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Physicochemistry was measured weekly from 2014-2017 at sites PD1, PD2, and PD3 in Lake Paldang, Korea. The effects of temperature and nutrients on the growth of the freshwater diatoms Stephanodiscus and Synedra were determined. PD2 had higher water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity than PD3. Total phosphorus and nitrogen at PD2 were the highest (0.038 mg/L and 2.181 mg/L, respectively). However, PD3 had more silicon (1.396 mg/L) than PD2 (1.027 mg/L). Stephanodiscus and Synedra bloomed mainly between March and May. At all three sites, Stephanodiscus was detected at 1.2-22.7°C and its density was the highest at 6.7°C. Synedra was detected at 1.2-32.8°C and its density was the highest at 13-15°C. Stephanodiscus and Synedra proliferated when TP was = 0.020 mg/L and = 0.020 mg/L, respectively, and Si was = 0.4 mg/L and = 0.4 mg/L, respectively. Therefore, temperature, phosphorus and silicon significantly influenced diatom growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present first observations of OH and (HO2 + RO2) carried out in Antarctica outside the summer season. Measurements were made over 23 days in spring at the coastal Antarctic station Halley. Increases in concentrations were evident during the measurement period due to rapidly increasing solar irradiance, and clear diurnal cycles were present throughout. There were also notable differences in air mass composition depending on wind direction. Air masses that had traversed the sea ice zone had both higher concentrations of OH and a larger OH:(HO2 + RO2) ratio. We use steady state kinetic arguments and a 0‐D box model to probe the chemical drivers. We find that differences in bromine chemistry, previously measured at Halley, are sufficient to account for the observed differences in OH concentration as well as the ratio. There is some evidence also that chlorine chemistry is influencing concentrations of RO2. Plain Language Summary: The chemistry that goes on in the air is very sensitive to the presence of reactive trace gases, known as OH and the sum of HO2 + RO2. We have made the first measurements of these gases during the Antarctic spring, at the British Antarctic Survey station, Halley, in coastal Antarctica. We show that their concentrations vary regularly over the course of a day but generally increase over the 23 days of measurements as the Sun rises after the Antarctic winter. We also show that the concentrations of OH varied considerably from one day to the next, depending on the prevailing wind direction. At Halley, the wind tends to arrive at the station either after it has traveled over the continental snowpack (to the east of the station) or from over the sea ice zone (to the west/southwest of the station). When air has traveled over the sea ice zone, we know that it carries higher concentrations of halogen gases. We show that the higher concentrations of OH in air that has traversed the sea ice zone can be accounted for by the presence of bromine chemistry. Key Points: First measurements of OH and HO2 + RO2 made in Antarctica outside of summer show dependence (concentration and ratio) on sea ice contactUsing a 0‐D model, we are able to reproduce OH concentrations and HOx partitioning by including bromine chemistryThis influence of sea ice‐derived halogens is another factor to be accounted for when considering impacts of changing polar sea ice [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]