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What are the biomechanical implications in the dynamics and evolution of a growing solid tumor? Although the analysis of some of the biochemical aspects related to the signaling pathways involved in the spread of tumors has advanced notably in recent times, their feedback with the mechanical aspects is a crucial challenge for a global understanding of the problem. The aim of this paper is to try to illustrate the role and the interaction between some evolutionary processes (growth, pressure, homeostasis, elasticity, or dispersion by flux-saturated and porous media) that lead to collective cell dynamics and defines a propagation front that is in agreement with the experimental data. The treatment of these topics is approached mainly from the point of view of the modeling and the numerical approach of the resulting system of partial differential equations, which can be placed in the context of the Hele-Shaw-type models. This study proves that local growth terms related to homeostatic pressure give rise to retrograde diffusion phenomena, which compete against migration through flux-saturated dispersion terms., MINECO-Feder (Spain) research grant numbers RTI2018-098850-B-I00 (J.C., J.S.) & EQC2018-004508-P (B.B., J.M.), Junta de Andalucía (Spain) Projects PY18-RT-2422 (J.C., J.S.), A-FQM-311-UGR18 (J.C., J.S.) & IE2017-5537 (B.B., J.M.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, project number DTS17/00087 (J.M., J.S.), Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain, project numbers DPI2017-85359-R (B.B., J.M.) & PID2019-106947RA-C22 (B.B., J.M.), Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ref. SOMM17/6109/UGR (J.C., J.M., J.S.), Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain, FPU2017/01415

International audience; Under environmental stress, previously hidden additive genetic variation can be unmasked and exposed to selection. The amount of hidden variation is expected to be higher for life history traits, which strongly correlate to individual fitness, than for morphological traits, in which fitness effects are more ambiguous. However, no consensual pattern has been recovered yet, and this idea is still debated in the literature. Here, we hypothesize that the classical categorization of traits (i.e., life history and morphology) may fail to capture their proximity to fitness. In the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, a model organism for the study of insect polyphenism, we quantified changes in additive genetic variation elicited by lifetime thermal stress for ten traits, in which evolutionary significance is known. Irrespective of their category, traits under strong stabilizing selection showed genetic invariance with environmental stress, while traits more loosely associated with fitness showed a marked increase in additive genetic variation in the stressful environment. Furthermore, traits involved in adaptive phenotypic plasticity (growth compensation) showed either no change in additive genetic variance or a change of moderate magnitude across thermal environments. We interpret this mitigated response of plastic traits in the context of integrated evolution to adjust the entire phenotype in heterogeneous environments (i.e., adaptiveness of initial plasticity, compromise of phenotypic compensation with stress, and shared developmental pathway). Altogether, our results indicate, in agreement with theoretical expectations, that environmental stress can increase available additive genetic variance in some desert locust traits, but those closely linked to fitness are largely unaffected. Our study also highlights the importance of assessing the proximity to fitness of a trait on a case-by-case basis and in an ecologically relevant context, as well as considering the processes of canalization and plasticity, involved in the control of phenotypic variation.

Data on the association between informal caregiving and physical activity (PA) levels are scarce, especially from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Furthermore, previous research has yielded conflicting results. Thus, we investigated this association in adults from 38 LMICs. Data from the World Health Survey (WHS), a cross-sectional, predominantly nationally representative survey conducted in 2002-2004, were analyzed. PA was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and participants were dichotomized into those who do (≥150 min of moderate-to-vigorous PA per week) and do not (

ｎ－３系脂肪酸のエゴマ油あるいはオレイン酸を含むオリーブ油を，動物性たんぱく質のカゼインあるいは植物性たんぱく質の大豆たんぱく質と同時摂取した時に，ストレス負荷ラットの不安および攻撃行動に及ぼす影響について検討を行った。 結果は，攻撃性ではストレス負荷ではコントロールより高く，オリーブオイルとエゴマ油群はカゼインおよび大豆ともに良く似た傾向であった。オリーブオイルと大豆たんぱくの組み合わせ群が他の群より高かった。一方，エゴマ油はコントロールで他の群より高く，特に大豆たんぱくの方がカゼインより高くなる傾向であった。不安行動では，ストレス負荷で各食餌群ともコントロールに比べて著しく多くなる傾向が見られた。そして，エゴマ油群はオリーブオイル群より不安行動が多かった。 本研究により攻撃行動に脂肪酸だけでなく同時摂取のたんぱく質にも影響されるが，不安行動はたんぱく質の質に影響されにくいことが明らかとなった。脂質とたんぱく質をそれぞれの状況に応じて使い分けることにより行動を制御できる可能性が示唆された。, The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of soy protein with vegetable oils on aggressive behavior and anxiety behavior. The rats fed soy protein with either olive oil or egoma oil compaired with control rats fed casein with either olive or egoma oils. In addition, we investigated the effect of stress on the same condition.The rats under the stress had the tendency to increase aggressiveness than control. Olive oil group was higher than egoma oil group, but there was no difference between casein and soy protein under the stress. The win rate of olive oil group increased with both casein and soy protein as same as the level of egoma group under the stress. On the contrast, the win rate of egoma oil group decreased with both casein and soy protein in stress. The anxiety behavior showed that stress increased extremely more than control. Olive oil group showed lower anxiety behavior than egoma group under the stress, but no difference between casein and soy protein. Our data showed that aggressive and anxiety behaviors were affected vegetable oils more than casein and soy protein. This study suggests that aggressive and anxiety behaviors are controlled by the quality of fatty acids. Further experiment will need to examine the quality of proteins in behavior.

