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1. Magnetic configuration effects on the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator

Author

Dinklage A., Beidler C.D., Helander P., Fuchert G., Maassberg H., Rahbarnia K., Sunn Pedersen T., Turkin Y., Wolf R.C., Alonso A., Andreeva T., Blackwell B., Bozhenkov S., Buttenschon B., Czarnecka A., Effenberg F., Feng Y., Geiger J., Hirsch M., Hofel U., Jakubowski M., Klinger T., Knauer J., Kocsis G., Kramer-Flecken A., Kubkowska M., Langenberg A., Laqua H.P., Marushchenko N., Mollen A., Neuner U., Niemann H., Pasch E., Pablant N., Rudischhauser L., Smith H.M., Schmitz O., Stange T., Szepesi T., Weir G., Windisch T., Wurden G.A., Zhang D., Abramovic I., Akaslompolo S., Ali A., Belloso J.A., Aleynikov P., Aleynikova K., Alzbutas R., Anda G., Ascasibar E., Assmann J., Baek S.-G., Baldzuhn J., Banduch M., Barbui T., Barlak M., Baumann K., Behr W., Beidler C., Benndorf A., Bertuch O., Beurskens M., Biedermann C., Biel W., Birus D., Blanco E., Blatzheim M., Bluhm T., Bockenhoff D., Bolgert P., Borchardt M., Borsuk V., Boscary J., Bosch H.-S., Bottger L.-G., Brakel R., Brand H., Brandt C., Brauer T., Braune H., Brezinsek S., Brunner K.-J., Brunner B., Burhenn R., Bussiahn R., Bykov V., Cai Y., Calvo I., Cannas B., Cappa A., Card A., Carls A., Carraro L., Carvalho B., Castejon F., Charl A., Chernyshev F., Cianciosa M., Citarella R., Ciupinski L., Claps G., Cole M.J., Cordella F., Cseh G., Czermak A., Czerski K., Czerwinski M., Czymek G., da Molin A., da Silva A., Dammertz G., de la Pena A., Degenkolbe S., Denner P., Dittmar T., Dhard C.P., Dostal M., Drevlak M., Drewelow P., Drews P., Dudek A., Dundulis G., Durodie F., van Eeten P., Ehrke G., Endler M., Ennis D., Erckmann E., Esteban H., Estrada T., Fahrenkamp N., Feist J.-H., Fellinger J., Fernandes H., Fietz W.H., Figacz W., Fontdecaba J., Ford O., Fornal T., Frerichs H., Freund A., Fuhrer M., Funaba T., Galkowski A., Gantenbein G., Gao Y., Regana J.G., Garcia-Munoz M., Gates D., Gawlik G., Geiger B., Giannella V., Gierse N., Gogoleva A., Goncalves B., Goriaev A., Gradic D., Grahl M., Green J., Grosman A., Grote H., Gruca M., Grulke O., Guerard C., Hacker P., Haiduk L., Hammond K., Han X., Harberts F., Harris J.H., Hartfuss H.-J., Hartmann D., Hathiramani D., Hein B., Heinemann B., Heitzenroeder P., Henneberg S., Hennig C., Sanchez J.H., Hidalgo C., Holbe H., Hollfeld K.P., Holting A., Hoschen D., Houry M., Howard J., Huang X., Huber M., Huber V., Hunger H., Ida K., Ilkei T., Illy S., Israeli B., Ivanov A., Jablonski S., Jagielski J., Jelonnek J., Jenzsch H., Junghans P., Kacmarczyk J., Kaliatka T., Kallmeyer J.-P., Kamionka U., Karalevicius R., Kasahara H., Kasparek W., Kazakov Y., Kenmochi N., Keunecke M., Khilchenko A., Killer C., Kinna D., Kleiber R., Knaup M., Knieps A., Kobarg T., Kochl F., Kolesnichenko Y., Konies A., Koppen M., Koshurinov J., Koslowski R., Konig R., Koster F., Kornejew P., Koziol R., Kramer M., Krampitz R., Kraszewsk P., Krawczyk N., Kremeyer T., Krings T., Krom J., Krychowiak M., Krzesinski G., Ksiazek I., Kuhner G., Kurki-Suonio T., Kwak S., Landreman M., Lang R., Langish S., Laqua H., Laube R., Lazerson S., Lechte C., Lennartz M., Leonhardt W., Lewerentz L., Liang Y., Linsmeier C., Liu S., Lobsien J.-F., Loesser D., Cisquella J.L., Lore J., Lorenz A., Losert M., Lubyako L., Lucke A., Lumsdaine A., Lutsenko V., Maisano-Brown J., Marchuk O., Mardenfeld M., Marek P., Marsen S., Marushchenko M., Masuzaki S., Maurer D., McCarthy K., McNeely P., Meier A., Mellein D., Mendelevitch B., Mertens P., Mikkelsen D., Mishchenko O., Missal B., Mittelstaedt J., Mizuuchi T., Moncada V., Monnich T., Morisaki T., Moseev D., Munk R., Murakami S., Musielok F., Nafradi G., Nagel M., Naujoks D., Neilson H., Neubauer O., Ngo T., Nocentini R., Nuhrenberg C., Nuhrenberg J., Obermayer S., Offermanns G., Ogawa K., Ongena J., Oosterbeek J.W., Orozco G., Otte M., Rodriguez L.P., Pan W., Panadero N., Alvarez N.P., Panin A., Papenfuss D., Paqay S., Pavone A., Pawelec E., Pelka G., Peng X., Perseo V., Peterson B., Pieper A., Pilopp D., Pingel S., Pisano F., Plaum B., Plunk G., Povilaitis M., Preinhaelter J., Proll J., Puiatti M.-E., Sitjes A.P., Purps F., Rack M., Recsei S., Reiman A., Reiter D., Remppel F., Renard S., Riedl R., Riemann J., Rimkevicius S., Risse K., Rodatos A., Rohlinger H., Rome M., Rong P., Roscher H.-J., Roth B., Rummel K., Rummel T., Runov A., Rust N., Ryc L., Ryosuke S., Sakamoto R., Samartsev A., Sanchez M., Sano F., Satake S., Satheeswaran G., Schacht J., Schauer F., Scherer T., Schlaich A., Schlisio G., Schluter K.-H., Schmitt J., Schmitz H., Schmuck S., Schneider M., Schneider W., Scholz M., Scholz P., Schrittwieser R., Schroder M., Schroder T., Schroeder R., Schumacher H., Schweer B., Shanahan B., Shikhovtsev I.V., Sibilia M., Sinha P., Siplia S., Skodzik J., Slaby C., Smith H., Spiess W., Spong D.A., Spring A., Stadler R., Standley B., Stephey L., Stoneking M., Stridde U., Sulek Z., Pedersen T.S., Suzuki Y., Svensson J., Szabo V., Szabolics T., Szokefalvi-Nagy Z., Tamura N., Terra A., Terry J., Thomas J., Thomsen H., Thumm M., von Thun C.P., Timmermann D., Titus P., Toi K., Travere J.M., Traverso P., Tretter J., Mora H.T., Tsuchiya H., Tsujimura T., Tulipan S., Turnyanskiy M., Unterberg B., Urban J., Urbonavicius E., Vakulchyk I., Valet S., van Milligen B., Vela L., Velasco J.-L., Vergote M., Vervier M., Vianello N., Viebke H., Vilbrandt R., Vorkorper A., Wadle S., Wang E., Wang N., Warmer F., Wauters T., Wegener L., Weggen J., Wegner T., Wei Y., Wendorf J., Wenzel U., Wiegel B., Wilde F., Winkler E., Winters V., Wolf R., Wolf S., Wolowski J., Wright A., Wurden G., Xanthopoulos P., Yamada H., Yamada I., Yasuhara R., Yokoyama M., Zajac J., Zarnstorff M., Zeitler A., Zhang H., Zhu J., Zilker M., Zimbal A., Zocco A., Zoletnik S., Zuin M., W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and Turbulence in Fusion Plasmas

