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With the exponential growth in development of cities and increasing demand for construction, which is one of the factors in environmental degradation, the need for CO2 emissions control is essential. In order to balance carbon emissions along the life-cycle of concrete structures; in this paper, we have analysed the carbon emissions and assessed the carbon footprint of selected concrete structures in a tropical city. For this purpose, the carbon footprint has been evaluated using Life-Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) approach at different stages concrete structures' life-cycle, which are production, construction, operation, and demolition stages, where the CO2 footprint of two residential buildings in Malaysia have been analysed as case studies. The findings indicated that the energy consumption, and the production phase in the life-cycle of a concrete structure are the main contributors of CO2 emission. In addition, detailed analysis of the carbon cycle in structures and their interaction with other components involved in the regional eco-system can lead to a significant reduction in CO2 emission, and thus to the improvement in reducing environmental deterioration and its consequences. Moreover, optimised design and customisation to the constituents of concrete, as well as improving citizens' consumption agenda can significantly reduce the carbon emission of concrete structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing amount of waste materials and the shortage of landfill space highlights the urgency for alternative ways to recycle and reuse waste materials. Recycle and reuse waste materials would indirectly contribute to reducing the landfill space required for their disposal. This paper attempts to compare the physical and mechanical properties of byproduct material (steel slag) and waste material (Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) glass) that could potentially be used as substitutes for natural aggregates in the construction of road pavements. This paper discusses the feasibility of utilizing recycled steel slag and CRT glass which meet the test requirements for natural aggregates utilized for pavement construction. The study method for laboratory work was carried out following the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications. Physical and mechanical testing's, i.e. specific gravity, water absorption, soundness and Los Angeles abrasion tests, were carried out to determine the suitability of using steel slag and CRT glass in the construction of road pavements. Test results indicate that steel slag and CRT glass can be used as substitutes for natural aggregates due to their satisfactory physical and mechanical properties. It can be concluded that the use of steel slag and CRT glass as a replacement for natural aggregate resulted in the sustainable management of road base paving application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]