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Background and objectives: Obesity is a well-known cause of cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. Normal-weight obesity, where the body mass index(BMI) is within the normal range but the body fat percentage is high, also adversely impacts cardiovascular and metabolic health. This study explored the effects of whole-body circuit training using a weighted vest on serum resistin, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in normal-weight obese women. Methods: Thirty-six normal-weight obese women were divided into three groups: Weighted Vest Circuit Training(WVCT)(n = 12), Body Weight Circuit Training(BWCT)(n = 12), and a Control group(CON)(n = 12). Participants in the WVCT and BWCT groups engaged in whole-body circuit training three times per week for eight weeks. Serum resistin, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and insulin resistance were measured before and after the intervention. Results: The study revealed significant and impactful findings. There were substantial improvements in body composition(Skeletal Muscle Mass: +7.5 %, p = 0.042, d = 0.80), Serum Resistin(-38.2 %, p = 0.001, d = 0.85), insulin resistance(HOMA-IR: 27.1 %, p

Background and Study Aim. Reactive agility and aerobic endurance are crucial physical components for athletes' success in both competitions and training. However, traditional training programs often fail to simultaneously address both components effectively. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a training type using the circuit method to improve reactive agility and aerobic endurance. Material and Methods. This research is an experimental study employing a pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design. The participants were fourteen junior male athletes aged 15 to 17 years. The training program was conducted three times a week for six weeks and included eight different exercises. The instruments used were table tennis reactive agility measuring devices and the beep test for assessing aerobic endurance. Data were analyzed using the paired sample T-test. Results. The results of the data normality test showed a significance value (Sig.) greater than 0.05, indicating that the data were normally distributed and suitable for further analysis. Subsequent testing for the effectiveness of the exercise regimen using the paired sample T-test revealed significant improvements: reactive agility and aerobic endurance both achieved a p-value of 0.000. Conclusions. The findings indicate that circuit training, involving eight types of exercises, significantly improved the athletes' reactive agility and aerobic capacity. Specifically, there was a notable average increase in both reactive agility and aerobic capacity following the training regimen. These results underscore the potential benefits of employing the circuit training method with eight diverse exercises to enhance performance in table tennis athletes.

Background Problems: Wrestling is a compulsory course that can improve physical strength, discipline, and strategic skills and student learning outcomes. However, the learning outcomes are still not optimal due to inconsistent training, limited technique understanding, and a lack of independent training opportunities. Research Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of motor education level and circuit training on proficiency in learning wrestling martial arts techniques. Methods: This study used an experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group where there are two groups, the high motor ability group and the low motor ability group. The population consists of 40 students, and a sample of 20 students was selected using purposive sampling techniques based on certain criteria. Motor ability in this study is defined as an individual's ability to learn and develop motor skills, which is used to measure how quickly and efficiently a person can learn new motor movements. Data collection was done by measuring the level of motor ability and evaluating the techniques of wrestling after a period of practice. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 23 statistical software to evaluate the learning outcomes of the basic techniques of wrestling. Findings/Results: The results of the data analysis showed that overall, there were no significant differences between the two groups. However, when looking closely at the level of motor skills, there are differences in the post-test scores between students with high and low motor skills. Conclusion: The conclusions of the study showed that although there were no significant differences between the two groups, the high motor skills group showed more consistent improvements. Future research could focus on the development of physical and mental skills such as endurance, strength, and discipline, which are important in improving wrestlers’ performance.

Study purpose. This study examines the effect of a 16-week interval progressive circuit training program on the skill and health-related fitness of overweight university students. Materials and methods. A total of 72 university students underwent health and skill-related fitness tests before and after a 16-week progressive circuit training program. Paired sample t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to determine differences between pre- and post-tests. Results. Significant decrease in BMI, cardiovascular endurance, agility, speed and reaction time was observed after a 16 week progressive circuit training program (p ≤ 0.05). In contrast, strength, flexibility, coordination and power increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05). The 16-week interval progressive circuit training programme has a positive effect on the physical fitness among the study participants. Conclusions. The findings encourage further research into optimized training protocols, long-term sustainability of improvements, and tailored applications for specific population groups, ultimately advancing our understanding of the multifaceted benefits of interval progressive circuit training.

