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The concerned study aimed to determine the correlation and direct and indirect effects to estimate the interaction between production parameters and the zinc content of plant tissues of early maturing rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. The study comprised the application of zinc at various crop phases, namely, without zinc (Zn0), zinc at the vegetative phase (Zn1), the vegetative and generative phases (Zn2), and the generative phase (Zn3) to three early maturing rice cultivars, Inpari 19, Inpari Cakrabuana, and Inpari Sidenuk. Data analysis used correlation and path analyses. The results revealed that rice grain yield positively correlated with most production parameters. The zinc analysis also showed a positive correlation between zinc content and rice plant tissues. The path analysis indicated that the clumping grain weight had a significant (P ≤ 0.01) positive direct effect (0.75). Meanwhile, panicle density had a significant (P ≤ 0.05) positive direct effect (0.51) on rice grain production per hectare. Path analysis of zinc content in tissues signified that zinc content in leaves had a very significant (P ≤ 0.01) positive direct effect (0.71), In contrast, zinc content in stems had an indirect positive influence (0.33) on zinc content in grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the utility of genotypes in the breeding program in mid-hill environments of the north-western Himalayas of India, apple cultivars were studied during 2019 and 2020 to discover inter-relationships of variables as well as to study genetic variation across yield attribution traits. For fruit set, fruit drop and fruit volume, high heritability and moderate genetic gain was observed. Substantial correlation between fruit yield per plant and pruning weight, tree volume, tree spread and TSS was observed. However, the increments in tree height and trunk girth were strongly and adversely linked with fruit yield per plant. Thus the traits tree spread, tree volume and flowering length may be used as selection indicators for increased production with high-quality apple cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was conducted to examine different parameters of variability, correlations, and path coefficients associated with yield and yield-related traits in aerobic rice. The analysis of variance indicated noteworthy variations among the genotypes for all the traits investigated. Among them, flag leaf area and alkali spreading value showed high PCV and GCV. Except for days to fifty per cent flowering, days to maturity, and amylose content, the remaining traits demonstrated substantial heritability combined with high genetic advance as percentage of mean. The correlation analysis revealed significant positive association between grain yield per plant and several traits, namely effective tillers per plant, test weight, chlorophyll content, and length breadth ratio. Traits such as test weight, effective tillers per plant, and flag leaf area showed a positive direct effect on grain yield per plant. Therefore, it is crucial to give priority to traits that exhibit significant positive correlations and substantial direct effects during selection process. This approach will yield rewarding results in the development of high-yielding cultivars suitable for aerobic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study involved assessment of genetic variability and trait association of seed yield and its component traits in 20 EMS-derived stable mutant lines of black aromatic rice. The traits grain yield / plant, harvest index, effective tillers and biological yield/ plant recorded maximum GCV and PCV. Heritability estimates ranged from 67 percent for total number of tillers/ plant to 99 percent for days to 50 percent flowering. The trait grain yield per plant revealed high heritability (>80%) coupled with high advance in genetics (>50%). The traits fertile spikelets per panicle, effective tillers/ plant, biological yield, panicle length, and plant height were significantly and positively correlated with grain yield. The path analysis revealed maximum positive direct effects of fertile spikelets per panicle, harvest index, biological yield, grain length and effective tillers on grain yield indicating the selection of these traits for efficient crop improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problems: This study was conducted to examine the association between posttraumatic stress disorder and mental health status of adolescents exposed to the worst disaster of the century. Methods: This study was descriptive, cross‐sectional, and correlational. This research was conducted between March 31 and July 1, 2023. The study was conducted with earthquake survivors who migrated from Kahramanmaraş, the epicenter of the earthquake, and Adıyaman and Hatay, the other two cities where it was most effective, to Şanlıurfa. The study was conducted with a total of 947 adolescents. "Personal Information Form," "Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index," and "Symptom Distress Check List‐ (SCL‐90)" were used to collect data. Linear regression method was used in the analysis of the research. Path analysis was performed using PATH analysis. Findings: The mean age of the adolescents participating in the study was 16.69 ± 1.41 years. It was found that the Global Severity Index (GSI) of the adolescents was at the pathological level with a mean of 2.36 ± 0.68. Posttraumatic stress reactions of the adolescents who experienced the earthquake was found to explain 97.2% of their mental symptoms (anxiety, depression, somatization, anger‐hostility, obsession‐compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, psychotic symptoms, other problems, and GSI) (p < 0.001). It was found that the age of the adolescents, total number of losses in the earthquake, the time they stayed under the rubble, the time they waited for siblings to be pulled from under the rubble and the state of having loss due to the earthquake explained 74.4% of the posttraumatic stress reactions (p < 0.001). Conclusions: As a conclusion, it was found that the adolescents who experienced the earthquake experienced severe posttraumatic stress symptoms. It was also found that adolescents who experienced high levels of trauma symptoms showed pathological mental symptoms. After the earthquake, adolescents should be evaluated periodically in terms of posttraumatic stress symptoms. In the evaluations to be made, it is important to determine how adolescents are affected especially mentally. In this context, interventions should be implemented for the identified mental symptoms (anxiety, depression, somatization, etc.). Highlights: The first strength of the study was that the adolescents who experienced the earthquake had severe trauma symptoms.The second strength of the study was that the general mental symptom level mean scores of the adolescents who experienced the earthquake were at the pathological level.The third strength of the study is that the posttraumatic stress reactions of the adolescents who experienced the earthquake were related to the psychological symptoms (anxiety, depression, somatization, anger‐hostility, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, interpersonal sensitivity, phobic anxiety, paranoid thoughts, psychotic symptoms, other problems, and general mental symptom levels) revealed that it explained 97.2%.It was seen that the most important predictor of the psychological symptoms of the adolescents who experienced the earthquake was the trauma symptoms.The fourth strongest aspect of the study is the age of the adolescents who experienced the earthquake, the total number of losses they experienced in the earthquake, the number of losses they experienced in the nuclear family, the hours they were buried under the rubble, the time they waited for their father to come out under the rubble, the time they waited for their mother to come out under the rubble, It was determined that the duration of waiting time, injury status and loss due to earthquake explained 74.4% of posttraumatic stress response states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lentil is one of the most significant pulse crops, frequently referred to as "poor man's meat" because of its high protein content and inexpensive price. The present study was assessed for eleven morphological and yield variables to determine genetic variability, correlation and path co-efficients. Methods: The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design using 56 different homogeneous progenies of a spontaneous mutant of lentil variety DPL 62 and four control varieties in triple replica during rabi 2017-18. Result: Significant amount of variability was observed for all the traits. High phenotypic coefficients of variance and genotypic coefficients of variance coupled with high heritability and genetic advance were observed for peduncle length, number of pods per plant, seed width, seed yield per plant suggesting that these traits are genetically controlled by additive gene action. Seed yield per plant exhibited significant positive association with number of branches/plant and number of pods/plant while number of pods/plant revealed highest positive direct effect on seed yield per plant followed by 100-seed weight, number of branches per plant, days to maturity and leaflet breadth. Therefore, selection for these characters will directly lead to improvement in the yielding ability of lentil genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixty different varieties of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) were evaluated