for endoscopy were post-extubation stridor (63.63%) and evaluation of neonatal stridor (21.82%). Many associated diseases were seen, including lung diseases (60%), neurological condition (45.4%), and GERD (40%). The main endoscopic findings and indications for tracheotomy were subglottic stenosis (27.27%) and airway inflammatory process (21.82%) occurring in children under five years old. Congenital disorders were more frequent in children under age one year. CONCLUSION: Neonatal stridor has many causes; those related to tracheal intubation are more frequent in hospitals that treat more complex diseases. Pediatricians and otorhinolaryngologists should know the main causes of stridor and perform detailed clinical evaluations to determine case severity. The endoscopic examination, must be meticulous.

Introducción: El estridor es un ruido respiratorio musical, que se presenta predominantemente durante la inspiración y que resulta del paso de un flujo turbulento por una zona de obstrucción parcial de la vía aérea. En reportes previos, la laringomalacia es su principal causa (65 a 75%) y se ha encontrado asociación de dos o más anomalías de la vía aérea en un promedio del 15% de los casos. En la literatura nacional existen escasas publicaciones en relación al tema. Objetivo: Revisar nuestra experiencia de 10 años en el estudio de pacientes con estridor. Pacientes y métodos: Entre marzo 1993 y julio 2003 se realizaron 806 fibrobroncoscopías flexibles (FBC) con un fibrobroncoscopio Olympus BF3C20 y BF3C30. La indicación del estudio por estridor se presentó en 133 pacientes (16,5%). Todos recibieron sedación, oxígeno por cánula nasal y monitorización continua cardio-respiratoria. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 10,6 meses (rango entre 5 días y 71 meses), 74 casos eran de sexo masculino (55,6%). El estridor fue congénito en 104 casos (78,2%) y las principales anomalías de la vía aérea fueron laringomalacia en 95 pacientes (71,4%), estenosis subglótica en 13 casos (9,8%) y traqueomalacia en 10 pacientes (7,5%). De los 95 casos de laringomalacia, 19 (20%) presentaron asociación con otra lesión de la vía aérea en forma concomitante, dentro de las que se incluyen bronquio traqueal, traqueomalacia y parálisis de cuerdas vocales entre otras. Nuestros hallazgos son comparables con los descritos previamente en la literatura internacional. Conclusión: El estudio de un paciente con estridor debe incluir la evaluación de la vía aérea superior e inferior Introduction: Stridor is a musical respiratory sound, appearing predominantly during inspiration and caused by a partial obstruction of the respiratory passages that results in turbulant airflow in the airway. Laringomalacia is the commonest cause of stridor (65-75%) and is associated with 2 or more anomalies of the airway in 15% of cases. There is little information in the Chilean literature on this topic. Objective: We reviewed our experience of flexible brochoscopy (FB) in the diagnosis of stridor during a 10 year period. Patients and Methods: 806 FB were performed between march 1993 and july 2003, with a fiber-optic FB Olympus BF3C20 and BF3C30. In 133 (16,5%) cases the indication was for stridor. All patients received sedation, oxygen via nasal canula and had continuous cardio-respiratory monitoring. Results: The average age was 10,6 months (range 5 days to 71 months), there were 74 males (55,6%), stridor was congenital in 104 (78,2%) of cases. Laryngomalacia was the cause in 95 cases (71,4%), subglottic stenosis in 13 (9,8%) and tracheomalacia in 10 (7,5%). Of the 95 cases of laryngomalacia, 19 (20%) were associated with other lesions of the airway, that included tracheal bronchus, tracheomalacia and vocal cord paralysis. Our findings are comparable with previously decribed finding in the international literature. Conclusion: children with stridor should have a complete investigation of their airways