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, Field (physics), General Physics and Astronomy, Plasma, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Bootstrap current, Computational physics, Magnetic field, law.invention, Magnetic mirror, Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, Physics and Astronomy (all), law, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Wendelstein 7-X plasmas, Wendelstein 7-X, 010306 general physics, Stellarator
Abstract

The two leading concepts for confining high-temperature fusion plasmas are the tokamak and the stellarator. Tokamaks are rotationally symmetric and use a large plasma current to achieve confinement, whereas stellarators are non-axisymmetric and employ three-dimensionally shaped magnetic field coils to twist the field and confine the plasma. As a result, the magnetic field of a stellarator needs to be carefully designed to minimize the collisional transport arising from poorly confined particle orbits, which would otherwise cause excessive power losses at high plasma temperatures. In addition, this type of transport leads to the appearance of a net toroidal plasma current, the so-called bootstrap current. Here, we analyse results from the first experimental campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, showing that its magnetic-field design allows good control of bootstrap currents and collisional transport. The energy confinement time is among the best ever achieved in stellarators, both in absolute figures (τE > 100 ms) and relative to the stellarator confinement scaling. The bootstrap current responds as predicted to changes in the magnetic mirror ratio. These initial experiments confirm several theoretically predicted properties of Wendelstein 7-X plasmas, and already indicate consistency with optimization measures. Results from the first experimental campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator demonstrate that its magnetic-field design grants good control of parasitic plasma currents, leading to long energy confinement times.

Published
2018
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2. Confirmation of the topology of the Wendelstein 7-X magnetic field to better than 1:100,000

Author

Pedersen T. S., Otte M., Lazerson S., Helander P., Bozhenkov S., Biedermann C., Klinger T., Wolf R. C., Bosch H. -S., Abramovic I., Akaslompolo S., Aleynikov P., Aleynikova K., Ali A., Alonso A., Anda G., Andreeva T., Ascasibar E., Baldzuhn J., Banduch M., Barbui T., Beidler C., Benndorf A., Beurskens M., Biel W., Birus D., Blackwell B., Blanco E., Blatzheim M., Bluhm T., Bockenhoff D., Bolgert P., Borchardt M., Bottger L. -G., Brakel R., Brandt C., Brauer T., Braune H., Burhenn R., Buttenschon B., Bykov V., Calvo I., Cappa A., Carls A., De Carvalho B. B., Castejon F., Cianciosa M., Cole M., Costea S., Cseh G., Czarnecka A., Dal Molin A., De La Cal E., De La Pena A., Degenkolbe S., Dhard C. P., Dinklage A., Dostal M., Drevlak M., Drewelow P., Drews P., Dudek A., Durodie F., Dzikowicka A., Von Eeten P., Effenberg F., Endler M., Erckmann V., Estrada T., Fahrenkamp N., Fellinger J., Feng Y., Figacz W., Ford O., Fornal T., Frerichs H., Fuchert G., Garcia-Munoz M., Geiger B., Geiger J., Gierse N., Gogoleva A., Goncalves B., Gradic D., Grahl M., Gross S., Grote H., Grulke O., Guerard C., Haas M., Harris J., Hartfuss H. -J., Hartmann D., Hathiramani D., Hein B., Heirnich S., Henneberg S., Hennig C., Hernandez J., Hidalgo C., Hidalgo U., Hirsch M., Hofel U., Holbe H., Holting A., Houry M., Huber V., Ionita C., Israeli B., Jablonski S., Jakubowski M., Van Vuuren A. J., Jenzsch H., Kaczmarczyk J., Kallmeyer J. -P., Kamionka U., Kasahara H., Kenmochi N., Kernbichler W., Killer C., Kinna D., Kleiber R., Knauer J., Kochl F., Kocsis G., Kolesnichenko Y., Konies A., Konig R., Kornejew P., Koster F., Kramer-Flecken A., Krampitz R., Krawzyk N., Kremeyer T., Krychowiak M., Ksiazek I., Kubkowska M., Kuhner G., Kurki-Suonio T., Kurz P., Kuttler K., Kwak S., Landreman M., Langenberg A., Lapayese F., Laqua H., Laqua H. -P., Laube R., Laux M., Lentz H., Lewerentz M., Liang Y., Liu S., Lobsien J. -F., Cisquella J. L., Lopez-Bruna D., Lore J., Lorenz A., Lui S., Lutsenko V., Maassberg H., Maisano-Brown J., Marchuk O., Marrelli L., Marsen S., Marushchenko N., Masuzaki S., McCarthy K., McNeely P., Medina F., Milojevic D., Mishchenko A., Missal B., Mittelstaedt J., Mollen A., Moncada V., Monnich T., Moseev D., Nagel M., Naujoks D., Neilson G. H., Neubauer O., Neuner U., Ngo T. -T., Niemann H., Nuhrenberg C., Nuhrenberg J., Ochando M., Ogawa K., Ongena J., Oosterbeek H., Pablant N., Pacella D., Pacios L., Panadero N., Pasch E., Pastor I., Pavone A., Pawelec E., Pedrosa A., Perseo V., Peterson B., Pilopp D., Pisano F., Piulatti M. E., Plunk G., Preynas M., Proll J., Sitjes A. P., Purps F., Rack M., Rahbarnia K., Riemann J., Risse K., Rong P., Rosenberger