for character association. The findings showed that the genotypic correlation was higher than the phenotypic correlation coefficient for most traits. Strong positive correlation was observed between the number of fruits per plant, branches per plant, and fruit yield per plant. Positive correlation was observed between moisture content and fruit characteristics, such as fruit volume and average fruit weight. The path coefficient analysis revealed that high positive direct effect on fruit yield was exerted by fruits per plant, followed by moisture content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] is a self pollinated crop, belonging to family fabaceae and sub family papilionaceae. It is an important multipurpose grain legume extensively cultivated in arid and semi arid regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Central and South America. The assessment of variability present in any crop species is an essential pre requisite for formulating an effective breeding programme, as the existing variability can be used to enhance the yield level of cultivars after following appropriate breeding strategies. Methods: The present investigation was carried out during the Kharif season of the year 2019. The field experiment was carried out at Pulses Research Station, NAU, Navsari in randomized block design. The study was undertaken on fifty three genotypes of cowpea to know the variability present among genotypes for thirteen traits and correlation and path analysis of yield components. Result: Analysis of variance indicated significant genotypic differences for all the characters under study. The highest GCV was recorded for plant height, pods per plant, pods per cluster, seed yield per plant, straw yield per plant, 100 seed weight and harvest index. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was exhibited by days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant weight, seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight, pod length, pods per cluster and seeds per pod indicating the presence of additive gene action. Seed yield per plant was found to be positively and significantly correlated with pods per plant, pods per cluster, pod length, days to 50 per cent flowering and straw yield per plant or seed yield per plant. The present study has indicated the need for giving due weightage to pods per plant, pods per cluster, seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, pod length with straw yield per plant for improving seed yield in cowpea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blackgram despite of being a highly nutritious and short duration legume crop, it is not cultivated on large scales due to many constraints. Considering this, the research was aimed to develop blackgram genotypes with wider adaptability, genetic variability and high yielding potential by studying nature and magnitude of association among yield and related traits for effective production. Methods: The present investigation was carried out at Experimental Farm of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur (H.P.) to assess the character association and direct and indirect effects among yield and related traits in 14 crosses and ten parents for 11 quantitative characters during Kharif 2018 and 2019 in randomized complete block design with three replications. Result: Correlation studies highlighted that seed yield per plant had significant and positive association with pods per plant, biological yield per plant, pod length, plant height and 100 seed-weight at genotypic and phenotypic levels in both generations. Study of path analysis revealed that biological yield per plant and pods per plant exhibited maximum positive direct and indirect effects to the total association between yield and other component traits in both the generations. These traits could be suggested as best selection indices on priority basis which would be commendable to improve the performance of genotypes during breeding programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted during kharif season ( June–October) of 2016 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture College, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Jagtial, Telangana, India. Forty (40) maintainer lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were grown in randomized block design replicated twice to find the relationships between the yield and its components, as well as their direct and indirect effects on the rice grain yield. Observations were recorded for yield, yield attributing characters and quality traits on five randomly selected competitive plants for each entry in each replication for 15 characters. The results revealed that the analysis of variance was significant for all the characters investigated. Grain yield was significantly correlated with its component characters like number of tillers plant-1 (0.9191**), panicle length (0.3339**), milling percentage (0.3214**) and hulling percentage (0.2873**) whereas it showed a negligible positive correlation with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, kernel length, kernel breadth, L/B ratio, test weight, hulling percentage, and head rice recovery percentage. Path coefficient analysis revealed that number of tillers plant-1 (0.9439) exerted maximum positive direct effect on plant yield followed by kernel breadth, L/B ratio, panicle length, milling percentage, days to flowering and head rice recovery percentage indicated their importance in determining the complex character and therefore should be kept in mind while practicing selection aimed at improving the grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Back ground: Pulses are an important source of protein in the human diet and black gram is a popular pulse crop in India. The black gram breeding program faces various drawbacks due to narrow genetic diversity accompanied by biotic and abiotic diseases which seriously affect the yield potential of the crop. Hence it is important to understand the gene action and to frame the efficient breeding program in black gram for yield improvement. Methods: The present experiment was conducted during 2018-2019. Sixty-nine F2 plants of the cross ADT3 ? KKB14-052 were raised and nine biometrical traits were recorded. Genetic variability and association analysis were carried out. Result: High PCV and GCV were obtained for the traits viz., number of primary branches/plant, number of clusters/plant, number of pods/plant and single plant yield. High heritability and high GAM were obtained for the traits viz., plant height, number of primary branches/plant, number of clusters/plant, number of pods/plant, hundred seed weight, pod length and single plant yield. All the characters under the study were significantly positive correlation with yield except days to 50% flowering. Number of pods/plant showed a high positive, direct effect on single plant yield. Hence, these characters would be mainly focused in black gram breeding programs for yield improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with long-lasting and pervasive impacts on survivors' sexual health, particularly on their sexual satisfaction. Dispositional mindfulness has been found to be associated with greater sexual satisfaction among adult CSA survivors. However, the mechanisms involved in this association remain understudied. The present study examined the role of sexual self-concept (i.e., sexual esteem, sexual preoccupation, and sexual depression) in the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and sexual satisfaction among CSA survivors. A total of 176 adult CSA survivors (60.6% women, 39.4% men) completed an online survey assessing dispositional mindfulness, sexual self-concept, and sexual satisfaction. Path analyses revealed that dispositional mindfulness was positively related to sexual satisfaction through a significant indirect effect of higher sexual esteem and lower sexual depression. The integrative model explained 66.5% of the variance in sexual satisfaction. These findings highlight the key roles that dispositional mindfulness and sexual self-concept play in CSA survivors' sexual satisfaction. Implications for interventions based on trauma-sensitive mindfulness targeting the sexual self-concept are discussed, as they may promote sexual satisfaction in adult CSA survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted at the Agricultural College, Aswaraopet, Bhadradri Kothagudem district, Telangana, India during July to December 2021 by using thirty elite rice genotypes comprising of different durations i.e. short, medium and long to study the nature of relationship between grain yield and morpho-physiological traits by partitioning the correlation co-efficients between grain yield and morpho-physiological traits into direct and indirect effects. Observations were recorded on seven yield, six physiological and three root characters. The correlation studies revealed that, grain yield plant-1 had shown a significant positive association with yield contributing traits like 1000 grain weight, spikelet fertility, specific leaf area and root biomass, indicating the importance of these traits in yield improvement. Among all other yield attributing characters, spikelet fertility showed the highest significant positive correlation with yield whereas days to 50% flowering and number of productive tillers plant-1 exhibited non-significant positive association with grain yield plant-1. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the highest positive direct effect on grain yield was exhibited by spikelet fertility and 1000 grain weight. A high magnitude of negative direct effects on yield was shown by field emergence at 14 DAS. Thus, from the studies on correlation and path analysis, it could be concluded that the traits viz., spikelet fertility, 1000 grain weight, specific leaf area and root biomass could be used as selection parameters for improving grain yield under dry DSR system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After neonatal cardiac surgery, families, and the health care team strive for exclusive oral feedings before hospital discharge. With the hypothesis that exclusive oral feedings would reduce the length of stay (LOS), a multidimensional path analysis was used to examine a cross-section of 280 neonates from 2009 to 2013. Buttigieg, Abela, and Pace's theoretical framework of structural and process-related determinants of LOS was modeled with hypothesis-driven correlation and directionality. The recursive path model had a good global and local fit with outcome variances of 26% for exclusive oral feeding and LOS. In the full cohort and model groups (single and biventricular), when controlling for covariances: sepsis, birth distance, necrotizing enterocolitis, genetic differences, specialty consults, the age at which neonatal cardiac surgery occurred (β =.23, p ≤.001) and the duration of postoperative intubation (β =.47, p ≤.001) more significantly influenced the LOS than intermediate mediation of exclusive oral feedings at discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expression of complex traits like yield is the result of interaction of several yield contributing features. In the current research, association analysis and path analysis were conducted in an experiment involving 65 peanut genotypes to determine association of kernel yield and its component traits. Plant height, number of secondary branches per plant, number of mature pods per plant, number of immature pods per plant, pod yield per plant, 100 seed weight and protein content recorded positive significant correlation with kernel yield per plant. The results of PCA and Ward dendrogram pattern jointly inferred that plant height, number of mature pods per plant, number of immature pods per plant, pod yield per plant, 100 seed weight, oleic acid content and oleic linoleic acid ratio were found to be closely associated with kernel yield per plant. Further, results of path analysis suggested that number of mature pods per plant, 100 seed weight, number of secondary branches per plant and sound mature kernel per cent were leading in determining the kernel yield of peanut through direct positive effects and indirect positive effects via different yield attributing traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to find out correlation and path analysis for 10 yield and yield attributing traits using 159 diverse pea genotypes. Correlation studies revealed that the days to 50% flowering, node at which 1st pod appears, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, pod length, pod weight and days to 1st picking had significant and positive correlation with total yield/plant while, plant height and shelling percentage were negatively correlated with total yield/plant. The inter-correlation was observed between days to 50% flowering, days to 1stpicking and node at which 1stpod appears; shelling percentage with number of seeds/pod and pod length; plant height with number of pods/plant and days to 1st picking. It is concluded that there is positive and intercorrelation of total yield/plant with the number of pods/plant, pod length, number of seeds/pod, days to 50% flowering, days to 1stpicking. The positive association suggested that selection should be oriented towards more number of pods per plant, pod length, more number of seeds per pod which would consequently leads to higher pod yield per plant. The Path analysis studies revealed that the number of pods per plant exhibit highest positive effect on yield per plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eleven coastal geographical populations of wild Cyclina sinensis in China were collected in February 2020, and the effects of four morphological traits (shell length; shell height; shell width; external ligament length) on one weight trait (living body weight) were studied by correlation analysis, path analysis, determination coefficient analysis, and regression analyses. The statistical results showed that the coefficient of body weight variation was generally greater than morphological traits(P"0.05). The correlation analysis results showed that the coefficient of correlation between morphological traits (except for external ligament length) and body weight are significantly positive (P"0.05) in all populations. Based on the results of path analysis and determination coefficient analysis, shell length has the greatest direct effect on body weight in the Yancheng population; shell height has the greatest direct effect on body weight in Dandong, Fuzhou and Tangshan populations; shell width has the greatest direct effect on body weight in Zhanjiang, Wenzhou, Dongtai, Ningbo, Tianjin, Dongying, and Wanning populations. Multiple regression equations were obtained with body weight as the dependent variable, shell length, height, and width and external ligament length as independent variables. The results of systematic clustering showed that there are no apparent geographical differentiation characteristics among eleven geographical populations in morphology. This study provided a scientific basis for selective and genetic breeding and can guide the development and utilization of wild C. sinensis seed resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To develop and test a predictive model of self‐management based on the theory of the information–motivation–behavioural skills model and previous literature on self‐management for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Design: A descriptive, correlational, cross‐sectional design was used. Methods: A convenience sample recruited 248 patients with COPD from the pulmonary medicine clinic in South Korea between July 2020 and June 2021. We used self‐administrated, structured questionnaires for dyspnoea, health status, knowledge, attitude, social support, self‐efficacy and self‐management. Data were analysed using path analysis to test a self‐management model for patients with COPD. Results: Gender, COPD self‐management knowledge, social support and COPD self‐efficacy had a direct effect on COPD self‐management. Dyspnoea, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage, health status, COPD self‐management attitude and social support had an indirect effect on self‐management in patients with COPD. These variables explained 43.2% of the total variance for self‐management in patients with COPD. Conclusions: When assessing self‐management of COPD; demographic and clinical factors, knowledge, attitudes, social support and self‐efficacy included in the information–motivation–behavioural skills model should be considered together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted at the Experimental Farm of Department of Vegetable Science, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP), India during the year 2018 (May-October) to screen twenty-one (21) genotypes of chilli for thirteen characters including yield and total capsaicin content. The evaluation was done in a randomized block design with three replications. Sufficient genetic variability was found for all characters. Correlation analysis revealed a positive significant correlation of fresh ripe yield plant-1 with the number of red fruits plant-1 (0.842*), days to fresh ripe maturity (0.394*), dry yield as percentage of fresh ripe (0.386*), days to 50 % flowering (0.384*), plant height (0.374*) and days to green fruit maturity (0.352*). The number of red fruits plant-1 (0.440*) had a positive significant correlation with total capsaicin content. Path analysis revealed a positive direct effect of number of red fruits plant-1 (0.698) on fresh ripe yield followed by days to green fruit maturity (0.372), number of seeds fruit-1 (0.218), average red fruit weight (0.168), dry yield as percentage of fresh ripe (0.111), plant height (0.111) and red fruit length (0.007) whereas total capsaicin content in dry chilli had the positive direct correlation with days to 50% flowering, days to fresh ripe maturity, number of fruits plant-1 and 1000 seed weight. Finally, it was revealed that the selection of genotypes bearing many small-thick fruits would be the most suitable criterion for selecting a population having high capsaicin content and fruit yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of self‐efficacy and automatic thoughts on depression as mediated by anxiety in nursing students. Methods: This was a descriptive study to identify direct and indirect variables that affect depression levels of nursing students and to examine the relationship between independent variables. A total of 477 students from the Nursing Department participated in the study. Findings: As a result of the data analysis, the direct effect of self‐efficacy and automatic thoughts on depression was found to be significant. The effect of automatic thoughts on depression as mediated by anxiety was significant. Practical Implications: It is thought that understanding the relationship between these variables will be useful in designing appropriate interventions for university students with depression, especially for nursing students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study is to find propotion of fractured orbital walls in the maxillofacial trauma cases and its associated maxillofacial fracture treated in the Oral Maxillofacial Clinic Oral Maxillofacial ward and operation