A distonia laríngea respiratória (DLR) é uma desordem rara caracterizada por espasmos da musculatura adutora das pregas vocais durante a fase inalatória da respiração, com manifestação clínica de dispnéia e estridor. O diagnóstico etiológico do estridor laríngeo, entretanto, nem sempre é fácil de ser realizado, principalmente em situações emergenciais, de forma que a DLR pode não ser diagnosticada, o que nos leva a supor ser mais freqüente do que usualmente é descrita. O diagnóstico da DRL requer primeiramente a realização de uma história médica e exames laringológico e neurológico apropriados, com ênfase na verificação da presença de características distônicas e na exclusão de outras etiologias causadoras de movimentos paradoxais de pregas vocais. Muitos tratamentos foram propostos para a DLR, mas nenhum deles apresentou resultados satisfatórios. O uso da Toxina Botulínica do tipo A (Botox®) no músculo tireoaritenoídeo tem oferecido melhoras admiráveis, apesar dos poucos casos descritos. Apresentamos dois casos clínicos de pacientes com DLR tratados com Botox® que apresentavam o fechamento glótico inspiratório causado tanto pelos espasmos anômalos dos músculos tireoaritenoídeos, como pela movimentação paradoxal da epiglote. Dentro da classificação proposta por Koufman e Blabock para as distonias laríngeas, inserimos um novo subtipo de DLR caracterizado pela presença de paroxismos de adução de estruturas glóticas e supraglóticas durante a respiração. Laryngeal Breathing Dystonia (LBD) is a rare disorder characterized by inappropriate adduction of the true vocal cords during inspiration, resulting in stridor and dispnea. However, sometimes it is difficult to recognize the underlying etiology of the stridor, specially in emergencial situations, and LBD may be occasionally misdiagnosed, which makes this disease perhaps more frequent than it has been taught. The diagnosis is further supported by the finding of dystonic features and by exclusion of other causes of paradoxical vocal cord motion. There has been no satisfactory treatment for the disease. Botulinum toxin type A (Botox®) injection into the thyreoarytenoid muscle has been shown to be very effective, but only few cases have been reported. The authors describe the clinical presentation of Laryngeal Breathing Dystonia in two patients with complaints of stridor. Evaluation by laryngoscopy revealed paradoxical vocal cord motion and malacia of the epiglottis. Treatment was attempted by injection of Botox® in the adductor muscles. In this article the diagnostic approach of this disease is evaluated in accordance to the earliest concepts on laryngeal dystonias. Based on the classification system for laryngeal dystonias presented by Koufman and Blabock, the authors propose the recognition of a new subtype of DLR. Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Instituto da Laringe Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Otorrinolaringologia UNIFESP, EPM, Instituto da Laringe UNIFESP, EPM, Otorrinolaringologia SciELO

Introdução: As anomalias da via aérea freqüentemente se apresentam com estridor. A sua principal causa em recém-nascidos e lactentes são as alterações congênitas da laringe. O diagnóstico etiológico específico pode ser realizado com a fibronasolaringobroncoscopia, a qual é fundamental para o manejo adequado dessas crianças. Forma de estudo: prospectivo clínico de delineamento transversal de análise descritiva. Objetivo: Descrever as principais causas e achados clínicos associados ao estridor das crianças que se apresentam em nosso hospital. Material e Método: Realizou-se um estudo prospectivo, no período de março de 2000 a abril de 2001, que avaliou todas as crianças encaminhadas ao Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia Pediátrica do Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio, cujo critério de inclusão foi a presença de estridor. Os pacientes foram então avaliados segundo protocolo definido a priori, que incluía, além de perguntas sobre história, exame físico e comorbidades associadas, o exame fibronasolaringobroncoscópico padronizado. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 125 crianças com estridor: 69 masculinos e 56 femininos. A idade média de apresentação foi de 19 meses. A maior parte dos pacientes avaliados veio da unidade de tratamento intensivo. Foram encontradas comorbidades em quase todos os casos, sendo a intubação prolongada a mais comum (n=36, 28,8%). Os diagnósticos mais freqüentes foram laringomalácia em 51 (40,8%) pacientes e estenose subglótica em 22 (17,6%). Conclusões: Mesmo que se tenha avaliado pacientes mais selecionados do que as grandes séries mundiais, as anomalias congênitas da laringe também foram a maior causa de estridor em nossa casuística. Em alguns casos com história de intubação prolongada foi difícil diferenciar a estenose subglótica congênita da adquirida. A