This study aimed to develop a circuit training model using audio-visual video media in futsal. The researcher used the R&D method. The subject possessed the characteristics of being male, aged between 20 and 30 years, with a Body Mass Index between 18 and 34, and was a futsal athlete. Before the study began, the researcher explained the research procedure, and the subjects filled out informed consent forms. This technique was used to analyze the data obtained from distributing questionnaires. Questionnaires were given to futsal experts, media experts, and coaching experts. The reliability test was carried out by 12 subjects from the small group test and 24 subjects from the large group test. The results of this development are in the form of videos; in these videos, there are 4 training models consisting of 4 posts each. The 4 posts are arranged in 1 round, with each post consisting of 3 athletes. In this training model, the athletes exercise at each post for 20 seconds; after completing one exercise model, they move to the next post. Exercises are done for 3 sets, with 1-minute recovery between sets. Based on the expert validity test, the evaluation results of futsal experts averaged 85.5%, media experts averaged 82.0%, and coaching experts averaged 83.3%. Furthermore, the results of the reliability test for the small group obtained a percentage of 88%, and for the large group, it was 87.87%. The development of a circuit training model in futsal games can help athletes become more enthusiastic and can also enable them to do additional exercises outside the schedule by using this video product as a training guide, providing athletes with many variations in their exercises.

Background: The field of training, particularly soccer, has been driven to integrate technology into the training process due to growing demands in the digital era. Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a circuit training product for grassroots soccer players. This product was presented in the form of interactive media using an articulate storyline. Methods: The research method employed in this study is an adaptation of the research and development method model initially introduced by Lee & Owens in 2004. It comprises the stages of needs analysis and initial to final analysis, design planning, product development, implementation of development results, and evaluation of the achievement of development goals. Results: Moreover, it could be concluded that this articulate storyline-based circuit training product met very excellent criteria and is appropriate for usage by athletes in the training process after it underwent validation by a coaching expert, a soccer expert, small group trials, and field testing. Conclusion: It was intended that this development would serve as a guide for soccer coaches in mentoring athletes, particularly those at grassroot age.

Background and Study Aim. Basketball involves skills that must be applied dynamically, explosively and repeatedly. Players must be able to speed up and slow down with control, especially when dribbling, shooting or bouncing the ball. The purpose of the study was to test a circuit training-based physical condition training model to increase speed, agility, arm power, and leg muscle power for basketball athletes. Materials and Methods. This type of research is an experiment with two groups, namely the experimental group (n = 28) and the control group (n = 28). The samples were male athletes aged 15-18 years. Subjects had participated in competitions and all players were healthy with no history of illness or injury reported in the previous 3 months. The instruments were 20-meter running test speed, agility (Illinois Test with Dribbling the Ball), arm power (MEDBALL), and leg power (Counter Movement Jump Test). The data analysis technique was a t-test. Results. The results of the study can be concluded that the circuit training-based physical condition training model consisting of 6 posts, is effective for increasing speed (0.017 < 0.05), agility (0.000 < 0.05), arm power (0.000 < 0.05), and leg muscle power (0.036 < 0.05) of basketball athletes. We recommend that basketball coaches consider incorporating a circuit training-based physical condition training model in training, as a simple and practical model to improve athletes' physical condition. Conclusions. We recommend that basketball coaches consider including a circuit training-based physical condition training model in training, as a simple and practical model for improving athletes' physical condition. For researchers who intend to continue or replicate this study, it is recommended to conduct tighter control in the entire series of experiments.

This study aimed to determine: (1) the effect of circuit and interval training methods on agility and VO₂max; (2) the difference in the effect of high leg muscle endurance and low leg muscle endurance on agility and VO₂max; (3) the interaction between circuit training, interval training and leg muscle endurance (high and low) on agility and VO₂max. Materials and methods. This research is an experiment with a 2x2 factorial design. In this study, the number of samples used was 20 players selected by purposive sampling. Agility was measured with the Illinois agility test instrument, VO₂max was measured with a multistage fitness test, and leg muscle endurance was measured with a wall sit test. Data analysis used a two-way ANOVA test with a significance level of α < 0.05. Results. The results of this study are as follows: (1) there is no difference in the effect of the circuit and interval training methods on the agility of football players, there are significant differences between the circuit and interval training methods in their effect on the VO₂max of football players; (2) there is a difference between high and low leg muscle endurance for agility and VO₂max, α < 0.05; (3) there is an interaction between the circuit, interval training, and leg muscle endurance (high and low) on agility, α < 0.05. Conclusions. There is an interaction between circuit training, interval training, and leg muscle endurance (high and low) on the agility of Porprov soccer players in Pati Regency. Meanwhile, there was no interaction between circuit training, interval training, and leg muscle endurance (high and low) on the VO₂max of Porprov football players in Pati Regency.