theatre of Hospital USM in Kelantan, Malaysia. Materials and methods: From July 2013 to June 2018, records of patients who sustained maxillofacial fractures and presented them to the Accident and Emergency Department, Oral Maxillofacial Clinic, Hospital USM were reviewed, recorded, and analyzed. There are 294 patients whose data has been collected because they met the inclusion criteria. Each patient with a complete medical record was reviewed. Data were collected under the variables: Zygomatic Complex, Zygomatic Arch, Nasal, Maxillary Sinus, Le Fort I, Le Fort II, Le Fort III, Orbital Wall, Alveolar Process, Symphysis of Mandible, Condyle of Mandible, Ramus of Mandible, Maxillary Bone and Mandibular Bone of maxillofacial fracture. The fractured orbital walls in these cases was reviewed. At the first stage, all the selected variables will be screened for their important clinical point of view. The SPSS software version 26.0 was used to determine all possible factors contributing to orbital wall fracture. Results: This was a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the medical records of 294 patients with maxillofacial fracture treated in the Oral Maxillofacial Clinic and Oral Maxillofacial ward, Hospital USM. There were 228 (77.3%) men and 66 (22.4%) women included in this study. The most common age range is 11-20 years (39.8%), 21-30 years (26.2%). Maxillary Bone Fracture (0.371; p <0.05), Maxillary Sinus Fracture (0.180; p <0.05), Zygomatic Arch Fracture (0.127; p <0.05) were found to be the most affected site, which had a positive correlation with an orbital fracture of the maxillofacial trauma cases. A path analysis based on the Spearman correlation was developed by taking into account significant correlations at the level of 0.05. Conclusion: Using the matrix spearman correlation, multiple response analysis (MRA), path analysis, we discovered a clear connection between orbital wall fracture and several other factors. This discovery will aid in the understanding of the most common fracture and the causes of orbital wall fracture in maxillofacial trauma. The Zygomatic Arch Fracture, Maxillary Sinus Fracture, and Maxillary Bone Fracture were found to have a significant relationship with the orbital wall when the significance level was set at 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two crosses in F3 generation were studied for their variability, correlation and path analysis. The cross VRI 8 × K6 had better mean performance in all traits with very good pod and kernel yield per plant with mean of 36.59 g and 22.56 g, respectively compared to that of BSR 2 × K 6 with mean pod and kernel yield per plant of 24.95 g and 15.59 g, respectively. The cross also had high heritability of pod yield (79.45 %) and kernel yield (82.83 %) with low and moderate GAM for pod (8.87 %) and kernel yield (10.19 %), respectively. Though the crosses were in early generations, the PCV and GCV values were low to moderate for both crosses expect for the kernel yield (27.70 % & 26.71 %) in BSR 2 × K 6 and pod yield in both the crosses (23.67 % & 21.24 % in BSR 2 × K 6 and 23.73 % & 21.16 % in VRI 8 × K 6, respectively) with higher PCV, GCV values. In correlation analysis, there was a highly significant positive correlation between kernel yield and number of matured pods, number of pods, 100 pod weight, 100 kernel weight, pod yield and shelling percentage in both the crosses. Highly significant correlation was observed between shelling percentage and days to flowering in VRI 8 × K 6. Similarly, in BSR 2 × K 6, shelling percentage and 100 kernel weight were highly significantly correlated. Path analysis revealed that, there was a high positive direct effect on kernel yield by 100 kernel weight and pod yield in both the crosses. Shelling percentage in VRI 8 × K 6 had a negligible positive direct effect on the yield. Thus, on the basis of correlation and path analysis, 100 kernel weight, number of matured pods, shelling percentage, pod yield per plant were proved to be the outstanding characters influencing kernel yield in groundnut and need to be given importance in selection to achieve higher kernel yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred upland cotton germplasm accessions were evaluated for eight traits to evaluate the per se performance, genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance as a per cent of mean, correlation and path analysis. The estimation of variability indicated that the number of monopodia per plant had high GCV and PCV. High heritability along with high GAM was found in plant height, internode length, the number of monopodia per plant, the number of sympodia per plant, the number of bolls per plant and seed cotton yield per plant which suggested that additive gene activity had a significant influence in the inheritance of these traits. Correlation analysis showed that the number of sympodia per plant, the number of bolls per plant and boll weight have a significant high positive correlation on the seed cotton yield. Path analysis showed that the number of bolls per plant and boll weight had the highest positive direct effect on seed cotton yield per plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tenera oil palm is widely planted as a commercial plantation crop throughout Southern Thailand. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic correlation and the direct and indirect effects among bunch yields and vegetative characteristics in commercial tenera oil palms. Methods: The oil yield, fresh fruit bunch, bunch number, average bunch weight, leaf area, leaf dry weight and rachis length were recorded from six commercial tenera oil palm progenies. The data were recorded between January 2019 and June 2020 at The Chaipattana Foundation's oil palm plantation in Trang Province, Thailand. Result: Results show that fresh fruit bunch, average bunch weight and rachis length positively correlated with oil yield (rp=0.90**, 0.50* and 0.53, respectively), while bunch number and rachis length positively correlated with fresh fruit bunch (rp=0.58* and 0.47*, respectively). The path analysis shows that bunch number significantly correlated with fresh fruit bunch (0.58*) and strongly directly affected it (1.11). The fresh fruit bunch significantly correlated with oil yield, (0.90**) and had a strong direct (2.08) and indirect effect (1.20). These results indicate that bunch number and fresh fruit bunch are useful variables for oil yield improvement in further breeding programs of oil palm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) is an important economic fish for aquaculture industry in China and Southeast Asian countries.The relationship between twelve morphological traits of P. argenteus were studied at different growth stages [60-, 90-, 120-, and 360-days post hatching (dph)] by usingcorrelation, path analyses, and multiple linear regression tools. The results showed that coefficient of variation of the body weight and trunk length traits remained stable and at a high level across all age groups (all above 20%), while other traits were the opposite. The body length and tail length traits had great direct effect on the body weight of P. argenteus at the first three growth stages (60, 90, and 120 dph). However, body length and body height traits had great direct effect in 360 dph, and the direct effect coefficient of caudal length was negative, indicating that the trait had a negative effect on body weight. Multiple linear regression analysis between morphological traits and body weight indicated that R2 was greater than 0.84 across all age groups (P < 0.05).The optimal multiple linear regression equations, as determined with stepwise regression, were constructed with morphological traits as independent variables and body weight as dependent variables.These results elucidated the linear relationship between the body weight and various main morphological traits of P. argenteus at different growth stages. In actual production, during mass selection of P. argenteus with body weight as the main objective, the recommended as auxiliary selection traits were the body length, body height, tail length, and caudal length traits. These results can provide a reference basis for the measurement of target traits for the selective breeding of new varieties of P. argenteus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research work was conducted to study the variability parameters, correlation and path coefficient analysis for yield and quality traits in rice. Analysis of variance revealed the existence of significant differences among the genotypes for all traits under investigation. Traits viz., filled grain number per panicle and weight of 1000 grains showed high PCV and GCV. Total grain number per panicle, filled grain number per panicle, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield per plant, weight of panicle, head rice recovery, length of kernel after cooking, linear elongation ratio, length of kernel and kernel length/breadth ratio exhibited high heritability along with high genetic advance as percentage of mean. Days to 50% flowering and weight of 1000 grains had associated significantly positive with grain yield. Filled grain number per panicle, days to 50% flowering, total number of productive tillers per plant, length of kernel after cooking, height of the plant and length of panicle exhibited a high positive direct effect on grain yield per plant per plant. Therefore, these traits should be exploited in the selection process to identify superior rice lines with higher yield and quality genetic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out to explore the extent of