presença de comorbidades é freqüente e pode auxiliar na seleção dos pacientes que necessitam de exame endoscópico. Introduction: Abnormalities of the airway often present with stridor. The main cause in neonates and infants are the congenital defects of the larynx. The specific etiologic diagnose can be just obtained through fibronasolaryngobroncoscopy, which is necessary for the correct management of this children. Study design: Clinical prospective and descriptive cross-sectional study. Aim: To describe the main causes and associated clinical findings of stridor in children presenting to our hospital. Material and Method: A prospective investigation was performed from March 2000 to April 2001 to study all children evaluated at the Department of Pediatric Othorrinolaryngology of Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio with the inclusion criterion of stridor. These patients were examined according to a priori defined protocol, which includes besides questions about history, physical examination and associated comorbities, a standard fibronasolaryngobroncoscopy examination. Results: A group of 125 children (69 male and 56 female) were evaluated. The mean age at inclusion was 19 months. Most patients came from intensive care unit. Almost all cases had comorbidities, long-term endotracheal intubation been the most common finding. The most frequent diagnose were laryngomalacia (n=51, 40.8%) and subglottic stenosis (n=22, 17.6%). Conclusions: Even in the presence of a more select sample than the great international series, we also found congenital anomalies of the larynx as the main cause of stridor. It was difficult to differentiate between congenital and acquired subglottic stenosis in some cases with a history of endotracheal intubation. The presence of comorbidities is frequent and may help to select the patients who will need endoscopic evaluation.

Introducción: el estridor es un signo de obstrucción de la vía aérea superior localizado a nivel supraglótico, glótico o infraglótico. En lactantes la laringomalacia explica alrededor del 60% de los casos de estridor. Existen causas poco frecuentes pero potencialmente de riesgo vital frente a las cuales hay que mantener una alta sospecha clínica para hacer un diagnóstico precoz. Objetivo: dar a conocer nuestra experiencia en el manejo de tres pacientes con estridor atípico en el primer mes de vida. Casos clínicos: 1) Recién nacido de término, con síndrome velocardiofacial, deleción 22q11, con estridor, cianosis, disfonía y dificultad respiratoria severa a las 48 horas de vida, fibrobroncoscopía (FB) a los 14 días revela membrana laríngea tipo 3. 2) RN prematuro que al mes de vida presentó estridor de intensidad rápidamente progresiva asociado a dificultad respiratoria, laringoscopía directa a los 45 días reveló hemangioma subglótico, se trató con corticoides sistémicos con mala respuesta y síndrome de Cushing, a los 84 días la FB mostró hemangioma subglótico que ocluía más del 50% del lumen. 3) RNT con estridor desde los 3 días, a los 60 días rinolaringoscopía mostró laringomalacia, a los 7 meses aumentó el estridor y aparecieron crisis de cianosis y apnea, FB reveló compresión extrínseca tercio distal de tráquea, esófagograma y resonancia nuclear magnética: anillo vascular (doble arco aórtico). Conclusiones: es importante realizar un diagnóstico específico y precoz en los casos de estridor asociado a dificultad respiratoria progresiva, crisis de cianosis, apneas y disfonía, siendo la FB un examen de alto rendimiento. La visualización de la vía aérea debe incluir la porción central y distal ya que la presencia de laringomalacia puede asociarse a otras alteraciones de la vía aérea Stridor is a sign of upper airway obstruction at the supraglottic, glottic or subglottic level. 