This study aims to find out information about the effect of circuit training on physical condition. This research is a pre-experimental study conducted using a one group pre test-post test design. Experimental research is a way to look for a causal relationship (causal relationship) between two factors that are intentionally caused by researchers by reducing other disturbing factors. The number of samples is 17 people obtained from the total sampling technique. The study was conducted for 6 weeks, with 3 meetings each week. The instrument used to measure physical condition was the VO2Max test (Bleep test). The results of data analysis using the t test showed a significant increase in the ability of physical conditions due to the influence of circuit training exercises with (t-count 18.59 > t-table 1.74). Based on the data analysis, it is known that t-count> t-table, it can be concluded that circuit training exercises affect the ability of physical conditions.

Background and Study Aim. Balance is very decisive in producing good and correct basic archery techniques, resulting in good archery accuracy. This study aims to determine the effect of circuit training bosu ball on improving balance and accuracy in archery athletes. Material and Methods. This study was an experimental research design that involved 12 archery athletes at Bibis Archery Club Bantul Regency, aged between 14-17 years. The training program consisted of 18 circuit training sessions using a bosu ball. The archery accuracy test was used to assess the athletes' accuracy in sticking arrows to a target located 30 meters away. The balance test was conducted using the Stork Stand Test, which involved standing on one leg, on the dominant leg, for as long as possible. The statistical analysis used was a t-test, specifically paired sample test. Results. The pretest balance and archery accuracy scores of the 12 archery athletes at Bibis Archery Club Bantul Regency were recorded. The pretest balance score averaged 44.12 seconds, and the pretest archery accuracy score was 216.50. After 18 circuit training sessions with bosu ball, the posttest balance score increased to an average of 51.44 seconds, and the posttest archery accuracy score increased to an average of 282.83. Statistical analysis revealed that the improvement in balance and archery accuracy was significant, with a p-value of 0.000

Speed is needed in the sport of 100 meter short distance running. The goal of this study is to determine how the circuit training technique affects the 100-meter short-distance running outcomes of male students who participate in sports extracurricular activities at MAN 1 Ogan Ilir. This study employed a quantitative experimental methodology and a pretest-posttest group design. Thirty students from MAN 1 Ogan Ilir who were active in extracurricular and sports activities took part in the study. The tool is a 100-meter running test for short distances. A circuit training approach was adopted as the therapy in this study. following a six-week training period. This is shown by the fact that the paired sample t-test and SPSS version 26 findingsof the hypothesis testing produced a significance value of 0.00 with a value () of 0.05. As a consequence, the results are significant at 0.00 and 0.05, leading to the decision that Ho is dropped and Ha is accepted. Hence, it is reasonable to assume that high-intensity training has an impact on the results of the 100-meter sprint for male understudies participating in sports extracurricular activities at MAN 1 Ogan Ilir.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan rancangan latihan lompat jangkit untuk memperoleh data empiris tentang efektivitas model latihan lompat jangkit berbasis circuit training untuk atlet pemula. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian dan pengembangan (Research and Development) dari Borg and Gall yang terdiri dari sepuluh langkah. Subjek penelitian ini adalah atlet atletik putra-putri SMP di Kabupaten Klungkung khusus nomor lompat jangkit. Penelitian ini menghasilkan 10 model final yang telah melalui evaluasi ahli, uji coba, dan revisi. Dalam menguji efektivitas model latihan menggunakan “uji-t”. Data penelitian ini berupa hasil pretest dan posttest kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol. Model latihan lompat jangkit berbasis circuit training dengan taraf signifikansi 0,05. Hasil rata-rata pretest mean = 59,05 lebih kecil daripada rata-rata posttest mean = 73,40 dalam hitungan tersebut terjadi peningkatan sebanyak 14,36. Hasil uji efektivitas model latihan lompat jangkit berbasis circuit training antara pretest dengan posttest diperoleh hasil t0 = 11,145 lebih besar dari tt = 0,000, maka hipotesis ditolak. Kesimpulan penelitiannya bahwa model latihan lompat jangkit berbasis circuit training untuk atlet pemula efektif digunakan untuk meningkatkan hasil lompatan lompat jangkit altet pemula.