J., Rudischhauser L., Rummel K., Rummel T., Runov A., Rust N., Ryc L., Saitoh H., Satake S., Schacht J., Schmitz O., Schmuck S., Schneider B., Schneider M., Schneider W., Schrittwieser R., Schroder M., Schroder T., Schroder R., Schumacher H. W., Schweer B., Seki R., Sinha P., Sipilae S., Slaby C., Smith H., Sousa J., Spring A., Standley B., Stange T., Von Stechow A., Stephey L., Stoneking M., Stridde U., Suzuki Y., Svensson J., Szabolics T., Szepesi T., Thomsen H., Travere J. -M., Traverso P., Mora H. T., Tsuchiya H., Tsuijmura T., Turkin Y., Valet S., Van Milligen B., Vela L., Velasco J. -L., Vergote M., Vervier M., Viebke H., Vilbrandt R., Von Thun C. P., Wagner F., Wang E., Wang N., Warmer F., Wauters T., Wegener L., Wegner T., Weir G., Wendorf J., Wenzel U., Werner A., Wie Y., Wiegel B., Wilde F., Windisch T., Winkler M., Winters V., Wright A., Wurden G., Xanthopoulos P., Yamada I., Yasuhara R., Yokoyama M., Zhang D., Zilker M., Zimbal A., Zocco A., Zoletnik S., W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Maisano-Brown, Jeannette D., Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Pedersen, T, Otte, M, Lazerson, S, Helander, P, Bozhenkov, S, Biedermann, C, Klinger, T, Wolf, R, Bosch, H, Abramovic, I, Akaslompolo, S, Aleynikov, P, Aleynikova, K, Ali, A, Alonso, A, Anda, G, Andreeva, T, Ascasibar, E, Baldzuhn, J, Banduch, M, Barbui, T, Beidler, C, Benndorf, A, Beurskens, M, Biel, W, Birus, D, Blackwell, B, Blanco, E, Blatzheim, M, Bluhm, T, Bockenhoff, D, Bolgert, P, Borchardt, M, Bottger, L, Brakel, R, Brandt, C, Brauer, T, Braune, H, Burhenn, R, Buttenschon, B, Bykov, V, Calvo, I, Cappa, A, Carls, A, De Carvalho, B, Castejon, F, Cianciosa, M, Cole, M, Costea, S, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, Dal Molin, A, De La Cal, E, De La Pena, A, Degenkolbe, S, Dhard, C, Dinklage, A, Dostal, M, Drevlak, M, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Dudek, A, Durodie, F, Dzikowicka, A, Von Eeten, P, Effenberg, F, Endler, M, Erckmann, V, Estrada, T, Fahrenkamp, N, Fellinger, J, Feng, Y, Figacz, W, Ford, O, Fornal, T, Frerichs, H, Fuchert, G, Garcia-Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Geiger, J, Gierse, N, Gogoleva, A, Goncalves, B, Gradic, D, Grahl, M, Gross, S, Grote, H, Grulke, O, Guerard, C, Haas, M, Harris, J, Hartfuss, H, Hartmann, D, Hathiramani, D, Hein, B, Heirnich, S, Henneberg, S, Hennig, C, Hernandez, J, Hidalgo, C, Hidalgo, U, Hirsch, M, Hofel, U, Holbe, H, Holting, A, Houry, M, Huber, V, Ionita, C, Israeli, B, Jablonski, S, Jakubowski, M, Van Vuuren, A, Jenzsch, H, Kaczmarczyk, J, Kallmeyer, J, Kamionka, U, Kasahara, H, Kenmochi, N, Kernbichler, W, Killer, C, Kinna, D, Kleiber, R, Knauer, J, Kochl, F, Kocsis, G, Kolesnichenko, Y, Konies, A, Konig, R, Kornejew, P, Koster, F, Kramer-Flecken, A, Krampitz, R, Krawzyk, N, Kremeyer, T, Krychowiak, M, Ksiazek, I, Kubkowska, M, Kuhner, G, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurz, P, Kuttler, K, Kwak, S, Landreman, M, Langenberg, A, Lapayese, F, Laqua, H, Laube, R, Laux, M, Lentz, H, Lewerentz, M, Liang, Y, Liu, S, Lobsien, J, Cisquella, J, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lore, J, Lorenz, A, Lui, S, Lutsenko, V, Maassberg, H, Maisano-Brown, J, Marchuk, O, Marrelli, L, Marsen, S, Marushchenko, N, Masuzaki, S, Mccarthy, K, Mcneely, P, Medina, F, Milojevic, D, Mishchenko, A, Missal, B, Mittelstaedt, J, Mollen, A, Moncada, V, Monnich, T, Moseev, D, Nagel, M, Naujoks, D, Neilson, G, Neubauer, O, Neuner, U, Ngo, T, Niemann, H, Nuhrenberg, C, Nuhrenberg, J, Ochando, M, Ogawa, K, Ongena, J, Oosterbeek, H, Pablant, N, Pacella, D, Pacios, L, Panadero, N, Pasch, E, Pastor, I, Pavone, A, Pawelec, E, Pedrosa, A, Perseo, V, Peterson, B, Pilopp, D, Pisano, F, Piulatti, M, Plunk, G, Preynas, M, Proll, J, Sitjes, A, Purps, F, Rack, M, Rahbarnia, K, Riemann, J, Risse, K, Rong, P, Rosenberger, J, Rudischhauser, L, Rummel, K, Rummel, T, Runov, A, Rust, N, Ryc, L, Saitoh, H, Satake, S, Schacht, J, Schmitz, O, Schmuck, S, Schneider, B, Schneider, M, Schneider, W, Schrittwieser, R, Schroder, M, Schroder, T, Schroder, R, Schumacher, H, Schweer, B, Seki, R, Sinha, P, Sipilae, S, Slaby, C, Smith, H, Sousa, J, Spring, A, Standley, B, Stange, T, Von Stechow, A, Stephey, L, Stoneking, M, Stridde, U, Suzuki, Y, Svensson, J, Szabolics, T, Szepesi, T, Thomsen, H, Travere, J, Traverso, P, Mora, H, Tsuchiya, H, Tsuijmura, T, Turkin, Y, Valet, S, Van Milligen, B, Vela, L, Velasco, J, Vergote, M, Vervier, M, Viebke, H, Vilbrandt, R, Von Thun, C, Wagner, F, Wang, E, Wang, N, Warmer, F, Wauters, T, Wegener, L, Wegner, T, Weir, G, Wendorf, J, Wenzel, U, Werner, A, Wie, Y, Wiegel, B, Wilde, F, Windisch, T, Winkler, M, Winters, V, Wright, A, Wurden, G, Xanthopoulos, P, Yamada, I, Yasuhara, R, Yokoyama, M, Zhang, D, Zilker, M, Zimbal, A, Zocco, A, Zoletnik, S, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and Pacella, D.