divergence, correlation and path analysis in 77 rice genotypes for twelve characters during Rabi, 2021. Ten clusters were formed by Mahalanobis’ D² analysis of which cluster I was the largest with 28 genotypes. Cluster IV and IX were the smallest with one genotype each. The maximum intra-cluster distance was observed between cluster X and the maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters VIII and X. The days to 50 % flowering contributed to the maximum divergence. Superior mean performance for grain yield per plant was recorded in cluster IX. The grain yield per plant was found to be positively correlated with the days to 50 % flowering, the total number of tillers, the total number of productive tillers, panicle length, leaf width, the total grains per panicle, filled grains per panicle and spikelet fertility. Path analysis results revealed that the total number of productive tillers, leaf width, filled grains per panicle, days to 50% flowering, the total grains per panicle and spikelet fertility had a positive direct effect with grain yield. The selection should be done for these traits for yield improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Setaria italica is an essential crop in the developing world and yield levels are low. To improve the yield, the utilization of diverse germplasm in a breeding program is vital. Methods: The present study aimed to characterize 50 genotypes in the first year and out of 50, 10 genotypes in the second year using multivariant traits. Wide variation was observed in both the qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant differences for most symptoms. Higher estimates of GCV were followed for grain yields, followed by panicle lengths and organic outcomes. Higher estimates of PCV were observed for plant height and leaf length, followed by leaf width. Low GCV and PCV were recorded as leaf length, 50% flowering in days. PCV study indicated direct selection based on characters, panicle weight, test weight and strawweight showed a high and positive effect on grain yield per plant in both rainy and summer season indicating the proper relationship between these characters with grain yield per plant, which helps indirect selection for these traits thus in improving the grain yield per plant. Variability in foxtail millet germplasm allows plant breeders to effectively select specific donor lines for genetic improvement of foxtail millet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognizing depression among older persons is often challenging as they tend to attribute their problems to physical rather than emotional origins. The association between socio-economic factors and depression among 384 older persons was determined through descriptive-correlational design. Path analysis revealed that depression is influenced directly by one's age (r =.108), education status (r =.514), marital status (r =.011), occupation (r =.003), social status (r = −.116), physical stature (r =.099) and economic status (r =.011). Additionally, the type of community where the older persons dwell and gender have a direct influence on occupation (r =.003) and indirectly affecting depression (r =.103). On the other hand, family component has a direct influence on social status (r =.069) but indirectly influences the occurrence of depression (r =.127). Explicitly, these variables render a predictive path on the occurrence or non-occurrence of depression among the respondents. The study suggests that the diagnosis of depression and its prompt interventions can be traced to the socio-economic dimensions of older persons. Implications to research suggest that determining the antecedents to depression of older persons, this provides a projective analysis which can lead to the development of new knowledge in nursing. This will further influence the holistic management in dealing with an older person's depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out at the Research Farm, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat during the kharif, 2018. Twelve different quantitative characters related to rhizome yield were recorded and subjected for estimation of analysis of variance. The result revealed significant differences among the genotypes indicating presence of sufficient amount of variability in all the characters studied. Wide range of variation by virtue of exhibiting highly significant genotypic differences for all the twelve traits. The value of phenotypic coefficient of variation was recorded higher and closer to the respective genotypic coefficient of variation for majority of traits under study indicates less influence of environment. The magnitudes of genotypic correlations were higher as compared to the corresponding phenotypic correlations indicating that there was an inherent association between all the characters at genotypic level. Path coefficient analysis showed rhizome width, leaf width, mother rhizomes per plant, leaf length and leaves per plant exhibited positive direct effects on green rhizome yield per plant. Hence, priority should be given to these traits in mango ginger improvement programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 33 sesame genotypes including three checks were grown in Randomized Block Design in three replications for evaluation of yield and yield attributing traits. Data was recorded for different yield attributing traits from all the genotypes viz., days to 50 % flowering, number of productive branches, plant height, height of 1st capsule bearing node, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, capsule length, inter-node length, days to maturity, 1000-grain weight, per cent of oil and yield. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters. The magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was larger for seed yield, number of productive branch and inter-node length. Genetic advance as per cent of mean for seed yield, numbers of productive branches, height of 1st node from ground and internode length were higher in sesame genotypes. Correlation exhibited significant and high positive for number of productive branches, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule and days to maturity with seed yield. Path analysis indicated that the traits such as number of productive branches, number of capsules per plant, days to maturity, number of seeds per capsule had high positive direct effect on seed yield. These traits are to be given due importance in the selection process of sesame breeding programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]The study on the correlation between main agronomic characters and yield of Brassica juncea in Guizhou will provide theoretical guidance for breeding research. [Method] Through correlation and path analysis, the relationship between main agronomic characters and yield of 269 local B. juncea in Guizhou was studied. [Result] The number of effective pod per plant, the number of secondary effective branches, the number of pod per main inflorescence, plant height, the number of primary effective branches and the number of seeds per pod were significantly positively correlated with the yield, and the 1000-grain weight was significantly correlated with the yield. The direct path coefficient indicated the effect degree of different agronomic traits on the yield of B. juncea, which showed that whole plant effective pod number (x8) > 1000-grain weight (xlO) > plant height (xl) >secondary effective branch number (x5) > main inflorescence pod number (x7) > per pod number (x9) > branch angle (x6) > effective branch height (x2) > primary effective branch number (x4) > main inflorescence long (x3). [Conclusion] The number of effective pod per plant, secondary effective branches, pod per main inflorescence, the plant height, the number of primary effective branches and 1000-grain weight were the main factors affecting the yield. The secondary effective branch number had a great contribution to the whole plant pod number, and had a great positive effect through the whole plant pod number. Therefore, the selection of pod number and secondary effective branch number should be emphasized in high yield breeding of B. juncea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The single cross of maize sister lines can increase its seed production. Because of seed production is the result of multiple agronomic traits of the parents, it is important to reveal the relative importance of each trait to yield for the selection of suitable sister lines. [Method] The relationship among 15 main agronomic traits and yields of the maize inbred line ZOL-1 sister lines was analyzed by grey correlation analysis, correlation analysis and path analysis. [Result ] Grey correlation analysis showed that the order of the influence of 15 traits on yield was rows per ear > ear diameter > kernels per row > plant height > ear length > ear height > days from emergence to silk > three leaves area near ear > bare top length = leaves per plant> days from emergence to pollen > 100-kernel weight> shelling percentage > green leaves at harvest> days from emergence to tassel. Correlation analysis showed that the traits that were significantly positively correlated with yield were kernels per row, ear length, plant height, ear diameter, rows per ear, and three leaves area near ear, the traits showing a significant positive correlation were ear height and 100-kernel weight. Path analysis showed that the direct effect of each trait on yield was kernels per row > rows per ear > 100-kernel weight > plant height > ear diameter > three leaves area near ear > days from emergence to tassel > ear length > leaves per plant > days from emergence to