Competitive gymnasts in the Women’s Junior Olympic (JO) program are highly conditioned, typically training 8-20 hours per week. Training often consists of high-repetition body-weight activities with little variability. This method of training lacks progressive resistance exercise (PRE) training, a cornerstone for muscular adaptation. To investigate the benefits of 10 weeks of PRE training, 1 day/week, on muscular strength and power in women’s JO child and adolescent gymnasts. 50 females aged 7-17 years (mean 10.2±2.7 years), competing on JO levels 3-10 participated. Gymnasts in JO Levels 3 and 4 were divided into either the Control Group or the PRE group. The Control Group continued the standard non-PRE conditioning. The PRE Group underwent the prescribed PRE training. Level 5-10 gymnasts also underwent PRE training and were separately analyzed in a quasi-experimental repeated measures design. 15 exercises were completed. Tests for lower- and upper-body power included vertical leap and a modified Wingate arm-ergometer anaerobic test (Arm-WAnT). Compared to the Control Group, the PRE Group had a greater improvement in vertical power (p=0.003), and Arm-WAnT peak power and mean power (p=0.044 and 0.023), but no difference in Arm-WAnT fatigue index. Gymnasts in Levels 5 to 10 similarly improved vertical power (2224±756W to 2473±688W, p

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of a stable device with an instability device using circuit training method on balance, flexibility, abdominal muscle strength. This research used quasi-experimental design by giving exercises aided instability devices using a gym ball with a circuit training method in six training posts. Trainer used the gym ball instability devices programmed: 1) bridge on stability ball, 2) single leg on stability ball, 3) hip lift on stability ball, 4) single-leg hip lift on stability ball, 5) stability ball leg rotations stability ball leg rotations 6) prone scaption (Y) on stability ball. Total population is 90 male students, age ± 19 years, height ± 164.40 cm, and body weight ± 55.33kg. From the test of each group (paired sample), it was found that there was a significant difference between pretest and posttest on the variable group of stable devices with instability devices (p-value> 0.05), while the control group did not have any difference (p-value

The characteristic of badminton game is a sport with high intensity and intermitten actions. It takes the ability of a high level of physical condition, especially the level of VO2max to reach peak performance. There are many kinds of training method to increase VO2max, one of them is continuous circuit training and competitive circuit training. The purpose of this study is to discover the effect of continuous circuit training and competitive circuit training and to determine a more effective method to increase VO2max. This study is pre-experimental study with pre-test and post-test group design. The sample consisted of 60 badminton athletes in range of 9 – 12 years old and all of them were male. The instrument used to measure VO2max level was Multistage Fitness Test (MFT). VO2max data before and after treatement were analyzed with descriptive statistic and t-test on 5% significancy standard. Based on the data analysis, the following results were obtained: (1) There was a significant effect on the level of VO2max in the continuous circuit training group with sig 0.000 values; (2) There was a significant effect on the level of VO2max in the competitive circuit training group with values sig 0.000; and (3) There was no significant difference between the continuous circuit training group and the competitive circuit training group. So it can be concluded that continuous and competitive circuit training can increase the VO2max of young badminton players.

Abstract Aim: The study aimed to quantify and characterize the Training Load (TL) in a Functional Training (FT) model using Heart Rate (HR) and Session Rating of Perceived Exertion (sRPE) methods, and to verify whether these methods could be valid to monitor the TL during a FT program. Methods: The study design consisted of two phases: phase 1 - composed of a single training session of FT (FTSESSION), in which HR, sRPE, and pre- and post-exercise lactate [La] levels were assessed; phase 2 - composed of a FT program (FTPROGRAM) with eight weeks of duration and two sessions per week. The HR and SRPE were utilized to monitor all training sessions, and the results between sessions 1 vs. 8, 8 vs. 9, and 9 vs. 16 were compared. Results: On phase 1, HR distribution demonstrated that the participants spent about 75% of the total training time above 80% HRmax. Post-exercise [La] values were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than pre-exercise. The mean sRPE score was 8.5 ± 1.2. In phase 2, HR distribution was different between sessions 1-8 and 8-9 (p < 0.05). A strong correlation (r = 0.790) between the internal training load (ITL) and Training impulse (TRIMP) was observed. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that the FTSESSION can be characterized as a high-intensity exercise, based on the pattern of HR responses and sRPE, and was reinforced by the [Lapeak]. Also, the TL monitoring methods (sRPE and TRIMP) proved to be valid for monitoring FT programs.