60% of cases in infants are due to laryngomalacia. There are other aetiologies that despite being infrequent are potentially life threatening. A high index of suspicion is needed for an early diagnosis in these cases. In this article we review the diagnosis and treatment of 3 different cases of stridor which occurred during the first month of life. Case 1: full term infant with velocardiofacial syndrome, 22q11 deletion, who developed stridor, dysphonia, respiratory distress and cyanosis in the first 48 hours of life. A flexible bronchoscopy was performed at day 14 revealing a type II laringeal web. Case 2: preterm infant who developed at 1 month progressive respiratory distress and stridor, laryngoscopy at 45 days revealed a subglottic haemangioma. While being on steroids the patient developed Cushing syndrome with no significant improvement of the stridor, a flexible broncoscopy at 2 months 24 days showed a subglottic haemangioma that occluded 50% of the airway lumen with no other abnormalities. Case 3: fullterm infant who developed stridor on the third day. Laryngoscopy at 2 months showed laringomalacia. At 7 months the patient developed cyanotic spells, apnoea and worsening of the stridor. Flexible bronchoscopy showed an extrinsic anterior compression of the lower third of the trachea. Oesophagogram and MRI were diagnostic of a vascular ring (double aortic arch). We stress the importance of an early specific diagnosis of the cases of stridor with respiratory distress, cyanotic spells, apnoea or dysphonia. Flexible bronchoscopy is an extremely useful procedure that permits the visualization of the upper and lower airway. It is always important to rule out lower airways lesions that could be associated with larygnomalacia

Se analizan 137 fibrobroncoscopías realizadas en 121 pacientes durante 25 meses (abril 1995 a mayo 19971 con rango de edad entre 20 días a 15 anos y promedio de 4,3 años. Noventa y cinco procedimientos Fueron diagnósticos (70%), el resto terapéutico. Las principales indicaciones clínicas que en su conjunto representan el 77% de los procedimientos fueron: atelectasias (31%), lavado broncoalveolar (22%), estridor (14%) y evaluación del paciente traqueostomizado crónico (10%). Veintidós de los procedimientos diagnósticos (23%) se hicieron en patología congénita, 14 (64%) por estridor siendo Ia aringomalacia el principal diagnostico (50%). El lavado broncoalveolar permitió hacer diagnostico bacteriológico en 25% de Ios casos y también fue útil en hemosiderosis pulmonar y aspiración crónico. En 90% de los pacientes con patología adquirida de la vía aérea superior se estableció diagnostico y se dieron las recomendaciones de estudio, constituyéndose en el método de evaluación de mejor rendimiento. Los procedimientos terapéuticos se realizaron principalmente en ateleclasia aguda (78%), con mejoría en a mayoría de ellas (63%) Extracción de cuerpo extraño, selle de fístulas broncopleurales, intubaciones difíciles y resección de granuloma subglótico. La fibraendoscopia es un método seguro, versátil y altamente resolutivo con pocas complicaciones de orden menor. En esta comunicación las complicaciones mayores fueron inferiores al 1 %. One hundred and thirty seven flexible bronchoscopies done in 121 patients from april 1995 to mcy 1997, are analysed. The range of ace was 20 days ~c 15 veers, mean 4,3 years. Seventy per cent of them were made with diagnostic purposes and 23% as therapeutic procedure. Principal clinical indications were athelectasias, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL);, stridor and evaLuation of chronic tracheotomy. Twenty two of the diagnostic procedures were indicatec in congenital disease of the upper airway, most of then associated to strict, berg larinccma'acia the most frequent (50%). BAL was usefull for' bactenclogic diagnosis, hemosiderosis and chronic aspiration. Among patients with adquired diseases of the upper airway, bronchoscopie lead to a right diagnosis if 90% or thern, and allowed to make recommendations for further work up. When used as c therapeutic procedure, bronchoscope showed good results in resolving athelecasias (63%), foreing body aspiration, sealing bronchopleural fistulas, hard intubation and resection of subgratia granuama. Flexible brorcnosccpie is a safe and versatile procecure with high clinical value and few complications.

Nuclear magnetic resonance in the diagnostic evaluation of vascular rings in children A newborn girl with a predominantly r'chl double acrtic arc, a secular posterior dilatation of the left aort'c arc structures and secondary 'rachea compression was evaluated by nuoear magnetic resonance and her anatomical abnorma ities were afterwards substantiated a) surgery. Successful lei aortic arc resection between the left ccrotid and subclax'ian arteries together with ductus arteriosus seclon were carried out, thus confirming the usefulness o: this non invasive diagnostic method in 'he precise anctomical descriptio" and diagnosis of vascular rings.