9 results on '"Rigidité"'
Search Results
2. Comparison of two fine sands under torsional loading.
- Author
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Georgiannou, V. N. and Tsomokos, A.
- Subjects
CIVIL engineering ,MINERAL aggregates ,STRAINS & stresses (Mechanics) ,SOIL liquefaction ,STIFFNESS (Mechanics) ,SOIL mechanics ,SOIL testing ,SOIL structure ,MONOTONIC functions - Abstract
In this paper the behaviour of two “standard research sands”, widely used for experimental purposes, is compared in a torsional hollow cylinder apparatus under monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. Both sands are fine and uniform with D
50 = 0.22 and 0.29 mm, respectively. However, their response to undrained monotonic loading at similar void ratios is dramatically different, with the finer sand showing strength reduction after peak and the coarser sand showing continuous increase in strength with torsional shear. The difference in response is mainly attributed to grain angularity and to a lesser degree to their grading. The results of drained torsional hollow cylinder tests show initial contraction followed by dilation. The stress ratio at phase transformation is uniquely defined by both drained and undrained tests for each sand. Cyclic loading instability is manifested by a sudden increase in shear strain and excess pore-water pressure leading to initial liquefaction. The instability initiates across the instability line for the sand showing strength reduction and across the phase transformation line for the sand showing continuous increase in strength with shearing. Both lines are defined under monotonic loading conditions. The liquefaction, stiffness, and damping characteristics of the sands are given in this paper. Dans cet article, le comportement de deux « sables de recherche standard »très utilisés à des fins expérimentales est comparé dans l’appareil de torsion sur cylindre creux sous des conditions de chargement monotonique et cyclique. Les deux sables sont fins et uniformes avec des D50 = 0.22 mm et 0.29 mm respectivement. Cependant, leurs réactions sous un chargement monotonique non drainé sont dramatiquement différentes, avec le sable plus fin montrant une réduction de résistance après le pic, et le sable plus gros montrant un accroissement continu de la résistance dans le cisaillement en torsion. La différence dans la réaction est attribuée principalement au caractère anguleux des grains et à un moindre degré à leur granulométrie. Les résultats des essais de torsion drainée sur cylindre creux montrent une contraction initiale suivie d’une dilatation. Le rapport de contraintes à la transformation des phases est uniquement défini tant par les essais drainés que non drainés pour chaque sable. Durant le chargement cyclique, une instabilité manifestée par un accroissement soudain de la déformation en cisaillement et de l’excédent de pression interstitielle menant à une liquéfaction initiale, se développe en travers de la ligne d’instabilité pour le sable montrant une réduction de résistance, et la ligne de transformation de phase pour le sable montrant un accroissement continu de résistance avec le cisaillement. Les deux lignes sont définies dans des conditions de chargement monotonique. Dans cet article, on donne les caractéristiques de liquéfaction, de rigidité et d’amortissement des sables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Brick–mortar interface effects on masonry under compression.
- Author
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Vermeltfoort, A.T., Martens, D.R.W., and van Zijl, G.P.A.G.
- Subjects
- *
MASONRY , *BUILDING foundations , *BRICKS , *CONSTRUCTION materials , *MORTAR , *STRAINS & stresses (Mechanics) , *STRENGTH of materials , *STRUCTURAL engineering - Abstract
Masonry component products are increasingly made industrially with reduced variation in mechanical properties. The joint is the only part of the masonry that is affected by manual action and so the load bearing capacity is not only determined by the quality of the bricks and mortar used but moreover by the way the masonry has been built and cured. As a result, it may be expected that the largest material variations are at the brick–mortar interfaces. This has been observed as irregular interface bonding with a bonded central area surrounded by fissures. As a consequence of the final shape of the joint, forces concentrate in the central part of the joint and strain variations occur near fissure tips which result in spalling of bricks in experiments. This paper demonstrates the need for detailed deformational measurements in the brick–mortar interface region. To overcome the limitations with traditional measuring instruments, a refined methodology based on the laser speckle technique is introduced in a companion paper [Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 34(11), 1467 (2007)] by the authors of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Modelling the influence of stress–strain history on the initial shear stiffness of an unsaturated compacted silt.
- Author
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Vassallo, Roberto, Mancuso, Claudio, and Vinale, Filippo
- Subjects
SILT ,SHEAR strength of soils ,SEDIMENTS ,STRAINS & stresses (Mechanics) ,GEOLOGY - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Geotechnical Journal is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Transversely isotropic stiffness parameters and their measurement in Colorado shale.