BackgroundLow volume-high intensity interval exercise (LV-HIIE) has gained interest, due to its efficiency in invoking health and fitness benefits. However, little research has studied “at home” feasibility or effects of LV-HIIE. This study aimed to demonstrate that remote “at-home” LV-HIIE research is possible and to investigate if affective responses to the LV-HIIE protocol, subsequent intentions, and self-efficacy to repeat were related to self-reported tolerance of the intensity of exercise.MethodsUsing self-reported tolerance of the intensity of exercise, 41 healthy, physically active participants (25 female and 16 male; age 21.3 ± 1.0 years, body mass index 23.0 ± 2.9 kg.m2) were divided into low tolerance (LT, n = 14), middle tolerance (MT, n = 15), and high tolerance (HT, n = 12) groups. Participants completed a 20-min LV-HIIE circuit training video [2 × (10 ×30 s work, 15 s rest)] at home. Participants reported ratings of perceived exertion, affective valence, and perceived activation at baseline, during the protocol, immediately post-protocol, and during the cool down. 20-min after completion, respondents answered questions on exercise task self-efficacy and intentions to repeat LV-HIIE.ResultsThe study recruited n = 65 individuals, of whom n = 50 passed screening. Ultimately n = 41 (82%) completed the exercise protocol and data collection. Ratings of perceived exertion were not significantly different between groups (p = 0.56), indicating similar perceptions of task difficulty. There was no significant effect of tolerance on affective valence (p = 0.36) or felt arousal (p = 0.06). There was evidence of high individual variability in affective responses within and between participants. Subsequent intentions and self-efficacy to repeat the exercise protocol did not seem to be related to affective valence during or after the protocol.DiscussionRecruitment and data collection indicated that research into “at home” LV-HIIE is possible. High individual differences in affective responses suggest that LV-HEII may be appropriate for some but not all as an exercise option. Assessing self-reported tolerance of intensity of exercise may not appropriately identify whether or not LV-HIIE will be suitable for an individual.

The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of giving High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Oregon Circuit Training on cardiorespiratory endurance abilities. This study used an experimental method with a two group pretest-posttest design. The study population consisted of 20 people, the sample was determined by the total sampling method so that a sample of 20 people was obtained, the sample was then divided into two groups, the HIIT group (10 people) and the Oregon Circuit Training (10 people). The instrument used was the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT). Data analysis using Paired T-Test and Independent T-Test. The results showed that there was an effect of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on the increase in VO2 Max (ρ value = 0.001), there was an effect of Oregon Circuit Training on the increase in VO2 Max (ρ value = 0.002) and, there was no significant effect comparison between High Intensity. Interval Training (HIIT) and Oregon Circuit Training (ρ value = 0.759), the conclusion is that the increase in cardiorespiratory endurance ability is influenced by the provision of both types of exercise but there is no significant comparison of the effects between the two, as well as the High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) training method. ) showed more effective results (39, 69%). From these results, the HIIT training method or Oregon Circuit Training can be an alternative exercise to increase VO2 Max and can be used for further research with different variables.

