Search

Objective: To determine the frequency distribution of gingivitis and oral hygiene in individuals with Down syndrome. Material and Methods: This study used a cross-sectional descriptive method and the subjects were 174 individuals with Down syndrome aged ≥14 years attending type C (intellectual disability) special needs schools in Jakarta. Gingivitis was measured using the gingival index, and oral hygiene was measured using the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). The measurement of the two components of plaque and calculus was completed on six teeth on different surfaces, including the facial side of three maxillary teeth, the lingual side of the two posterior mandibular teeth, and the labial side of one anterior mandibular tooth. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the absolute and relative frequencies. Results: 3.4% had no gingivitis, 47.2% had mild gingivitis, 40.8% had moderate gingivitis, and 8.6% had severe gingivitis. Regarding oral hygiene , 28.2% had good hygiene , 49.4% had fair, and 22.4% had poor hygiene . Conclusion: Individuals with Down syndrome had a frequency distribution of gingivitis mainly in the mild and moderate categories, and a majority of subjects had fair OHI-S.

Background: Providing dental treatment for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a challenge for dentists. In the dental care of such children, the treatment plans implemented are usually determined by several factors, including: the type of autism spectrum disorder, the degree of patient cooperation, dentist/patient communication, the required treatment, self-care skills and parental/dentist support. Purpose: The purpose of this case report was to report the dental care delivered in the cases of two pediatric patients with ASD. Case 1: A 10.7 year-old boy with a nonverbal form of ASD who was experiencing recurrent pain in his lower left posterior tooth and also presented a blackened tooth. Case 2: A 9.6 year-old boy with a nonverbal form of ASD suffering from numerous painful cavities. Case management 1: On the day of the first visit, the boy was the subject of several behavioral observations. During the day of the second visit, he underwent a brief intraoral examination at a dental unit in order to arrive at a temporary diagnosis before appropriate was decided upon treatment in consultation with his parents. The implemented treatment plans comprised dental extraction and preventive restoration under general anesthesia. Case management 2: On the first visit, the boy underwent behavioral observations followed by early intraoral examination involving physical restraint approach. During the second visit, several treatment plans such as: general anesthesia, tooth extraction, restoration, and pulp-capping treatment were formulated. Conclusion: It can be concluded that general anesthesia was considered an appropriate dental treatment plan since the two patients in question were extremely co-operative during the necessary procedures. In other words, pediatric dental care treatment plans in cases of ASD should be determined by clearly-defined criteria, specifically the benefits and risks of the treatment plans for the safety of both patient and dental care team.

The bond strength between glass ionomer and tooth structure can be improved with application of conditioner on enamel or dentin surface to remove the smear layer. The bond strength can be measured with shear bond strength testing. This study aimed to determine the difference of shear bond strength of glass ionomer cement to primary teeth dentine after conditioner application for 10", 20" and 30". Twenty seven primary mandibular incisors were randomly divided into 3 groups that were subjected to application of 10% polyacrylic acid conditioner (Dentin conditioner, GC) for 10", 20" and 30", and restoration with glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX, GP, GC). The specimens were kept in an incubator at 37ºC for 24 hours. Shear bond strength test was done by using Universal Testing Machine Shimazu AG-5000 with 50 kgf load and crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Anova was used statistical evaluation. Although the results showed no statistically significant differences in the shear bond strength of the glass ionomer cement between the test groups (p>0.05), the mean bond strength decreased with increasing duration of conditioner application, so that highest mean bond strength was obtained at 10" application.

Ectodermal dysplasia is a hereditary disease characterized by a congenital dysplasia of one or more ectodermal structure and their accessory appendeges. The main feature is hypohidrosis, hypotrichosis and hypodontia. Ectodermal dysplasia appear to be ingeritaed as an x-linked recessive trait. Common manifestations include frontal bossing with prominent supraorbital ridges, nasal bridge depression, protuberant lips and defective hair follicles and eyebrows. Intraorally, common findings are hypodontia or anodontia and conical teeth. The treatment is to improve the appearance and oral function included a removable prosthesis. A 5-year-old and 9-year-old male in the same family, described in the case report of ectodermal dysplasia with removable partial dentures