- Author
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Gautam, Rajeeb and Wong, Ron CK
- Subjects
SHALE ,TORSION ,ELASTIC solids ,STRAINS & stresses (Mechanics) ,PROPERTIES of matter - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Geotechnical Journal is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Axial loading tests on short and long hollow structural steel columns retrofitted using carbon fibre reinforced polymers.
- Author
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Shaat, Amr and Fam, Amir
- Subjects
- *
CARBON fibers , *MECHANICAL loads , *STRAINS & stresses (Mechanics) , *POLYMERS , *COLUMNS - Abstract
This paper describes the behaviour of axially loaded short and long square hollow structural section (HSS) columns, strengthened with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. Twenty-seven short-column and five long-column HSS specimens were tested. The effect of CFRP sheet orientation in the longitudinal and transverse directions was studied for short columns. For long columns, CFRP sheets were oriented in the longitudinal direction only. A maximum strength gain of 18% was achieved for short columns with two transverse CFRP layers. For long columns, the maximum strength gain of 23% was achieved with three longitudinal CFRP layers applied on four sides. In all CFRP-strengthened long columns, lateral deflections were reduced. Strength gain in long columns was highly dependent on the column's imperfection. As such, no correlation was established between strength gain and number of CFRP layers. CAN/CSA 16-01 equation was modified to account for CFRP through transformed section analysis so that they could be used to predict the axial-load capacity of long columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Experimental determination of masonry beam-column behaviour.
- Author
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Liu, Yi and Dawe, J L
- Subjects
- *
MASONRY , *GIRDERS , *CONCRETE masonry , *STRAINS & stresses (Mechanics) , *STRUCTURAL analysis (Engineering) - Abstract
An experimental program consisting of 36 reinforced concrete masonry wall specimens comprised of 400 × 200 × 150 mm standard units in two series of tests was carried out to investigate the behaviour of masonry walls under combined axial and lateral loading. W2R series specimens had a single layer of vertical steel, and W4R series specimens had a double layer of vertical steel. Test results show that the effective wall stiffness, (EI)[sub eff] , differs from currently specified code values in regions where compression failure tends to predominate. Overall test results presented graphically in the form of lateral load versus deflection, axial load versus moment, and (EI)[sub eff] versus eccentricity ratio, e/t, indicate that the current Canadian masonry design code underestimates the effective stiffness of walls with eccentricity ratios e/t < 0.4.Key words: beam–column, masonry, reinforcement, experimental, rigidity, moment magnifier.Un programme expérimental, impliquant trente-six spécimens de parois de maçonnerie composés d'unités standards de 400 × 200 × 150 mm pour deux séries de tests, a été entrepris afin d'examiner le comportement de parois de maçonnerie sous des charges axiales et latérales combinées. La série de spécimens identifiée par le terme W2R n'a qu'une simple couche d'acier vertical, alors que la série de spécimens identifiée par le terme W4R possède deux couches d'acier vertical. Les résultats montrent que la rigidité efficace de la paroi, (EI)[sub eff] , diffère des valeurs présentement spécifiées dans le code dans les régions où la défaillance à la compression semble être prédominante. Les résultats globaux des tests, présentés graphiquement sous les formes charge latérale versus déflexion, charge axiale versus moment, et (EI)[sub eff] versus rapport d'excentricité e/t, indiquent que le présent code canadien de conception de maçonnerie sous-estime la rigidité efficace de parois avec des rapports d'excentricité e/t < 0,4.Mots clés : poutre–colonne, maçonnerie, renforcement, expérimental, rigidité, amplificateur de moment.[Traduit par la Rédaction] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. The effect of anisotropic elasticity on the yielding characteristics of overconsolidated natural clay.
