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Transgender individuals identify as a gender different than their sex designated at birth. Transgender athletes, as the name implies, are transgender individuals who participate in sports/athletics. By reviewing the literature relevant to transgender athletes and adding commentary on important considerations, this article acts as a primer for the sports medicine clinician on the care of transgender athletes. We cover terminology, epidemiology, policy, and relevant medical considerations. Literature relevant for medical care specific to transgender athletes is still relatively sparse. We highlight many recommended areas of future research with the potential to make valuable contributions to evidence-based sports medicine practice for this population.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) anxiety and depressive symptom domains in conjunction with the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS)for identifying pediatric patients with emotional symptoms following a concussion, and to identify predictors of higher emotional symptom loads. We recruited English-speaking patients aged 8–17 years presenting to a tertiary-care concussion clinic from 2014 to 2018 (n = 458). Demographics and clinical data including PCSS, injury date, previous history of anxiety/depression, and Vestibular/Ocular-Motor Screen (VOMS) were collected from patients' electronic medical records. Participants completed surveys in the PROMISTM Pediatric Item Bank v1.1-Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms domains at their initial clinic visit. Multivariable linear regression identified predictors of higher emotional symptom loads. Overall, 425 (92.8%) reported ≥1 emotional symptom on either PROMIS or PCSS. Predictors of higher emotional symptom loads were abnormal VOMS, female sex, history of anxiety or depression, and longer time since injury. Our results suggest that adding PROMIS anxiety and depressive symptom surveys to pediatric concussion evaluations may identify more children with emotional symptoms, allowing clinicians to better direct post-concussion treatment and incorporate psychological support for patients if necessary. Future studies should examine whether earlier identification of emotional symptoms with these tools facilitates recovery and improves short- and/or long-term psychological outcomes in pediatric concussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Sports-related concussions disproportionately affect young athletes. The primary objective of our study was to determine Illinois pediatricians’ level of familiarity with state concussion legislation and with published consensus guidelines for sports concussion diagnosis and treatment. We also sought to determine pediatricians’ knowledge regarding concussion management and comfort treating sports concussion patients. Methods. This was a cross-sectional survey of pediatrician members of the Illinois Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Results. Few general pediatricians (26.6%, n = 42) were “very familiar” or “somewhat familiar” with the recently passed Illinois state concussion legislation. Only 14.6% (n = 23) of general pediatrician respondents use concussion consensus guidelines in their practice. Pediatricians were generally very knowledgeable about concussions; only 5 out of 19 knowledge-based items were answered incorrectly by more than 25% of the study participants. Conclusions. General pediatricians are knowledgeable about concussions but most are not well aware of state concussion legislation and concussion consensus guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Child and adolescent participation in organized and recreational sports has steadily increased over the past few decades. With this increase in participation, there has been a concomitant increase in sportsrelated injuries, especially overuse injuries related to repetitive movements. Pediatric patients are uniquely susceptible to overuse injuries that affect areas of bone growth. For example, medial epicondyle apophysitis (Little League elbow), osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum, proximal humeral epiphysitis (Little League shoulder), and radial epiphysitis (gymnast's wrist) are upper extremity overuse injuries that occur in skeletally immature athletes. Other upper extremity overuse injuries include multidirectional instability of the shoulder, rotator cuff tendinopathy, trapezius muscle strain, and stress fractures. Most of these injuries can be diagnosed clinically and managed with rest and supportive care including activity modification and rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]