Mesiodens is supernumerary teeth which is commonly found and located in midline premaxilla. The supernumerary teeth may cause clinical disorders, such as delayed eruption and malposition of permanent teeth, therefore early diagnosis and intervention is very important. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is a congenital heart disease which frequently occurred in children. Dental treatment in children with heart diseases should be done carefully since there is higher risk of developing on bacterial endocarditis. Dentist should know the contraindication of dental treatment that needs prophylactic antibiotics as suggested by American Heart Association. A 6 years 8 months boy who suffered from VSD came to Pediatric Dental Clinic at Faculty of Dentistry University of Indonesia. In the examination we found impacted mesiodens with inverted position which has conical shape at regio 51. The possible etiology of mesiodens in this patient is x-linked dominant with incomplete penetration. After consultation with Pediatric Cardiologist and Oral Surgeon, the odontectomy was conduted with prophylactic cephadroxyl. There was no signs of bacterial endocarditis after the odontectomy.

Phosphoric acid etching has been widely used to achieve a strong and long lasting mechanical bonding between composite resin restoration and tooth structure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength between the enamel of permanent teeth and the composite resin restoration by measuring the shear bond strength after different durations of etching. In total 27 premolar teeth were divided into 3 groups where the enamel of the buccal surface was etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 5″, 15″, and 25″ before placing the composite resin restoration. After keeping the teeth inside an incubator for 24 hours, the shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine Shimazu AG-5000 at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. ANOVA was used for statistical analysis of the results, with p0.05). Conclusion: Shear bond strength of the composite resin on the permanent teeth enamel increased with increasing etching time. Significant difference was showed between 5″ and 25″ of etching time.DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v15i2.65

The neurological disorder commonly found in Down Syndrome (DS) patients are muscular hypotonia and mental retardation. Speech therapy program is designed to improve communication capability, while oral muscular exercises included in this program may improve their oral muscular tone. The aim of the study was to evaluate how the oral muscular exercises may affect the children with Down Syndrome. The data of the oral muscular exercises were obtained from the scores of the speech therapy questionnaires, while the variable of mastication muscular tone was described by the electromyography examination of the masseter and temporal muscles, and the oral function achieved from its examination scores. The regression analysis proved that the oral muscular exercises affected the mastication muscular tone not significantly with p=0,096; b=0,073 and R2=0,016. It could be concluded that the oral muscular exercises given in speech therapy program might not improve oral muscular tone in Down Syndrome patients.

Intrusion is a displacement of the tooth deeper into the alveolar socket accompanied by comminution or fracture of the alveolar socket following axis of the tooth. This case describe treatment of intrusion with open apex which obsercation until spontan eruption of the tooth. After 4 months, clinically, the intrusion tooth reeruption near incisal edge of adjacent tooth and radiographic showed lengthening the root of the tooth.

Muscular hypotonia is one of the clinical signs in patients with Down syndrome. As a characteristic of patients with Down syndrome, hypotonia is clearly evident in face expression and oral dysfunction. Dentocraniofacial growth abnormalities in patients with Down syndrome may be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Stomatognathic system musculature as an environmental factor (factor outside the bone) can affect dentocraniofacial growth by orofacial muscles activities when chewing, swallowing, breathing, and speaking. Oral dysfunctions commonly seen in patients with Down syndrome are open mouth, protruding tongue posture, difficulties when chewing, swallowing, and speaking, drooling, and mouth breathing. The purpose of this study was to observe how the mastication muscular tone affecting the facial size of Down syndrome patient. Twenty five of 14–18 years old children with Down syndrome were diagnosed by clinical characteristic and cytogenetic examination. Mastication muscular tone was described by masseter and temporalis muscle synergy and oral function, whereas the facial size consisted of facial size of lateral, anteroposterior and vertical growth. The result of regression test revealed that the degree of mastication muscular tone has a significant effect on facial size of the anteroposterior growth and facial size of vertical growth, but did not significantly influence the facial size of lateral growth.