Subjects
Tokamak, Plasma parameters, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Topology (electrical circuits), Topology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Physics, Fusion, Wendelstein7-X, Stellarator, Multidisciplinary, ta114, General Chemistry, Plasma, Fusion power, Magnetic field, Erratum, Wendelstein 7-X, Stellarator
Abstract

Fusion energy research has in the past 40 years focused primarily on the tokamak concept, but recent advances in plasma theory and computational power have led to renewed interest in stellarators. The largest and most sophisticated stellarator in the world, Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), has just started operation, with the aim to show that the earlier weaknesses of this concept have been addressed successfully, and that the intrinsic advantages of the concept persist, also at plasma parameters approaching those of a future fusion power plant. Here we show the first physics results, obtained before plasma operation: that the carefully tailored topology of nested magnetic surfaces needed for good confinement is realized, and that the measured deviations are smaller than one part in 100,000. This is a significant step forward in stellarator research, since it shows that the complicated and delicate magnetic topology can be created and verified with the required accuracy., Early stellarator designs suffered from high particle losses, an issue that can be addressed by optimization of the coils. Here the authors measure the magnetic field lines in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, confirming that the complicated design of the superconducting coils has been realized successfully.

Published
2016

3. Performance of Wendelstein 7-X stellarator plasmas during the first divertor operation phase

Author

Wolf, R. C., Alonso, A., Akaslompolo, S., Baldzuhn, J., Beurskens, M., Beidler, C. D., Biedermann, C., Bosch, H. -S., Bozhenkov, S., Brakel, R., Braune, H., Brezinsek, S., Brunner, K. -J., Damm, H., Dinklage, A., Drewelow, P., Effenberg, F., Feng, Y., Ford, O., Fuchert, G., Gao, Y., Geiger, J., Grulke, O., Harder, N., Hartmann, D., Helander, P., Heinemann, B., Hirsch, M., Hofel, U., Hopf, C., Ida, K., Isobe, M., Jakubowski, M. W., Kazakov, Y. O., Killer, C., Klinger, T., Knauer, J., Konig, R., Krychowiak, M., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H. P., Lazerson, S., Mcneely, P., Marsen, S., Marushchenko, N., Nocentini, R., Ogawa, K., Orozco, G., Osakabe, M., Otte, M., Pablant, N., Pasch, E., Pavone, A., Porkolab, M., Puig Sitjes, A., Rahbarnia, K., Riedl, R., Rust, N., Scott, E., Schilling, J., Schroeder, R., Stange, T., Von Stechow, A., Strumberger, E., Sunn Pedersen, T., Svensson, J., Thomson, H., Turkin, Y., Vano, L., Wauters, T., Wurden, G., Yoshinuma, M., Zanini, M., Zhang, D., Andreeva, T., Brandt, C., Burhenn, R., Buttenschon, B., Geiger, B., Tamura, N., Thomsen, H., Wegner, T., Abramovic, I., Alcuson, J., Aleynikov, P., Aleynikova, K., Ali, A., Anda, G., Ascasibar, E., Bahner, J. P., Baek, S. G., Balden, M., Banduch, M., Barbui, T., Behr, W., Beidler, C., Benndorf, A., Biel, W., Blackwell, B., Blanco, E., Blatzheim, M., Ballinger, S., Bluhm, T., Bockenhoff, D., Boswirth, B., Bottger, L. -G., Borchardt, M., Borsuk, V., Boscary, J., Brand, H., Brauer, T., Bussiahn, R., Bykov, V., Cai, J., Calvo, I., Cannas, B., Cappa, A., Carls, A., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B., Castejon, F., Charl, A., Chaudhary, N., Chauvin, D., Chernyshev, F., Cianciosa, M., Citarella, R., Claps, G., Coenen, J., Cole, M., Cole, M. J., Cordella, F., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Czerski, K., Czerwinski, M., Czymek, G., Da Molin, A., Da Silva, A., De La Pena, A., Degenkolbe, S., Dhard, C. P., Dibon, M., Dittmar, T., Drevlak, M., Drews, P., Durodie, F., Edlund, E., Van Eeten, P., Ehrke, G., Elgeti, S., Endler, M., Ennis, D., Esteban, H., Estrada, T., Fellinger, J., Flom, E., Fernandes, H., Fietz, W. H., Figacz, W., Fontdecaba, J., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Freund, A., Funaba, T., Galkowski, A., Gantenbein, G., Garcia Regana, J., Gates, D., Giannella, V., Gogoleva, A., Goncalves, B., Goriaev, A., Gradic, D., Grahl, M., Green, J., Greuner, H., Grosman, A., Grote, H., Gruca, M., Guerard, C., Hacker, P., Han, X., Harris, J. H., Hathiramani, D., Hein, B., Henneberg, S., Henkel, M., Hernandez Sanchez, J., Hidalgo, C., Hollfeld, K. P., Holting, A., Hoschen, D., Houry, M., Howard, J., Huang, X., Huang, Z., Hubeny, M., Huber, M., Hunger, H., Ilkei, T., Illy, S., Israeli, B., Jablonski, S., Jakubowski, M., Jelonnek, J., Jenzsch, H., Jesche, T., Jia, M., Junghanns, P., Kacmarczyk, J., Kallmeyer, J. -P., Kamionka, U., Kasahara, H., Kasparek, W., Kenmochi, N., Kirschner, A., Kleiber, R., Knaup, M., Knieps, A., Kobarg, T., Kocsis, G., Kochl, F., Kolesnichenko, Y., Konies, A., Kornejew, P., Koschinsky, J. -P., Koster, F., Kramer, M., Krampitz, R., Kramer-Flecken, A., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Krom, J., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., Kuhner, G., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurz, P. A., Kwak, S., Landreman, M., Lang, P., Lang, R., Langish, S., Laqua, H., Laube, R., Lechte, C., Lennartz, M., Leonhardt, W., Li, C., Li, Y., Liang, Y., Linsmeier, C., Liu, S., Lobsien, J. -F., Loesser, D., Loizu Cisquella, J., Lore, J., Lorenz, A., Losert, M., Lucke, A., Lumsdaine, A., Lutsenko, V., Maassberg, H., Marchuk, O., Matthew, J. H., Marushchenko, M., Masuzaki, S., Maurer, D., Mayer, M., Mccarthy, K., Meier, A., Mellein, D., Mendelevitch, B., Mertens, P., Mikkelsen, D., Mishchenko, A., Missal, B., Mittelstaedt, J., Mizuuchi, T., Mollen, A., Moncada, V., Monnich, T., Morisaki, T., Moseev, D., Murakami, S., Nafradi, G., Nagel, M., Naujoks, D., Neilson, H., Neu, R., Neubauer, O., Neuner, U., Ngo, T., Nicolai, D., Nielsen, S. K., Niemann, H., Nishizawa, T., Nuhrenberg, C., Nuhrenberg, J., Obermayer, S., Offermanns, G., Olmanns, J., Ongena, J., Oosterbeek, J. W., Pacios Rodriguez, L., Panadero, N., Panadero Alvarez, N., Papenfuss, D., Paqay, S., Pawelec, E., Pedersen, T. S., Pelka, G., Perseo, V., Peterson, B., Pilopp, D., Pingel, S., Pisano, F., Plaum, B., Plunk, G., Poloskei, P., Proll, J., Puiatti, M. -E., Purps, F., Rack, M., Recsei, S., Reiman, A., Reimold, F., Reiter, D., Remppel, F., Renard, S., Riemann, J., Risse, K., Rohde, V., Rohlinger, H., Rome, M., Rondeshagen, D., Rong, P., Roth, B., Rudischhauser, L., Rummel, K., Rummel, T., Runov, A., Ryc, L., Ryosuke, S., Sakamoto, R., Salewski, M., Samartsev, A., Sanchez, E., Sano, F., Satake, S., Schacht, J., Satheeswaran, G., Schauer, F., Scherer, T., Schlaich, A., Schlisio, G., Schluck, F., Schluter, K. -H., Schmitt, J., Schmitz, H., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schneider, W., Scholz, P., Schrittwieser, R., Schroder, M., Schroder, T., Schumacher, H., Schweer, B., Sereda, S., Shanahan, B., Sibilia, M., Sinha, P., Siplia, S., Slaby, C., Sleczka, M., Smith, H., Spiess, W., Spong, D. A., Spring, A., Stadler, R., Stejner, M., Stephey, L., Stridde, U., Suzuki, C., Szabo, V., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, T., Szokefalvi-Nagy, Z., Tancetti, A., Terry, J., Thomas, J., Thumm, M., Travere, J. M., Traverso, P., Tretter, J., Trimino Mora, H., Tsuchiya, H., Tsujimura, T., Tulipan, S., Unterberg, B., Vakulchyk, I., Valet, S., Van Milligen, B., Van Vuuren, A. J., Vela, L., Velasco, J. -L., Vergote, M., Vervier, M., Vianello, N., Viebke, H., Vilbrandt, R., Vorkoper, A., Wadle, S., Wagner, F., Wang, E., Wang, N., Wang, Z., Warmer, F., Wegener, L., Weggen, J., Wei, Y., Weir, G., Wendorf, J., Wenzel, U., Werner, A., White, A., Wiegel, B., Wilde, F., Windisch, T., Winkler, M., Winter, A., Winters, V., Wolf, S., Wright, A., Xanthopoulos, P., Yamada, H., Yamada, I., Yasuhara, R., Yokoyama, M., Zarnstorff, M., Zeitler, A., Zhang, H., Zhu, J., Zilker, M., Zocco, A., Zoletnik, S., Zuin, M., Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Turbulence in Fusion Plasmas, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Physics, Technology, Plasma parameters, Divertor, Nuclear engineering, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Electron cyclotron resonance, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Magnetic field, law, 0103 physical sciences, Limiter, Wendelstein 7-X, 010306 general physics, ddc:600, Stellarator
Abstract

Wendelstein 7-X is the first comprehensively optimized stellarator aiming at good confinement with plasma parameters relevant to a future stellarator power plant. Plasma operation started in 2015 using a limiter configuration. After installing an uncooled magnetic island divertor, extending the energy limit from 4 to 80 MJ, operation continued in 2017. For this phase, the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) capability was extended to 7 MW, and hydrogen pellet injection was implemented. The enhancements resulted in the highest triple product (6.5 × 1019 keV m-3 s) achieved in a stellarator until now. Plasma conditions [Te(0) ≈ Ti(0) ≈ 3.8 keV, τE > 200 ms] already were in the stellarator reactor-relevant ion-root plasma transport regime. Stable operation above the 2nd harmonic ECRH X-mode cutoff was demonstrated, which is instrumental for achieving high plasma densities in Wendelstein 7-X. Further important developments include the confirmation of low intrinsic error fields, the observation of current-drive induced instabilities, and first fast ion heating and confinement experiments. The efficacy of the magnetic island divertor was instrumental in achieving high performance in Wendelstein 7-X. Symmetrization of the heat loads between the ten divertor modules could be achieved by external resonant magnetic fields. Full divertor power detachment facilitated the extension of high power plasmas significantly beyond the energy limit of 80 MJ.