Purpose: to analyze the initial indicators characterizing the type of temperament and lability of the nervous system in first-year cadets of a higher educational institution who are applicants for the national team in international military - aviation pentathlon. Material and methods: analysis of literature sources, testing, statistical analysis. The study involved 48 first-year cadets of the Kharkiv National University of the Air Force named after Ivan Kozhedub (men) aged 17-18, of whom 38 candidates for Master of Sports and 10 Masters of Sports. Results: taking into account the initial data on the distribution of male cadets of the first year of the KhNUPS by sport, the type of temperament and certain data on the lability of the nervous system in the first year cadets of a higher educational institution were determined, they are applicants for the national team in the international military aviation pentathlon. The analysis of the data obtained was carried out in the form of a verbal description, tables, an analytical description of the obtained patterns. Conclusions: it was determined that the initial indicators of the type of temperament, the level of self-assessment of willpower and the properties of the nervous system of cadets-applicants for the combined team in military aviation pentathlon are non-uniform. In competitions in military aviation pentathlon, the decisive day is the 5th day of the competition - overcoming the obstacle course and orienteering. Since all team members must solve the same, identical task against the background of different initial data on the lability of the nervous system and the type of temperament, this fact motivates the search for a training method that would support the achievements already acquired and develop those who need it equal proportion in all subjects. This method can be a crossfit method based on the philosophy of versatile physical development and meets the goal of developing a training complex for training athletes according.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of circuit training method on the leg muscle explosive ability. In this circuit training 4 posts containing exercises for strength and speed were designed. The research method used was experimental research. There were 24 research subjects divided into 2 groups, 12 in the treatment group and 12 in the control group using random sampling method. To obtain the data, pre test and post test were conducted in the treatment group and the control group using vertical jump test instrument. To ensure that this data were normally distributed, a normality test was carried out using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test. The results of this study showed a significant increase in the treatment group by 6.49. Post test data that has been tested through the t test (independent samples test) showed a P value < of a, that is 0.008 < 0.05 which means that the post test results had a significant increase compared to the control group. This circuit training method that contains strength and speed training can improve leg muscle explosive power.

Purpose: to analyze the initial indicators characterizing the level of development of physiometric parameters among first-year cadets of a higher educational institution, who are the applicants for the national team in international military aviation pentathlon. Material and methods: analysis of literary sources, testing, statistical analysis. The reseach was involved 48 first-year cadets of the Kharkiv National University of the Air Force named after Ivan Kozhedub (men) aged 17-18, of whom 38 Candidates in Master of Sports and 10 Masters of Sports. Results: taking into account the initial data on the distribution of male cadets of the first course of KhNUPS by types of sports, the indicators of the proportionality coefficient and the strength of the physique were determined in order to prevent the influence of any random parameters on the final results of the reseach. To solve the goals and objectives of the research, we have selected and systematized tests to assess the functional state of the cardiovascular system. The data on the indicator of physical performance according to the PWC170 test were determined and analyzed. The analysis of the results in the form of a verbal description, tables, an analytical description of the obtained patterns is carried out. Conclusions: it was determined that the training of athletes in military aviation pentathlon in the future requires the development of a universal complex of physical exercises, the implementation of which does not require special equipment, it is understandable, and meets the requirements of training. The importance of assessing the functional state of the cardiovascular system in the process of selecting athletes for the national team in international military aviation pentathlon and for determining the algorithm for further training has been determined. It has been established that the training for a long time in one or another (game, cyclic, complex coordination, martial arts) kind of sport before being included in the national team in the military aviation pentathlon makes it necessary to develop a universal complex of physical training and the method of circular training (crossfit) is such that most consistent with the requirements of a universal complex of physical exercises to prepare for competitions in UPA.