Introduction: Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a natural antibacterial agent with the ability to kill microorganisms whose cell membranes contain lipids, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Actinomyces sp. and Prevotella spp. No study on the antibacterial effects of VCO on the chromogenic bacteria that causes dental black stains. Objective: To analyze the effects of VCO, which administered in various concentrations to Actinomyces sp. and Prevotella sp. Methods: Actinomyces sp. and Prevotella sp. were isolated from the dental plaque of a child diagnosed with black stain. Each streak of bacteria was cultured on a selective medium and confirmed visually and through Gram staining. Each bacterial culture was exposed to VCO in concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%. Afterward, viability testing with a methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium assay was conducted, and the results were read using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader. Results: The administration of 12.5% VCO reduced bacterial viability; however, 25% VCO significantly reduced the viability of Actinomyces sp. and 100% VCO significantly reduced the viability of Prevotella sp. Conclusion: Actinomyces sp. is more sensitive to VCO than Prevotella sp.

Objective: Patients generally experience some level of anxiety during dental treatments. Salivary alpha amylase (SAA) can be used as a biomarker for anxiety. This study aimed to compare SAA levels between children who had never and had undergone tooth extraction procedures with a local anesthetic injection.Methods: Thirty-seven participants aged 6–11 years who were to undergo the extraction of primary teeth at the Dental and Oral Educational Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, were enrolled. The subjects were divided into two groups: One group consists of 20 children who had never undergone a tooth extraction, and the other group consists of 17 children who had undergone tooth extraction. From all children, one saliva sample was collected using a portable saliva strip 10 min before (t0), shortly after (t1), and 10 min after (t2) local anesthetic injection, and the SAA activity was determined using a portable Nipro Cocoro Meter device. The SAA levels of both groups were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test.Results: There were significant differences in SAA levels at t0 (p=0.001), t1 (p=0.018), and t2 (p=0.021) in both groups. Anxiety is a combination of behavioral and physiological reactions. SAA release is regulated by autonomic innervation, and the SAA level increases owing to acute stress.Conclusion: Dentists should note patients’ negative dental experiences to provide more effective and less traumatic treatment.

Objective: Several studies have tried to objectively assess pain measurements. The Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale (WBFPS) is an instrument that is commonly used to assess pain intensity in children. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between the WBFPS and salivary alpha-amylase (SAA) level during a tooth extraction procedure with a local anesthetic injection in children aged 6–11 years.Methods: Twenty-five children aged 6–11 years who were to undergo the extraction of a primary tooth at the Dental and Oral Educational Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, were enrolled in this study. From all children, saliva was collected using a disposable saliva strip shortly after local anesthetic injection, and the SAA activity was then determined using a portable Nipro Cocoro Meter device. The WBFPS was measured at the same time. The correlation between the WBFPS and the SAA level was analyzed using Spearman’s correlation test. The statistically significant level was set at p≤0.05.Results: There was a significant correlation between the WBFPS and SAA level (p=0.002, r=0.581).Conclusion: Our data suggest that the SAA level might be a good index for objective pain intensity assessment.

Agenesis described as a certain developemntal disorder that is a lacking in the number of teeth present intraorally. Hypodontia is an agenesis with the absence of one or several teeth. In most of the population, the prevalence is 3,5 - 6,5% with 0,3-0,4% for a severe hypodontia (an absence of 6 teeth or more clinically). Agenesis affects permanent dentition more often than primary dentition, and the incidence of agenesis is greater in female than male patients. Agenesis might be a result of environmental and genetic factors. It is necessary to have a comprehensive treatment for a case of hypodontia, which involves restorative, orthodontic, a prosthetic treatment based on the children's growth and development. In the present case, a patient of 6 years and 5 months old girl was diagnosed with severe hypodontia. The treatment of choice included a removable orthodontic appliance for the upper jaw and a removable space maintainer for the lower jaw. The removable orthodontic appliance served as an interceptive orthodontic treatment to correct anterior crossbites, and the child will be referred to the orthodontist to treat a Class III skeletal malocclusion. The space maintainer was to be used until the patient's condition become favorable for a permanent fixed bridge or steel removable partial denture.

The premature loss of primary teeth will make the adjacent tooth drift due to the mesial force of the erupting posterior teeth in the growing child. To overcome this problem a space maintainer is needed. But, space maintainer needs to undergo a laboratorial process, which means needing more time and money. This paper reported a case with premature loss of maxillary first primary molar using space maintainer which can be used immediately, easy to do, and need low cost, a simple fixed space maintainer bonded with flowable resin composite.