Published
2019
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4. Experimental confirmation of efficient island divertor operation and successful neoclassical transport optimization in Wendelstein 7-X

Author

Thomas Sunn Pedersen, I. Abramovic, P. Agostinetti, M. Agredano Torres, S. Äkäslompolo, J. Alcuson Belloso, P. Aleynikov, K. Aleynikova, M. Alhashimi, A. Ali, N. Allen, A. Alonso, G. Anda, T. Andreeva, C. Angioni, A. Arkhipov, A. Arnold, W. Asad, E. Ascasibar, M.-H. Aumeunier, K. Avramidis, E. Aymerich, S.-G. Baek, J. Bähner, A. Baillod, M. Balden, J. Baldzuhn, S. Ballinger, M. Banduch, S. Bannmann, A. Banon Navarro, A. Bañón Navarro, T. Barbui, C. Beidler, C. Belafdil, A. Bencze, A. Benndorf, M. Beurskens, C. Biedermann, O. Biletskyi, B. Blackwell, M. Blatzheim, T. Bluhm, D. Böckenhoff, G. Bongiovi, M. Borchardt, D. Borodin, J. Boscary, H. Bosch, T. Bosmann, B. Böswirth, L. Böttger, A. Bottino, S. Bozhenkov, R. Brakel, C. Brandt, T. Bräuer, H. Braune, S. Brezinsek, K. Brunner, S. Buller, R. Burhenn, R. Bussiahn, B. Buttenschön, A. Buzás, V. Bykov, I. Calvo, K. Camacho Mata, I. Caminal, B. Cannas, A. Cappa, A. Carls, F. Carovani, M. Carr, D. Carralero, B. Carvalho, J. Casas, D. Castano-Bardawil, F. Castejon, N. Chaudhary, I. Chelis, A. Chomiczewska, J.W. Coenen, M. Cole, F. Cordella, Y. Corre, K. Crombe, G. Cseh, B. Csillag, H. Damm, C. Day, M. de Baar, E. De la Cal, S. Degenkolbe, A. Demby, S. Denk, C. Dhard, A. Di Siena, A. Dinklage, T. Dittmar, M. Dreval, M. Drevlak, P. Drewelow, P. Drews, D. Dunai, E. Edlund, F. Effenberg, G. Ehrke, M. Endler, D.A. Ennis, F.J. Escoto, T. Estrada, E. Fable, N. Fahrenkamp, A. Fanni, J. Faustin, J. Fellinger, Y. Feng, W. Figacz, E. Flom, O. Ford, T. Fornal, H. Frerichs, S. Freundt, G. Fuchert, M. Fukuyama, F. Füllenbach, G. Gantenbein, Y. Gao, K. Garcia, J.M. García Regaña, I. García-Cortés, J. Gaspar, D.A. Gates, J. Geiger, B. Geiger, L. Giudicotti, A. González, A. Goriaev, D. Gradic, M. Grahl, J.P. Graves, J. Green, E. Grelier, H. Greuner, S. Groß, H. Grote, M. Groth, M. Gruca, O. Grulke, M. Grün, J. Guerrero Arnaiz, S. Günter, V. Haak, M. Haas, P. Hacker, A. Hakola, A. Hallenbert, K. Hammond, X. Han, S.K. Hansen, J.H. Harris, H. Hartfuß, D. Hartmann, D. Hathiramani, R. Hatzky, J. Hawke, S. Hegedus, B. Hein, B. Heinemann, P. Helander, S. Henneberg, U. Hergenhahn, C. Hidalgo, F. Hindenlang, M. Hirsch, U. Höfel, K.P. Hollfeld, A. Holtz, D. Hopf, D. Höschen, M. Houry, J. Howard, X. Huang, M. Hubeny, S. Hudson, K. Ida, Y. Igitkhanov, V. Igochine, S. Illy, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, M. Isobe, M. Jabłczyńska, S. Jablonski, B. Jagielski, M. Jakubowski, A. Jansen van Vuuren, J. Jelonnek, F. Jenko, T. Jensen, H. Jenzsch, P. Junghanns, J. Kaczmarczyk, J. Kallmeyer, U. Kamionka, M. Kandler, S. Kasilov, Y. Kazakov, D. Kennedy, A. Kharwandikar, M. Khokhlov, C. Kiefer, C. Killer, A. Kirschner, R. Kleiber, T. Klinger, S. Klose, J. Knauer, A. Knieps, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, Ya.I. Kolesnichenko, A. Könies, R. König, J. Kontula, P. Kornejew, J. Koschinsky, M.M. Kozulia, A. Krämer-Flecken, R. Krampitz, M. Krause, N. Krawczyk, T. Kremeyer, L. Krier, D.M. Kriete, M. Krychowiak, I. Ksiazek, M. Kubkowska, M. Kuczynski, G. Kühner, A. Kumar, T. Kurki-Suonio, S. Kwak, M. Landreman, P.T. Lang, A. Langenberg, H.P. Laqua, H. Laqua, R. Laube, S. Lazerson, M. Lewerentz, C. Li, Y. Liang, Ch. Linsmeier, J. Lion, A. Litnovsky, S. Liu, J. Lobsien, J. Loizu, J. Lore, A. Lorenz, U. Losada, F. Louche, R. Lunsford, V. Lutsenko, M. Machielsen, F. Mackel, J. Maisano-Brown, O. Maj, D. Makowski, G. Manduchi, E. Maragkoudakis, O. Marchuk, S. Marsen, E. Martines, J. Martinez-Fernandez, M. Marushchenko, S. Masuzaki, D. Maurer, M. Mayer, K.J. McCarthy, O. Mccormack, P. McNeely, H. Meister, B. Mendelevitch, S. Mendes, A. Merlo, A. Messian, A. Mielczarek, O. Mishchenko, B. Missal, R. Mitteau, V.E. Moiseenko, A. Mollen, V. Moncada, T. Mönnich, T. Morisaki, D. Moseev, G. Motojima, S. Mulas, M. Mulsow, M. Nagel, D. Naujoks, V. Naulin, T. Neelis, H. Neilson, R. Neu, O. Neubauer, U. Neuner, D. Nicolai, S.K. Nielsen, H. Niemann, T. Nishiza, T. Nishizawa, C. Nührenberg, R. Ochoukov, J. Oelmann, G. Offermanns, K. Ogawa, S. Okamura, J. Ölmanns, J. Ongena, J. Oosterbeek, M. Otte, N. Pablant, N. Panadero Alvarez, A. Pandey, E. Pasch, R. Pavlichenko, A. Pavone, E. Pawelec, G. Pechstein, G. Pelka, V. Perseo, B. Peterson, D. Pilopp, S. Pingel, F. Pisano, B. Plöckl, G. Plunk, P. Pölöskei, B. Pompe, A. Popov, M. Porkolab, J. Proll, M.J. Pueschel, M.-E. Puiatti, A. Puig Sitjes, F. Purps, K. Rahbarnia, M. Rasiński, J. Rasmussen, A. Reiman, F. Reimold, M. Reisner, D. Reiter, M. Richou, R. Riedl, J. Riemann, K. Riße, G. Roberg-Clark, V. Rohde, J. Romazanov, D. Rondeshagen, P. Rong, L. Rudischhauser, T. Rummel, K. Rummel, A. Runov, N. Rust, L. Ryc, P. Salembier, M. Salewski, E. Sanchez, S. Satake, G. Satheeswaran, J. Schacht, E. Scharff, F. Schauer, J. Schilling, G. Schlisio, K. Schmid, J. Schmitt, O. Schmitz, W. Schneider, M. Schneider, P. Schneider, R. Schrittwieser, T. Schröder, M. Schröder, R. Schroeder, B. Schweer, D. Schwörer, E. Scott, B. Shanahan, G. Sias, P. Sichta, M. Singer, P. Sinha, S. Sipliä, C. Slaby, M. Sleczka, H. Smith, J. Smoniewski, E. Sonnendrücker, M. Spolaore, A. Spring, R. Stadler, D. Stańczak, T. Stange, I. Stepanov, L. Stephey, J. Stober, U. Stroth, E. Strumberger, C. Suzuki, Y. Suzuki, J. Svensson, T. Szabolics, T. Szepesi, M. Szücs, F.L. Tabarés, N. Tamura, A. Tancetti, C. Tantos, J. Terry, H. Thienpondt, H. Thomsen, M. Thumm, J.M. Travere, P. Traverso, J. Tretter, E. Trier, H. Trimino Mora, T. Tsujimura, Y. Turkin, A. Tykhyi, B. Unterberg, P. van Eeten, B.Ph. van Milligen, M. van Schoor, L. Vano, S. Varoutis, M. Vecsei, L. Vela, J.L. Velasco, M. Vervier, N. Vianello, H. Viebke, R. Vilbrandt, G. Vogel, N. Vogt, C. Volkhausen, A. von Stechow, F. Wagner, E. Wang, H. Wang, F. Warmer, T. Wauters, L. Wegener, T. Wegner, G. Weir, U. Wenzel, A. White, F. Wilde, F. Wilms, T. Windisch, M. Winkler, A. Winter, V. Winters, R. Wolf, A.M. Wright, G.A. Wurden, P. Xanthopoulos, S. Xu, H. Yamada, H. Yamaguchi, M. Yokoyama, M. Yoshinuma, Q. Yu, M. Zamanov, M. Zanini, M. Zarnstorff, D. Zhang, S. Zhou, J. Zhu, C. Zhu, M. Zilker, A. Zocco, H. Zohm, S. Zoletnik, L. Zsuga, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. GPI - Grup de Processament d'Imatge i Vídeo, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. GREO - Grup de Recerca en Enginyeria Òptica, Pedersen, T, Abramovic, I, Agostinetti, P, Torres, M, Akaslompolo, S, Belloso, J, Aleynikov, P, Aleynikova, K, Alhashimi, M, Ali, A, Allen, N, Alonso, A, Anda, G, Andreeva, T, Angioni, C, Arkhipov, A, Arnold, A, Asad, W, Ascasibar, E, Aumeunier, M, Avramidis, K, Aymerich, E, Baek, S, Bahner, J, Baillod, A, Balden, M, Baldzuhn, J, Ballinger, S, Banduch, M, Bannmann, S, Navarro, A, Barbui, T, Beidler, C, Belafdil, C, Bencze, A, Benndorf, A, Beurskens, M, Biedermann, C, Biletskyi, O, Blackwell, B, Blatzheim, M, Bluhm, T, Bockenhoff, D, Bongiovi, G, Borchardt, M, Borodin, D, Boscary, J, Bosch, H, Bosmann, T, Boswirth, B, Bottger, L, Bottino, A, Bozhenkov, S, Brakel, R, Brandt, C, Brauer, T, Braune, H, Brezinsek, S, Brunner, K, Buller, S, Burhenn, R, Bussiahn, R, Buttenschon, B, Buzas, A, Bykov, V, Calvo, I, Mata, K, Caminal, I, Cannas, B, Cappa, A, Carls, A, Carovani, F, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carvalho, B, Casas, J, Castano-Bardawil, D, Castejon, F, Chaudhary, N, Chelis, I, Chomiczewska, A, Coenen, J, Cole, M, Cordella, F, Corre, Y, Crombe, K, Cseh, G, Csillag, B, Damm, H, Day, C, de Baar, M, De la Cal, E, Degenkolbe, S, Demby, A, Denk, S, Dhard, C, Di Siena, A, Dinklage, A, Dittmar, T, Dreval, M, Drevlak, M, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Dunai, D, Edlund, E, Effenberg, F, Ehrke, G, Endler, M, Ennis, D, Escoto, F, Estrada, T, Fable, E, Fahrenkamp, N, Fanni, A, Faustin, J, Fellinger, J, Feng, Y, Figacz, W, Flom, E, Ford, O, Fornal, T, Frerichs, H, Freundt, S, Fuchert, G, Fukuyama, M, Fullenbach, F, Gantenbein, G, Gao, Y, Garcia, K, Regana, J, Garcia-Cortes, I, Gaspar, J, Gates, D, Geiger, J, Geiger, B, Giudicotti, L, Gonzalez, A, Goriaev, A, Gradic, D, Grahl, M, Graves, J, Green, J, Grelier, E, Greuner, H, Gross, S, Grote, H, Groth, M, Gruca, M, Grulke, O, Grun, M, Arnaiz, J, Gunter, S, Haak, V, Haas, M, Hacker, P, Hakola, A, Hallenbert, A, Hammond, K, Han, X, Hansen, S, Harris, J, Hartfuss, H, Hartmann, D, Hathiramani, D, Hatzky, R, Hawke, J, Hegedus, S, Hein, B, Heinemann, B, Helander, P, Henneberg, S, Hergenhahn, U, Hidalgo, C, Hindenlang, F, Hirsch, M, Hofel, U, Hollfeld, K, Holtz, A, Hopf, D, Hoschen, D, Houry, M, Howard, J, Huang, X, Hubeny, M, Hudson, S, Ida, K, Igitkhanov, Y, Igochine, V, Illy, S, Ionita-Schrittwieser, C, Isobe, M, Jablczynska, M, Jablonski, S, Jagielski, B, Jakubowski, M, van Vuuren, A, Jelonnek, J, Jenko, F, Jensen, T, Jenzsch, H, Junghanns, P, Kaczmarczyk, J, Kallmeyer, J, Kamionka, U, Kandler, M, Kasilov, S, Kazakov, Y, Kennedy, D, Kharwandikar, A, Khokhlov, M, Kiefer, C, Killer, C, Kirschner, A, Kleiber, R, Klinger, T, Klose, S, Knauer, J, Knieps, A, Kochl, F, Kocsis, G, Kolesnichenko, Y, Konies, A, Konig, R, Kontula, J, Kornejew, P, Koschinsky, J, Kozulia, M, Kramer-Flecken, A, Krampitz, R, Krause, M, Krawczyk, N, Kremeyer, T, Krier, L, Kriete, D, Krychowiak, M, Ksiazek, I, Kubkowska, M, Kuczynski, M, Kuhner, G, Kumar, A, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kwak, S, Landreman, M, Lang, P, Langenberg, A, Laqua, H, Laube, R, Lazerson, S, Lewerentz, M, Li, C, Liang, Y, Linsmeier, C, Lion, J, Litnovsky, A, Liu, S, Lobsien, J, Loizu, J, Lore, J, Lorenz, A, Losada, U, Louche, F, Lunsford, R, Lutsenko, V, Machielsen, M, Mackel, F, Maisano-Brown, J, Maj, O, Makowski, D, Manduchi, G, Maragkoudakis, E, Marchuk, O, Marsen, S, Martines, E, Martinez-Fernandez, J, Marushchenko, M, Masuzaki, S, Maurer, D, Mayer, M, Mccarthy, K, Mccormack, O, Mcneely, P, Meister, H, Mendelevitch, B, Mendes, S, Merlo, A, Messian, A, Mielczarek, A, Mishchenko, O, Missal, B, Mitteau, R, Moiseenko, V, Mollen, A, Moncada, V, Monnich, T, Morisaki, T, Moseev, D, Motojima, G, Mulas, S, Mulsow, M, Nagel, M, Naujoks, D, Naulin, V, Neelis, T, Neilson, H, Neu, R, Neubauer, O, Neuner, U, Nicolai, D, Nielsen, S, Niemann, H, Nishiza, T, Nishizawa, T, Nuhrenberg, C, Ochoukov, R, Oelmann, J, Offermanns, G, Ogawa, K, Okamura, S, Olmanns, J, Ongena, J, Oosterbeek, J, Otte, M, Pablant, N, Alvarez, N, Pandey, A, Pasch, E, Pavlichenko, R, Pavone, A, Pawelec, E, Pechstein, G, Pelka, G, Perseo, V, Peterson, B, Pilopp, D, Pingel, S, Pisano, F, Plockl, B, Plunk, G, Poloskei, P, Pompe, B, Popov, A, Porkolab, M, Proll, J, Pueschel, M, Puiatti, M, Sitjes, A, Purps, F, Rahbarnia, K, Rasinski, M, Rasmussen, J, Reiman, A, Reimold, F, Reisner, M, Reiter, D, Richou, M, Riedl, R, Riemann, J, Risse, K, Roberg-Clark, G, Rohde, V, Romazanov, J, Rondeshagen, D, Rong, P, Rudischhauser, L, Rummel, T, Rummel, K, Runov, A, Rust, N, Ryc, L, Salembier, P, Salewski, M, Sanchez, E, Satake, S, Satheeswaran, G, Schacht, J, Scharff, E, Schauer, F, Schilling, J, Schlisio, G, Schmid, K, Schmitt, J, Schmitz, O, Schneider, W, Schneider, M, Schneider, P, Schrittwieser, R, Schroder, T, Schroder, M, Schroeder, R, Schweer, B, Schworer, D, Scott, E, Shanahan, B, Sias, G, Sichta, P, Singer, M, Sinha, P, Siplia, S, Slaby, C, Sleczka, M, Smith, H, Smoniewski, J, Sonnendrucker, E, Spolaore, M, Spring, A, Stadler, R, Stanczak, D, Stange, T, Stepanov, I, Stephey, L, Stober, J, Stroth, U, Strumberger, E, Suzuki, C, Suzuki, Y, Svensson, J, Szabolics, T, Szepesi, T, Szucs, M, Tabares, F, Tamura, N, Tancetti, A, Tantos, C, Terry, J, Thienpondt, H, Thomsen, H, Thumm, M, Travere, J, Traverso, P, Tretter, J, Trier, E, Mora, H, Tsujimura, T, Turkin, Y, Tykhyi, A, Unterberg, B, van Eeten, P, van Milligen, B, van Schoor, M, Vano, L, Varoutis, S, Vecsei, M, Vela, L, Velasco, J, Vervier, M, Vianello, N, Viebke, H, Vilbrandt, R, Vogel, G, Vogt, N, Volkhausen, C, von Stechow, A, Wagner, F, Wang, E, Wang, H, Warmer, F, Wauters, T, Wegener, L, Wegner, T, Weir, G, Wenzel, U, White, A, Wilde, F, Wilms, F, Windisch, T, Winkler, M, Winter, A, Winters, V, Wolf, R, Wright, A, Wurden, G, Xanthopoulos, P, Xu, S, Yamada, H, Yamaguchi, H, Yokoyama, M, Yoshinuma, M, Yu, Q, Zamanov, M, Zanini, M, Zarnstorff, M, Zhang, D, Zhou, S, Zhu, J, Zhu, C, Zilker, M, Zocco, A, Zohm, H, Zoletnik, S, Zsuga, L, Fusion and Plasma Physics, Department of Applied Physics, National Institute for Fusion Science, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Group Heemels, Control Systems Technology, and Turbulence in Fusion Plasmas