pollen > shelling percentage > days from emergence to silk > bare top length > ear height > green leaves at harvest. [Conclusion] Plant height, ear diameter, ear row number, and kernels per row were the main factors affecting the yield of the sister lines of the maize inbred line ZOL-1, which could be used as reference indicators for the selection of maize sister lines and hybrid hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to analyze the main factors affecting the yield of Brassica napus L in different regions of Sichuan province, so as to provide theoretical basis for breeding B. napus L. varieties suitable for different rapeseed producing areas in Sichuan province. [Method] Variation analysis, correlation analysis and path analysis were used to analyze the relationship between the agronomic characters and the yield of B. napus L . [Result] In Xindu, Deyang and Dazhou regions, the most variation of agronomic trait was the first branch numbers. The value was the number of seeds per siliquain Chongzhou and Mianyang regions. It was the number of effective siliqua per plant in Nanchang, Yibin, Jianyang, and Leshan regions. The least variation of agronomic traits was the plant hight, in the Xindu, Chongzhou, Jianyang, Mianyang, and Deyang regions. It was 1000-seed weight, in the Nanchang, Yibin, Leshan, and Dazhou regions. The yield of Xindu region was significant or highly significant negative correlated with the first branch numbers and the number of effective siliqua per plant But, it was significant positive correlated with the plant hight and the number of seeds per siliqua. The yield of Nanchang region was significant or highly significant positive correlated with the plant hight, the first branch numbers, and the number of effective siliqua per plant. The yield of Yibin region was highly significant positive correlated with the plant hight. The yield of Jianyang region was significant or highly significant positive correlated with the number of effective siliqua per plant and the number of seeds per siliqua. But, it was highly significant negative correlated with the 1000-seed weight. The yield of Leshan region was significant positive correlated with the number of effective siliqua per plant. There was no significant correlation between yield and main agronomic traits in Mianyang, Deyang, and Dazhou region. In Xindu region, the greatest direct path coefficient and the greatest comprehensive effects were respectively the number of seeds per siliqua and the the number of effective siliqua per plant. Those were both the number of seeds per siliqua in Chongzhou region. In Nanchong and Jianyang regions, the greatest direct path coefficient and the greatest comprehensive effects were respectively the number of seeds per siliqua and the 1000-seed weight. Those values were respectively the number of effective siliqua per plant and the first branch numbers in both Mianyang and Dazhou regions. In Deyang region, the greatest direct path coefficient and the greatest comprehensive effects were both the number of effective siliqua per plant. [Conclusion] There were differences in the coefficient of variation of main agronomic traits of B. napus L in different producing areas of Sichuan province, and there were differences in correlation with yield. The effects of yield components on yield should be fully considered in breeding, as well as the comprehensive effects of other traits. The present study provides a scientific basis for breeding B. napus L varieties suitable for different regions of Sichuan province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] In order to select micro-endosperm maize with high oil content, understand the effects of quality and yield traits on oil content of micro-endosperm maize, correlation and path analysis of main quality and yield traits of micro endosperm oil maize were studied. [Method] Two micro-endosperm corn inbred lines with high oleic acid and high oil percentage and six micro-endosperm corn inbred lines with low and medium oleic acid and low and medium oil percentage were selected in this experiment, and 12 cross combinations of micro-endosperm corn were designed according to NC II, correlation and path analysis of main quality and yield traits were studied. [Result] The crude protein content of maize meal of 12 micro endosperm maize hybrid combinations were 27. 67% -33. 33%. The highest crude protein content was combination 11, and the lowest was combination 8. The oil percentage of micro endosperm maize hybrid combinations were 24. 54% - 28. 95 %. Combination 11 had the highest oil percentage, and combination 6 had the lowest oil percentage. The content of oleic acid varied from 42. 67% to 47. 80%, among which the highest was combination 8, and the lowest was combination 1. The content of linoleic acid ranged from 31.90% to 40.93%, among which the highest was combination 1, and the lowest was combination 8. The content of linolenic acid varied from 0. 64 % to 0.79%, among which the highest was combination 9, and the lowest was combination 8. Correlation analysis showed that the oil content per ear was extremely positively correlated with the kernel weight per ear and the 100 kernel weight (P < 0.01, the same as below). The kernel weight per ear was positively correlated with the 100 kernel weight There was no significantly positive correlation between the content of oleic acid and the content of crude protein and oil percentage (P > 0.05), but a significant negative correlation between the content of oleic acid and the content of linoleic acid. Path analysis results showed that the direct influence son of the five causal traits on the oil content per ear was kernel weight per ear > oil percentage > linoleic acid content > crude protein content > oleic acid content. The direct effects of kernel weight per ear, oil percentage, linoleic acid content and crude protein content were positive effects, and the direct effects of oleic acid content were minimal negative effects. [Conclusion] There was extremely positive correlation between the kernel weight per ear and the oil content per ear of the micro endosperm maize hybrid combinations, and the path coefficient of kernel weight per ear to the oil content per ear was also the maximum value, which indicated that increasing the kernel weight per ear was the best way to increase the oil content per ear of the micro endosperm maize hybrid combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Chemotherapy‐induced nausea is challenging to predict and treat. Research indicates that pretreatment psychological variables including patients' perceptions of their susceptibility to nausea, expectancies of treatment‐related nausea and nausea history (i.e., motion sickness, morning sickness and baseline levels of nausea) may aid in predicting nausea severity during chemotherapy. However, this research is dated and limited in quantity. We investigated whether psychological variables could improve prediction of nausea severity to inform interventions targeting chemotherapy‐induced nausea. Methods: In this secondary analysis, a subgroup of women receiving chemotherapy (for the first time) for breast cancer completed pretreatment measures: perceived nausea susceptibility, nausea expectancies, nausea history and baseline nausea. They rated subsequent nausea severity across 4‐days, during treatment and posttreatment in a self‐report diary. Structural Equation Modelling was used to explore associations. Results: Across the women (N = 481), perceived nausea susceptibility predicted subsequent nausea severity (β = 0.16), but nausea expectancies did not (β = 0.05). Nausea history variables demonstrated small‐moderate associations with perceived susceptibility (β = 0.21–0.32) and negligible‐small associations with nausea expectancies (β = 0.07–0.14). Conclusion: Perceived nausea susceptibility appears to capture patients' nausea history, to a degree, and is related to nausea severity during treatment. This is an important variable to include in pretreatment prediction of patients at risk of severe nausea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface roughness morphology seriously restricts workpiece interface contact performance, and therefore it is necessary to remove the fog of relationships between morphology parameters and contact stress (CS). To study the issue, use correlation analysis and BP network to set up correlation mapping model, thereafter introduce global sensitivity analysis Morris (qualitative) and Sobol (quantitative) to get "main influence parameters (MIP)". Afterwards, construct a optimal nonlinear regression model between MIP and CS in line with complete polynomial and the idea of permutation and combination. Finally, analyze MIP influence path on CS from statistical path analysis. The paper main contributions are as follows: 1. From the perspective of theoretical analysis, a reasonable method to select parameters about CS performance characterization is proposed to avoid the empirical selection errors; 2. Correlation relationships bridge is built between MIP and CS, with quantitative influence way of parameters on contact stress studied and clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies show that experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy is related to poor maternal–infant bonding. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. This article aims to examine whether maternal postpartum depressive (PPD) symptoms mediate the association between pregnancy IPV and maternal–infant bonding, and whether the relationship differs by maternal–infant bonding subscales—lack of affection, anger/rejection. A survey was conducted among women who participated in a postpartum health check-up program in Aichi prefecture, Japan (N = 6,590) in 2012. We examined whether experiences of emotional and physical IPV were related to maternal–infant bonding and whether PPD symptoms mediated this relationship. Path analysis showed that emotional and physical IPV were associated with PPD symptoms, and PPD symptoms predicted poor bonding. The total effect of emotional IPV on poor bonding was significant, showing a marginally significant direct effect and statistically significant indirect effect. The total effect of physical IPV on poor bonding was not statistically significant. Emotional IPV was significantly associated with both lack of affection and anger/rejection bonding subscales, which were similarly mediated by PPD symptoms. Findings revealed a modest indirect association between IPV, emotional IPV in particular, and poor maternal–infant bonding, which was mediated by PPD symptoms. While prevention of IPV is the ultimate goal, the treatment of PPD symptoms among women who experience IPV during pregnancy may improve maternal–infant bonding and mitigate cross-generational effects of IPV. Identifying opportunities for detection of IPV and PPD symptoms, as well as prevention and early intervention, may improve maternal–infant bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To explore the role of health beliefs in affecting patients' chronic diabetic complication (CDC) screening. Background: Patients' adherence to the guideline‐recommended CDC screening was far from optimal. While many demographic and clinical characteristics were documented to influence patients' adherence, psychological profiles, such as health beliefs, were not well studied before. It is crucial to understand how health beliefs affect patients' CDC screening behaviour and thus to provide implications for future intervention programmes. Design: A cross‐sectional study was conducted. Methods: 785 type 2 diabetes were enrolled from the community health centre in Wuhou District, Chengdu, China. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data regarding the demographic and clinical information, knowledge about CDC, health belief model constructs and CDC screening behaviour. Mediation analysis was performed to explore the mechanisms of health belief model constructs on CDC screening behaviour. The study methods were compliant with the STROBE checklist. Results: Knowledge had a significant indirect effect on CDC screening behaviour through perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barriers and self‐efficiency. Cues to action exerted both significant direct and indirect effects on CDC screening behaviour. The indirect effects of cues to action were exerted through perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers and self‐efficiency. Conclusion: Health beliefs played vital roles in mediating the effects of knowledge and cues to action on patients' CDC screening behaviour. Health beliefs should be assessed and modified through creative educational methods. Strategies aimed at increasing cues to action are also expected to facilitate patients' CDC screening behaviour. Relevance to clinical practices: The study contributes to the exploration of how health beliefs affect patients' CDC screening behaviour. The results could be used to inspire future community‐based intervention programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted for evaluating EMS induced mutants for sodicity tolerance in rice. A set of 402 Nagina 22 rice mutants along with three sodicity tolerant check varieties namely TRY2, TRY3 and TRY4 were screened at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Trichy under sodic soil condition and also screened under hydroponics condition at the seedling stage. A total of 13 biometrical traits and salt injury scores were recorded and subjected to association analysis and path analysis. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant and positive correlation observed for flag leaf length, flag leaf breadth, the number of total tillers per plant, the number of productive tillers for the plant, tillering efficiency percentage, panicle length, panicle weight, panicle harvest index and hundred seed weight and also showed significant and negative correlation for salt injury index and vegetative vigour. Both the scores at the field (vegetative vigour) and salt injury score showed a negative correlation with single plant yield. Path analysis revealed a high positive direct effect on the number of productive tillers per plant, panicle weight, hundred seed weight and panicle length and the remaining traits showed negligible effects on single plant yield. As a result, enhancing the correlating trait as well as reducing the effect of negative correlating trait leads to the development of better tolerant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifteen cluster bean genotypes including the parent MDU 1 and fourteen determinate M5 generation cluster bean mutants were evaluated to determine the correlation and path analysis among yield and yield attributing characters. The genotypic correlation coefficient was observed to be higher in magnitude than the phenotypic correlation coefficient for most of the characters studied. The correlation analysis indicated the positive association of pod yield per plant with plant height, number of clusters per plant, total number of pods per plant, pod length, pod girth, pod weight, days to last harvest and number of seeds per plant. The path coefficient analysis indicated that the number of clusters per plant exhibited a very high positive direct effect on pod yield per plant at the genotypic level. ACMC-020-10 was identified as the best determinate mutant of MDU 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Executive functions (EF) have been so far investigated as potential endophenotypes for binge eating disorder (BED). However, major critical limitations in previous research, such as the influence of obesity and comorbid depression, prevented any consensus to be reached. The present study investigated the association between depressive symptoms, a broad range of EF and binge eating severity in individuals with obesity and with/without BED, and whether this association may be explained by a mediation or independency model. Method: One hundred and seven participants completed clinical and psychometric examination. Associations between EF, depressive symptoms and binge eating severity were assessed through bivariate correlation analysis, and the magnitude, as well as the direction of associations between variables, was estimated with structural equation model. Results: Two reliable models were tested; results showed that depressive symptoms exhibited significant direct and indirect effects on the severity of binge eating; conversely, EF did not show either significant direct or indirect effect on binge eating severity. Conclusion: Depression contributes more than EF to psychopathology of BED. Thus, clinicians should routinely assess and, eventually, tailor depressive symptoms in treatment to improve the outcomes of patients with BED. Highlights: Depressive symptoms and executive disabilities interplay affects binge eating severity.Within the model, depression severity accounts for binge eating severity to a larger extent than executive disabilities.An integrated approach targeting either depressive symptoms or executive function disabilities may improve outcomes in individuals with binge eating disorder, above all in those suffering from more severe eating and general psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to carry out correlation and path analysis in Dolichos Bean (Lablab Purpureus L.) Genotypes . The field experiment was carried out using twenty-six genotypes of field bean in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Biometrical observations were recorded on days to fifty percent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches/plant, number of pod/plant, grain yield (g) and green pod yield (g). Among the various polygenic characters, yield is a complex character and it depends on several yield attributing characters. Hence, the knowledge of association between yield and its component traits is needed, which forms the basis for selection. Partitioning of total correlation into direct and indirect effects by path coefficient analysis helps gain information on the relative status of the plant characters, making the selection more effective. At both phenotypic and genotypic levels, green pod yield recorded moderately significant and positive correlation with plant height and number of branches/plant and the traits viz., number of pod/plant and grain yield (g) exhibited an extremely significant and positive correlation with green pod yield. Days to maturity showed the first maximum positive direct effect (3.986) on green pod yield, followed by number of pod/plant (2.241) and number of branches/plant (0.143). Whereas the other characters viz., days to fifty percent flowering, plant height and grain yield recorded direct negative effect on green pod yield. The results indicated that the characters viz., days to maturity, number of branches/plant, number of pod/plant and green pod yield were the most desirable yield contributing characters. Their contribution to grain yield and green pod yield is in positive direction via direct effect. Hence, selection based on these characters would be rewarding for improving grain yield and green pod yield in Dolichos bean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the relationship between morphological traits and body mass trait of Lutraria sieboldii. [Methods] 110 were randomly selected from 120 2n,i-instar L. sieboldii collected from the Tieshangang area of Beihai, Guangxi, and 132 were randomly selected from 150 shellfish at the instar of 0.6. Their morphological traits were measured: shell length (SL), shell height (SH), shell width (SW), anterior length (AL), posterior length (PL), nose length (NL) in closed shell state, and maximum open shell width (OS) between two shells in closed shell state, and the body mass trait BM was also measured. Statistical methods such as path analysis and multiple regression were used for data analysis, and the effects of these seven morphological traits on the body mass trait were studied, respectively. The correlation between the tested seven quantitative traits and one body mass trait was all positive, all reaching an extremely significant level (P <0.01). [Results] The body mass trait of the shellfish at the instar of 2 had the highest correlation coefficient with shell length (0. 