血栓や動脈硬化などの予防効果のあるｎ－3系脂肪酸やオリーブオイルを動物性あるいは植物性たんぱく質と同時に摂取した場合の体重に及ぼす影響について検討を行った。さらに，ストレスの関与が体重変化に及ぼす影響についても検討を行った。 実験飼料組成のたんぱく質は動物性のカゼインと植物性の大豆たんぱく質(20en%)，脂質ははオリーブオイルとｎ－３系のエゴマ油，オリーブオイルとシソ油との油(22en%)を使用し，その他の成分は各群とも同じとした。 動物性たんぱく質であるカゼインの方が，大豆たんぱく質よりどの植物油とでも体重増加量は有意に高かった。これはストレスの有無に関わらず同じ傾向であった。また，体重1g増加するのに消費した餌の量はカゼインの方が大豆たんぱく質より有意に少なかった。エゴマ油の場合，ストレスではコントロールより体重増加の抑制が認められた。 血液中のトリアシルグリセロール(TG)値は，ストレスでオリーブオイルのカゼイン群がエゴマ油の大豆群より有意に高かった。一方，肝臓のTG値はストレスで高くなる傾向がみられ，オリーブオイルおよびエゴマ油，混合油ともにカゼインは大豆たんぱくより有意に高かった。 以上の結果より体重変化では，脂質の選択だけでなく動物性や植物性たんぱく質との組み合わせさらにストレスの影響もあるので，目的に応じて脂質とたんぱく質の組み合わせを考慮する必要性が示唆された。, In the present study, we investigated the effect of proteins of both animal and plant with n-3 fatty acid and olive oil on the body weight of rats. Further, we investigated those effects under the stress. Experi- mental diets contained 20 energy % of proteins of casein or soy and 22 energy % of fats of olive oil or egoma oil. The rest of compositions were the same. The results showed that the rat's body weight increased significantly higher by casein than soy protein with both olive and egoma oils in spite of stress. In the amount of food consumption to increase 1g of body weight, casein showed significantly lower than soy protein. Further, the stress suppressed body weight of egoma oil significantly in spite of either proteins than control.In triacylglycerol(TG) of plasma, olive oil showed significantly higher than egoma oil with soy protein under the stress. The stress affected to increase TG in the liver, and casein showed significantly higher than soy protein with olive oil and egoma oil.Our data indicated the association of the source of proteins and the stress with vegetable oils in obesity. The findings suggest that the combination of the protein and vegetable oil is important to control the body weight.

肥満予防，糖尿病あるいはダイエットのために低糖質食が行われる際には，必要量のカロリー量を確保するために脂肪とたんぱく質が主なカロリー源となっている。さらに，制限食を実践する過程においてはストレスがかかると考えられるが，これらの食事療法が精神行動へ及ぼす影響については明らかでない。本研究では，低糖質食および過剰な砂糖食が不安および攻撃行動へ及ぼす影響について検討を行った。 不安行動では，ｎ－３系脂肪酸含有の砂糖群は，ストレス負荷によってコントロール群と同様に不安行動が増加した。しかし，砂糖群はコントロール群に比べて，不安や恐怖に対する感覚が低下したのが特徴的であった。一方，ｎ－６系脂肪酸含有の脂質群（低糖質食）は不安や恐怖に対する感受性がコントロール群に比べて非常に高いのが認められた。そして，この行動はストレスやコレステロールには影響されなかった。 攻撃行動において，砂糖群は，ストレス無しの場合は，攻撃性が非常に低かった。しかし，コレステロール添加により攻撃行動が強くなった。また，ストレス負荷によりコレステロール無添加の砂糖群で攻撃性が高まった。一方，脂質群はストレスがない場合は攻撃性を全く示さなかったが，ストレス負荷により攻撃性がコレステロールに関係なく強く顕われた。 以上の結果より，摂取カロリー量や脂質の質を考慮しても，砂糖を通常より多い割合で摂取したり，脂質の割合の増加により不安行動や攻撃行動の発現に変化がみられたので，ヒトの気分障害でも食事面での考慮の必要性が示唆された。, We investigated the effect of a low-carbohydrate diet and high-sugar diet on anxiety and aggressive behaviors of rats. High-sugar diet including n-3 fatty acids induced anxiety behavior as like control diet including n-3 fatty acids by stress. However, high-sugar diet seemed to reduce the sensitivity against an anxiety and an aggressiveness compared with control diet. In contrast, the low-carbohydrate diet including n-6 fatty acids increased the sensitivity against an anxiety and an aggressiveness compared to control diet including n-6 fatty acids. It also was not influenced by stress or cholesterol. High-sugar diet increased the aggressiveness by adding cholesterol without stress. Furthermore, high- sugar diet without cholesterol increased the aggressiveness by stress. Meanwhile, the low-carbohydrate diet did not show any aggressive behaviors without stress. However, it increased strong aggressive behaviors by stress with or without cholesterol. The conclusion of this study showed that low-carbohydrate diet and high-fat diet let to vary anxiety and aggressive behaviors by stress in spite of including reasonable oils. These findings suggest the importance of choosing a therapeutic food during the stress to prevent or treat an anxiety and an aggressiveness.

Safety and health at work has, according to the European policies, a key role both in increasing employment, including through the prevention of premature withdrawal of employees from the labor market and in increasing competitiveness and economic performance of European enterprises. The paper makes an initial brief presentation of the main provisions of European and national policies on health and safety at work, then continues with an analysis of statistical data regarding the situation of health and safety at work for employees in EU-27. A special attention is paid to detailed analysis of recent data, from the National Institute of Statistics, on the situation concerning occupational accidents and professional diseases in our country, including factors that determine them, depending on sex, residence area, age group, economic activity, number of absence days due to health problems caused or aggravated by work.