- Author
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Sivakumar, Vinayagamoorthy, Doran, Isaac Gregg, Graham, Jim, and Johnson, Arvee
- Subjects
ELASTOPLASTICITY ,SOILS ,ANISOTROPY ,EARTH pressure ,STRAINS & stresses (Mechanics) - Abstract
Quantitative application of elastoplastic theory to the yielding behaviour of natural soils has always been uncertain. Part of the reason is that the theory was developed for reconstituted materials with isotropic structure, in contrast to natural soils that are usually anisotropic. The approach considered in this study assumes that pre-yielding behaviour is governed by the theory of linear anisotropic elasticity and that yield loci in the mean effective stress ( p') – deviator stress (q) plane are aligned approximately along the coefficient of earth pressure (K[sub 0] ) line. The assumption of a rotated yield locus associated with anisotropic elastic behaviour within the state boundary surface indicates that the elastic wall within the state boundary surface is inclined. The form of the state boundary surface has been determined mathematically in terms of anisotropic elastic and Cam-Clay soil parameters. Stress path tests were conducted on samples of Belfast Upper Boulder Clay removed from a depth of 28 m below ground surface. Good agreement was found between predicted and measured yield loci. The study also examined the influence of subsequent isotropic compression on the yielding characteristics of the natural clay. The indications are that the anisotropy developed during deposition disappears when the sample is loaded to a stress level at least twice the stress generated during the original deposition process. The methods developed in the paper have also been applied to test results reported previously on Winnipeg clay, and good agreement was obtained.Key words: sampling, anisotropy, elasticity, suction, stiffness, yielding.L'application quantitative de la théorie élasto-plastique au comportement à la limite d'élasticité des sols naturels a toujours été incertaine. Ceci est dû en partie au fait que la théorie a été développée pour des matériaux reconstitués avec une structure isotrope, alors qu'au contraire, les sols naturels sont habituellement anisotropes. L'approche considérée dans cette étude suppose que le comportement en deçà de la limite élastique est réglementé par la théorie d'élasticité linéaire anisotrope et que les points de déformation plastique dans le plan p': q sont alignés approximativement le long de la ligne K[sub 0] . L'hypothèse d'une ligne de limite élastique circulaire reliée au comportement élastique anisotrope à l'intérieur de la surface d'état limite indique que la surface élastique à l'intérieur de la surface d'état limite est inclinée. La forme de la surface d'état limite a été déterminée mathématiquement en fonction des paramètres d'élasticité anisotrope et de Cam-Clay des sols. Des essais de cheminement de contraintes ont été réalisés sur des échantillons du Belfast Upper Boulder Clay prélevés à une profondeur de 28 m sous la surface du terrain. L'on a trouvé une bonne concordance entre les limites élastiques prédites et mesurées. L'étude examine aussi l'influence de la compression isotrope subséquente sur les caractéristiques de déformation de l'argile naturelle. Les indications sont à l'effet que l'anisotropie développée au cours de la déposition disparaît lorsque l'échantillon est chargé à un niveau de contrainte égal à au moins deux fois la contrainte générée durant le processus de déposition originale. Les méthodes développées dans l'article ont également été appliquées aux résultats d'essais sur l'argile de Winnipeg déjà publiés. Une bonne concordance a aussi été obtenue.Mots clés : échantillonnage, anisotropie, élasticité, succion, rigidité, limite élastique.[Traduit par la Rédaction] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Effect of cementation on the small-strain parameters of sands.
- Author
-
Fernandez, A L and Santamarina, J C
- Subjects
SOILS ,MARINE geotechnics ,SOIL mechanics ,DAMPING (Mechanics) ,STRAINS & stresses (Mechanics) - Abstract
Natural cementation affects the properties of soils, the interpretation of in situ and laboratory test results, and the selection of criteria for geotechnical design. In this paper, published experimental studies are reviewed, a microscale analysis is presented of the effect of cementation on small-strain stiffness for distinct stress-cementation histories, and the effect of cementation on small-strain velocity and damping is experimentally studied. Observations include the prevailing effects of cementation over effective stress, the coexistence of frictional and viscous losses, and the effects of decementation when the medium is unloaded from the level of confinement prevailing during cementation.Key words: wave velocity, seismic response, stiffness, damping, sampling effects, loading history.La cimentation naturelle affecte les propriétés des sols, l'interprétation des résultats des essais in situ et en laboratoire, et la sélection de critères pour la conception géotechnique. Dans cet article, des études expérimentales publiées sont passées en revue, suivies par une analyse de l'effet de la cimentation sur la rigidité à faible déformation pour les histoires distinctes de cimentation de contraintes. Ensuite, on étudie expérimentalement l'effet de la cimentation sur la vitesse à faible contrainte et sur l'amortissement. Les observations comprennent les effets de la cimentation prévalant sur la contrainte effective, la coexistence des pertes visqueuse en frottement, et les effets de la cimentation lorsque le milieu est déchargé par rapport au niveau de confinement prévalant durant la cimentation.Mots clés : vitesse d'ondes, réponse sismique, rigidité, amortissement, effets de l'échantillonnage, histoire des contraintes.[Traduit par la Rédaction] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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