Subjects
Magnetic confinement, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Technology, Materials science, Detachment, Nuclear engineering, Física::Física de partícules [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Imatges -- Processament, stellarator, Divertor, Image processing, Physics::Plasma Physics, divertor, Wendelstein 7-X, ddc:530, FIS/03 - FISICA DELLA MATERIA, Neoclassical optimization, Stellarators, Reactors de fusió, magnetic confinement, Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Processament del senyal::Processament de la imatge i del senyal vídeo [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Condensed Matter Physics, ddc, Fusion reactors, Physics and Astronomy, detachment, neoclassical optimization, ddc:620, ddc:600, Paper, FEC 2020 Summaries and Overviews
Abstract

We present recent highlights from the most recent operation phases of Wendelstein 7-X, the most advanced stellarator in the world. Stable detachment with good particle exhaust, low impurity content, and energy confinement times exceeding 100 ms, have been maintained for tens of seconds. Pellet fueling allows for plasma phases with reduced ion-temperature-gradient turbulence, and during such phases, the overall confinement is so good (energy confinement times often exceeding 200 ms) that the attained density and temperature profiles would not have been possible in less optimized devices, since they would have had neoclassical transport losses exceeding the heating applied in W7-X. This provides proof that the reduction of neoclassical transport through magnetic field optimization is successful. W7-X plasmas generally show good impurity screening and high plasma purity, but there is evidence of longer impurity confinement times during turbulence-suppressed phases. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 and 2019-2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. Peer Reviewed Article signat per 497 autors/es: Thomas Sunn Pedersen1,2,∗ , I. Abramovic3, P. Agostinetti4, M. Agredano Torres1, S. Äkäslompolo1, J. Alcuson Belloso1, P. Aleynikov1, K. Aleynikova1, M. Alhashimi1, A. Ali1, N. Allen5, A. Alonso6, G. Anda7, T. Andreeva1, C. Angioni8, A. Arkhipov8, A. Arnold1, W. Asad8, E. Ascasibar6, M.-H. Aumeunier9, K. Avramidis10, E. Aymerich11, S.-G. Baek3, J. Bähner1, A. Baillod12, M. Balden1, M. Balden8, J. Baldzuhn1, S. Ballinger3, M. Banduch1, S. Bannmann1, A. Banon Navarro8, A. Bañon Navarro ´ 1, T. Barbui13, C. Beidler1, C. Belafdil9, A. Bencze7, A. Benndorf1, M. Beurskens1, C. Biedermann1, O. Biletskyi14, B. Blackwell15, M. Blatzheim1, T. Bluhm1, D. Böckenhoff1, G. Bongiovi16, M. Borchardt1, D. Borodin17, J. Boscary8, H. Bosch1,18, T. Bosmann19, B. Böswirth8, L. Böttger1, A. Bottino8, S. Bozhenkov1, R. Brakel1, C. Brandt1, T. Bräuer1, H. Braune1, S. Brezinsek17, K. Brunner1, S. Buller1, R. Burhenn1, R. Bussiahn1, B. Buttenschön1, A. Buzás7, V. Bykov1, I. Calvo6, K. Camacho Mata1, I. Caminal20, B. Cannas11, A. Cappa6, A. Carls1, F. Carovani1, M. Carr21, D. Carralero6, B. Carvalho22, J. Casas20, D. Castano-Bardawil17, F. Castejon6, N. Chaudhary1, I. Chelis23, A. Chomiczewska24, J.W. Coenen13,17, M. Cole1, F. Cordella25, Y. Corre9, K. Crombe26, G. Cseh7, B. Csillag7, H. Damm1, C. Day10, M. de Baar27, E. De la Cal6, S. Degenkolbe1, A. Demby13, S. Denk3, C. Dhard1, A. Di Siena8,28, A. Dinklage12, T. Dittmar17, M. Dreval14, M. Drevlak1, P. Drewelow1, P. Drews17, D. Dunai7, E. Edlund3, F. Effenberg29, G. Ehrke1, M. Endler1, D.A. Ennis5, F.J. Escoto6, T. Estrada6, E. Fable8, N. Fahrenkamp1, A. Fanni11, J. Faustin1, J. Fellinger1, Y. Feng1, W. Figacz4, E. Flom13, O. Ford1, T. Fornal24, H. Frerichs13, S. Freundt1, G. Fuchert1, M. Fukuyama30, F. Füllenbach1, G. Gantenbein10, Y. Gao1, K. Garcia13, J.M. García Regaña6, I. García-Cortés6, J. Gaspar31, D.A. Gates29, J. Geiger1, B. Geiger13, L. Giudicotti32, A. González6, A. Goriaev26,33, D. Gradic1, M. Grahl1, J.P. Graves12, J. Green13, E. Grelier9, H. Greuner8, S. Groß1, H. Grote1, M. Groth34, M. Gruca24, O. Grulke1,35, M. Grün1, J. Guerrero Arnaiz1, S. Günter8, V. Haak1, M. Haas1, P. Hacker1, A. Hakola36, A. Hallenbert1, K. Hammond29, X. Han17,37, S.K. Hansen3, J.H. Harris38, H. Hartfuß1, D. Hartmann1, D. Hathiramani1, R. Hatzky8, J. Hawke39, S. Hegedus7, B. Hein8, B. Heinemann8, P. Helander12, S. Henneberg1, U. Hergenhahn8,40, C. Hidalgo6, F. Hindenlang8, M. Hirsch1, U. Höfel1, K.P. Hollfeld17, A. Holtz1, D. Hopf8, D. Höschen17, M. Houry9, J. Howard19, X. Huang41, M. Hubeny17, S. Hudson29, K. Ida9, Y. Igitkhanov10, V. Igochine8, S. Illy10, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser42, M. Isobe39, M. Jabłczynska ´ 24, S. Jablonski24, B. Jagielski1, M. Jakubowski1, A. Jansen van Vuuren1, J. Jelonnek10, F. Jenko8, F. Jenko8, T. Jensen35, H. Jenzsch1, P. Junghanns8, J. Kaczmarczyk24, J. Kallmeyer1, U. Kamionka1, M. Kandler8, S. Kasilov43, Y. Kazakov26, D. Kennedy1, A. Kharwandikar1, M. Khokhlov1, C. Kiefer8, C. Killer1, A. Kirschner17, R. Kleiber1, T. Klinger12, S. Klose1, J. Knauer1, A. Knieps17, F. Köchl44, G. Kocsis7, Ya.I. Kolesnichenko45, A. Könies1, R. König1, J. Kontula34, P. Kornejew1, J. Koschinsky, M.M. Kozulia14, A. Krämer-Flecken17, R. Krampitz1, M. Krause1, N. Krawczyk24, T. Kremeyer1, L. Krier10, D.M. Kriete5, M. Krychowiak1, I. Ksiazek46, M. Kubkowska24, M. Kuczynski1, G. Kühner1, A. Kumar15, T. Kurki-Suonio34, S. Kwak1, M. Landreman47, P.T. Lang8, A. Langenberg1, H.P. Laqua12, H. Laqua1, R. Laube1, S. Lazerson1, M. Lewerentz1, C. Li17, Y. Liang17, Ch. Linsmeier17, J. Lion1, A. Litnovsky17,48, S. Liu37, J. Lobsien1, J. Loizu12, J. Lore38, A. Lorenz1, U. Losada6, F. Louche26, R. Lunsford29, V. Lutsenko45, M. Machielsen12, F. Mackel8, J. Maisano-Brown3, O. Maj8, D. Makowski49, G. Manduchi50, E. Maragkoudakis6, O. Marchuk17, S. Marsen1, E. Martines4, J. Martinez-Fernandez6, M. Marushchenko1, S. Masuzaki41, D. Maurer5, M. Mayer8, K.J. McCarthy6, O. Mccormack4, P. McNeely1, H. Meister8, B. Mendelevitch8, S. Mendes1, A. Merlo1, A. Messian26, A. Mielczarek49, O. Mishchenko1, B. Missal1, R. Mitteau9, V.E. Moiseenko14, A. Mollen1, V. Moncada9, T. Mönnich1, T. Morisaki41, D. Moseev1, G. Motojima41, S. Mulas6, M. Mulsow1, M. Nagel1, D. Naujoks1, V. Naulin35, T. Neelis19, H. Neilson29, R. Neu8, O. Neubauer17, U. Neuner1, D. Nicolai17, S.K. Nielsen35, H. Niemann1, T. Nishiza1, T. Nishizawa1, T. Nishizawa8, C. Nührenberg1, R. Ochoukov8, J. Oelmann17, G. Offermanns17 K. Ogawa41, S. Okamura41, J. Ölmanns17, J. Ongena26, J. Oosterbeek1, M. Otte1, N. Pablant29, N. Panadero Alvarez6, N. Panadero Alvarez6, A. Pandey1, E. Pasch1, R. Pavlichenko14, A. Pavone1, E. Pawelec46, G. Pechstein1, G. Pelka24, V. Perseo1, B. Peterson41, D. Pilopp1, S. Pingel1, F. Pisano11, B. Plöckl8, G. Plunk1, P. Pölöskei1, B. Pompe2, A. Popov51, M. Porkolab3, J. Proll19, M.J. Pueschel19,27, M.