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Background: Despite the high frequency of upper respiratory tract (URT) infections and use of the nasal mucosa as route for vaccination, the local immune mechanism and dissemination of effector lymphocytes from the URT have been insufficiently characterized. To devise a single-cell approach for studying the mucosal immune response in the URT, we explored URT-originating B effector lymphocytes in the circulation of patients with one of two common respiratory infections, acute sinusitis or tonsillitis. Methods: Patients with acute sinusitis (n = 13) or tonsillitis (n = 11) were investigated by ELISPOT for circulating pathogen-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) of IgA, IgG and IgM isotypes approximately one week after the onset of symptoms. These cells’ potential to home into tissues was explored by assessing their expression of tissue-specific homing receptors α4β7, L-selectin, and cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA). Results: Pathogen-specific ASCs were detected in the circulation of all patients, with a geometric mean of 115 (95% CI 46–282) /106 PBMC in sinusitis, and 48 (27–88) in tonsillitis. These responses were mainly dominated by IgG. In sinusitis α4β7 integrin was expressed by 24% of the ASCs, L-selectin by 82%, and CLA by 21%. The proportions for tonsillitis were 15%, 80%, and 23%, respectively. Healthy individuals had no ASCs. Conclusions: URT infections–acute sinusitis and tonsillitis–both elicited a response of circulating pathogen-specific plasmablasts. The magnitude of the response was greater in sinusitis than tonsillitis, but the homing receptor profiles were similar. Human nasopharynx-associated lymphoid structures were found to disseminate immune effector cells with a distinct homing profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mucosal immune mechanisms in the upper and lower respiratory tracts may serve a critical role in preventing pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae-specific plasmablasts presumably originating in the lower respiratory tract have recently been found in the circulation in patients with pneumonia. The localization of an immune response can be evaluated by exploring homing receptors on such plasmablasts, yet no data have thus far described homing receptors in pneumonia.Methods: The expression of α4β7, L-selectin, and cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) on S. pneumoniae-specific plasmablasts was examined in patients with pneumonia (n = 16) and healthy volunteers given pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV; n = 14) or pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV; n = 11).Results: In patients with pneumonia, the proportion of S. pneumoniae-specific plasmablasts expressing L-selectin was high, the proportion expressing α4β7 was moderate, and the proportion expressing CLA was low. The homing receptor α4β7 was expressed more frequently in the pneumonia group than in the PPV (P = .000) and PCV (P = .029) groups, L-selectin was expressed more frequently in the PPV group than in the PCV group (P = .014); and CLA was expressed more frequently in the pneumonia group than in the PPV group (P = .001).Conclusions: The homing receptor profile in patients with pneumonia was unique yet it was closer to that in PCV recipients than in PPV recipients. These data suggest greater mucosal localization for immune response in natural infection, which is clinically interesting, especially considering the shortcomings of vaccines in protecting against noninvasive pneumonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are the leading cause of death world-wide, with Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc) as the most prevalent pathogen. Local immune mechanisms appear central to protection against the disease, yet they are poorly characterized. Infections at other, non-respiratory mucosal sites are associated with a transient circulation of mucosaoriginating lymphocytes from the mucosal site to blood and back to the mucosa. The present study explored whether pathogen-specific plasmablasts appear in the circulation also in patients with infection of the lower respiratory tract. 16 patients with bacteremic Pnc pneumonia and 14 healthy volunteers were explored for circulating plasmablasts secreting antibodies against their own pathogenic Pnc strain isolated in blood cultures (patients) or against several pathogenic strains from pneumonia patients (14 controls) or a mixture of nine different purified pneumococcal polysaccharides (8 controls). Both patients and volunteers were studied for all plasmablasts. The cells were identified with ELISPOT as Pnc-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) and as all immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC). High numbers of circulating Pnc-specific ASC were found in the acute phase of the disease in all patients with pneumonia (median 97 ASC/106 PBMC), but in none of the controls. IgG isotype predominated in 9/16 patients. The numbers of ISC were significantly higher in the patients than in the healthy controls, yet Pnc-specific ASC only accounted for 0.7% of all the patients' ISC. The present study is the first to show that antigen-specific plasmablasts appear in the circulation in pneumonia, suggesting that pulmonary lypmhocytes recirculate in humans. Assessing these cells provides a novel tool for studying immune response to antigens encountered at the LRT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]