922), that is, shell length had the greatest direct impact on the body mass trait; the path coefficient was 0.700; and the final multiple regression equation established was BM - -124.882 + 1.189SL + 1.551 SH+1.035SW + 0.119NL, and the total determination coefficient (ß2) on body mass was 0.849. The body mass trait of the shellfish at the instar of 0. 6 had the highest correlation coefficient with shell length (0. 859), that is, shell length had the greatest direct impact on the body mass trait; the path coefficient was 0.494; and the final multiple regression equation established was BM = -1.917 + 0.111SL +0.021 NL +0.078SW + 0.0320S, and the total determination coefficient (ß2) on body mass was 0. 828. The multivariate regression variance analysis showed that the regression between the morphological traits and body mass trait of the L. sieboldii at the instars of 2 and 0. 6 reached an extremely significant level (P <0. 01). [Conclusions] This study provides a scientific basis for the selection of broodstock in the selection and breeding of L. sieboldii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to evaluate the genetic variability parameters, correlation and path coefficient analysis for eight yield related traits in segregating F2 population of an aerobic restorer AR 9-18 × YPK 198 (Donor for yield enhancing genes Gn1a and OsSPL14) at ICAR-IIRR, Hyderabad during the kharif, 2019. The results indicated that, productive tiller number, grain number per panicle and plant yield showed high PCV and GCV. Height of plant, productive tiller number, grain number per panicle and plant yield exhibited a high heritability and also high genetic advance as per cent of mean which indicates simple selection would be effective for enhancement of these traits. Correlation studies indicated that plant yield was associated significantly positive with height of plant, productive tiller number, length of panicle and grain number per panicle. High positive direct effect on plant yield was recorded by productive tiller number, grain number per panicle and height of plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixty advanced lines of wheat were procured from Wheat Improvement Project, JNKVV, Jabalpur. All these lines were evaluated at Seed Breeding Farm, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Jabalpur. The experiment was conducted during Rabi 2016-17 in randomized complete block design with three replications. Correlation and path analysis was performed for 19 traits of wheat. Grain yield/plant showed a significant positive correlation with the biological yield/plant, plant height, hectolitre weight, harvest index and thousand-grain weight. In path analysis, grain yield/plant exhibited the highest positive direct effect via biological yield/plant followed by harvest index, whereas wet gluten per cent exhibited a low positive direct effect. However, a negligible negative direct effect was obtained by the number of spikelets/spike and plant height. Correlation and path coefficient analysis indicated that the biological yield/plant, harvest index and thousand-grain weight are more important traits for wheat improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was undertaken to estimate the genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient in seven er2 (powdery mildew resistant gene) introgressed lines along with four standard checks in garden pea for different horticultural traits. The analysis of variance showed large variability among all the genotypes studied. The magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation for all the traits. High heritability estimates coupled with high genetic gain were recorded for number of seeds per pod, number of primary branches per plant and pod yield per plant indicating that these traits are governed by additive genes and selection in early generation may be effective. Number of seeds per pod had significant and strong positive association with pod yield per plant both at genotypic and phenotypic levels and number of primary branches per plant at genotypic levels indicating that selection can be made on the basis of these characters for improving yield. Results of path analysis revealed that days to 50 per cent flowering, number of pods per plant and shelling percentage had maximum positive direct effect on pod yield per plant. Hence, these characters can be considered as the most important traits for selecting high yielding genotypes in pea improvement programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment on correlation and path analysis involving thirty F1 and six parents of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) was carried during rabi, 2018 at Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The genotypic correlation coefficient was higher in magnitude than the corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficient for most of the characters. The fruit yield per plant had exhibited a highly significant and positive correlation with fruit length (0.837) and the number of fruits per plant (0.716). The genetic improvement of fruit yield thus can be obtained by selection for these yield components. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the characters viz., the number of fruits per plant (0.962), days to first harvest (0.922) and fruit girth (0.616) had a high positive direct effect on fruit yield per plant. Thus, the fruit yield per plant can be improved by making the selection of these traits in the yield improvement programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out at the ICAR-AICRP Palms centre, Coconut Research Station, TNAU, Aliyarnagar, Tamil Nadu during 2012 to 2020 with five location specific coconut hybrids along with two tall varieties as local adopted checks viz., West Coast Tall (WCT) and Kalpatharu. Correlation and path analysis was performed to assess the association among nut yield and copra yield with important yield contributing traits in Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Correlation and path analysis revealed that copra yield per palm was positively and significantly associated with the fruit component traits viz., nut yield per palm per year, de-husked nut weight, whole nut weight, copra weight, fruit breadth and fruit length. A positive correlation was found among fruit component traits viz,, fruit length, fruit breadth, whole nut weight, de-husked nut weight and copra weight. Path coefficient analysis showed that nut yield, de-husked nut weight, and copra weight recorded the highest positive direct effect on copra yield per palm. The results of the present study suggest that selection for high copra yield based on the total number of nuts per palm per year, copra weight per nut and de-husked nut weight in coconut would be rewarding for developing high yielding genotypes in coconut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five different rapeseed genotypes were tested. The following traits were considered: seed yield, seed germination, seed oil content, 1000 seed weight and seed protein content and they were used to determine whether there is significant or nonsignificant correlation. Highest average results were determined in genotype G-3 (yield 2.544 kg; germination 90%; 1000 seed weight 4,30 g; oil content 45,31% and protein content 19,83%) while G-5 (1.838 kg; 87%; 3,50 g; 44,77% and 17,28%) had the lowest average result of observed parameters. Highly significant positive correlations were found while comparing seed yield with 1000 seed weight (0.753**) and protein content (0.726**). High significant positive correlation were also determined comparing seed germination with 1000 seed weight (0.832**) and protein content (0.892**). Also high significant correlation was determined comparing 1000 seed weight and protein content (0.812**). Positive significant correlations were found by comparing seed yield and seed germination (0.644*). Path analysis indicated highest significant positive direct effect of 1000 seed weight (0.716**) and protein content (0.666**) on seed yield. High but negative significant value had seed germination (-0.645**). In the study of indirect effects on seed yield, none of significant effects were determined. The study of direct effects on oil content showed that the seed germination had high significant positive effect (-1.296**) on oil content. Significant but hot high effect has seed yield (0.556*). In other two traits it was determined negative high significant effects (1000 seed weight - 0.797** and protein content - 0.717**) on seed oil content. The existence of indirect significant effects on oil content in four cases was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]