-E. Puiatti52, A. Puig Sitjes1, F. Purps1, K. Rahbarnia1, M. Rasinski ´ 17, J. Rasmussen35, A. Reiman29, F. Reimold1, M. Reisner8, D. Reiter17, M. Richou9, R. Riedl8, J. Riemann1, K. Riße1, G. Roberg-Clark1, V. Rohde8, J. Romazanov17, D. Rondeshagen1, P. Rong1, L. Rudischhauser1, T. Rummel1, K. Rummel1, A. Runov1, N. Rust1, L. Ryc24, P. Salembier20, M. Salewski35, E. Sanchez6, S. Satake41, G. Satheeswaran17, J. Schacht1, E. Scharff1, F. Schauer8, J. Schilling1, G. Schlisio1, K. Schmid8, J. Schmitt5, O. Schmitz13, W. Schneider1, M. Schneider1, P. Schneider8, R. Schrittwieser42, T. Schröder1, M. Schröder1, R. Schroeder1, B. Schweer26, D. Schwörer1, E. Scott1, E. Scott8, B. Shanahan1, G. Sias11, P. Sichta29, M. Singer1, P. Sinha29, S. Sipliä34, C. Slaby1, M. Sleczka53, H. Smith1, J. Smoniewski54, E. Sonnendrücker8, M. Spolaore4, A. Spring1, R. 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Zanini1, M. Zarnstorff29, D. Zhang1, S. Zhou17, J. Zhu1, C. Zhu29, M. Zilker8, A. Zocco1, H. Zohm8, S. Zoletnik7 and L. Zsuga7 // 1 Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Garching and Greifswald, Germany: 2 University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; 3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America; 4 Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti, 4-35127 Padova, Italy; 5 Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America; 6 CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense, 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain; 7 Center for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thegeut 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; 8 Max-Planck-Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstraße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany; 9 CEA Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France; 10 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; 11 University of Cagliari, Via Universita, 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; 12 École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Swiss Plasma Center, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; 13 University of Wisconsin–Madison, Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America; 14 Institute of Plasma Physics, National Science Center ‘Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology’, Kharkiv, Ukraine; 15 The Australian National University, Acton ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia; 16 Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 6, Palermo, 90128, Italy; 17 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie-und Klimaforschung—Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany; 18 Technical University of Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; 19 Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands; 20 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. BarcelonaTech, C. Jordi Girona, 31, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; 21 Culham Center for Fusion Energy, Abingdon OX14 3EB, United Kingdom; 22 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; 23 Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; 24 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 23 Hery Str., 01-497 Warsaw, Poland; 25 ENEA—Centro Ricerche Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati RM, Italy; 26 Laboratory for Plasma Physics, LPP-ERM/KMS, TEC Partner, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; 27 Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, PO Box 6336, 5600 HH Eindhoven, Netherlands; 28 University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States of America; 29 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America; 30 Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; 31 Aix-Marseille University, Jardin du Pharo, 58 Boulevard Charles Livon, 13007, Marseille, France; 32 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Padova University, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy; 33 Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; 34 Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland; 35 Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; 36 VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd., PO Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland; 37 Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, Anhui, China; 38 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States of America; 39 Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545, United States of America; 40 Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany; 41 National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 322-6 Oroshi-cho, Toki, Gifu Prefecture 509-5292, Japan; 42 Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; 43 Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstraße 12, 8010 GRAZ, Austria; 44 Austrian Academy of Science, Doktor-Ignaz-Seipel-Platz 2, 1010 Wien, Austria; 45 Institute for Nuclear Research, prospekt Nauky 47, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine; 46 University of Opole, plac Kopernika 11a, 45-001 Opole, Poland; 47 University of Maryland, Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MA 20742, United States of America; 48 National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation; 49 Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 221/223, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; 50 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7, 00185 Roma, Italy; 51 Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation; 52 Istituto di Fisica del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Via Roberto Cozzi, 53, 20125 Milano, Italy; 53 University of Szczecin, 70-453, aleja Papieza Jana Pawła II 22A, Szczecin, Poland; 54 Lawrence University, 711 E Boldt Way, Appleton, WI 54911, United States of America; 55 Physik-Department E28, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany; 56 Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Av. de la Universidad, 30 Madrid, Spain; 57 Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America; 58 University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chhiab 277-0882, Japan Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant::7.a - Per a 2030, augmentar la cooperació internacional per tal de facilitar l’accés a la investigació i a les tecnolo­gies energètiques no contaminants, incloses les fonts d’energia renovables, l’eficiència energètica i les tecnologies de combustibles fòssils avançades i menys contaminants, i promoure la inversió en infraestructures energètiques i tecnologies d’energia no contaminant

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2022
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