Purpose The study was designed to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of circuit training and L-tryptophan supplementation on physical fitness and metabolic syndrome. Methods Forty-one menopausal women were randomly assigned to one of three groups. i.e., combined circuit training and L-tryptophan supplementation group (CT+T: n=14), L-tryptophan supplementation group (T: n=14), and control group (CON: n=13). The subjects in CT+T exercised three sessions per week and took 3g of L-tryptophan per day for 12 weeks. The subjects in T took 3g of L-tryptophan per day for 12 weeks. The subjects in CON were asked to maintain their life pattern for the same period of intervention. Physical fitness and metabolic syndrome-related variables were measured at pre- and post-test. The data were compared by utilizing a repeated two-way ANOVA. Results Main results of the study were as follows: 1) Standing long jump, one leg standing with eyes closed, sit-and-reach, sit-up, and maximal oxygen uptake increased significantly in CT+T. 2) Body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, fat mass, and percent body fat decreased significantly in CT+T. 3) Total cholesterol decreased significantly in CT+T. 4) Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting plasma insulin, and HOMA-IR decreased significantly in CT+T. FPG and HOMA-IR decreased significantly in T. 5) Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and rate pressure product decreased significantly in CT+T. DBP and MAP decreased significantly in T. 6) Number of metabolic syndrome risk factors decreased significantly in CT+T and T. Conclusion It was concluded that the circuit training and L-tryptophan supplementation would have positive effects on physical fitness and metabolic syndrome, and that L-Tryptophan supplementation would have positive effects on metabolic syndrome by improving insulin resistance and hypertension in menopausal women.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkanmodellatihancircuit training, kemudian menghasilkan buku ajar yang sesuai danmempermudah atlet belajar ketepatan pukulan backhand. Penelitian ini melalui beberapa tahapan meliputi: uji coba ahli desain pembelajaran dan ahli materi bulutangkis, pembuatan angket yang divalidasi oleh ahli materi bulutangkis dan ahli psikologi olahraga, uji coba lapangan mulai teman sejawat beserta atlet, pelatih kelompok kecil beserta atlet dan pelatih kelompok besar beserta atlet. Tempat uji coba pada pelatih di Persatuan Bulutangkis Patriot Sidoarjo. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan angket dengan menilai respon para pelatih dan atlet bulutangkis dan dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa uji validasi produk oleh ahli desain pembelajaran dan ahli materi, uji coba lapangan mulai dari teman sejawat dan atlet bulutangkis, uji coba kelompok pelatih kelompok kecil dan atlet kelompok kecil, uji lapangan pelatih kelompok besar dan atlet kelompok besar termasuk kategori baik, dengan demikian pengembangan model latihancircuit training untuk menunjang ketepatan pukulanbackhandbulutangkis layak digunakan oleh para pelatih

Physical activity intervention programmes have been found to effectively improve cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, and balance. However, few studies thus far have examined the effects of a circuit training physical activity adaptive programmed to improve the cardiorespiratory fitness, leg muscle strength and balance of the static environment of children with intellectual disabilities. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the adaptive activity circuit training of six weeks performed three times per week on the cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 max), leg muscle strength, and balance of intellectually disabled children. The research method was experimental with group pretest-posttest design. The subject of this study was 15 male students with mild intellectual disabilities aged from 15 to 17 years who followed sport extracurricular activities taken by random sampling. The cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 max) measurement used the modified Queen’s College Step Test; leg muscle strength was measured using a leg dynamometer; static balance was measured using a stork stand test. The data were analysed with a paired samples test using SPSS. The results showed significantly increased (p

Research Objectives To determine the effect and differences in the effect of interval training and circuit training. To find out the interaction between Interval Training and Circuit Training*Gender on Cardovascular Endurance (Vo2max) Penjas Teachers in Palopo City with a middle age range between the ages of 45 to 59 years. The type of research used is the type of experiment. The design of this study uses 2x2 factorial design. Dependent Variables (Interval Training and Circuit Training). The population is 426 teachers, 20 of which are selected using a purposive sampling technique. The test instrument used is Aerobic Test. The results showed that the Interval Training and Circuit Training had an influence on increasing Cardovascular Endurance (Vo2max), there were differences in the effect of the Interval Training and Circuit Training exercises but at an insignificant level, there was no interaction between Interval Training and Circuit Training*Gender to Power Cardovascular Resistant (Vo2max) Penjas teachers in the city of Palopo are middle ages between the ages of 45 and 59 years.

The study purpose is to develop a technology of programming for strength and strength endurance development in middle-school-aged girls in a 2-week training cycle. Materials and methods. The study participants were 6thgrade girls (n=20), 7thgrade girls (n=27), 8thgrade girls (n=30). The paper used analysis and generalization of data of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical testing and methods of mathematical statistics for processing research results. The study materials were processed by the IBM SPSS 23 statistical analysis software. The following parameters were calculated: arithmetic mean (X); standard deviation (s). The probability of difference in statistical indicators was estimated using the Student's t-test. Results. The analysis of the study results showed that after 1-3 circuit training classes, the girls in the experimental group demonstrate a statistically significant, but slight improvement of results in the set of tests (p

Even though physical activity is an important aspect of health, lack of time or motivation impede people from working out regularly. One type of training program that is both efficient and motivating is functional interval-type outdoor training. To evaluate this, our study had 81 participants complete a battery of physical performance tests (incremental treadmill test, core stability test and functional fitness test) before and after an 8-week outdoor interval-type training intervention. Training procedures included multimodal and high-intensity exercises performed in consistent, small groups. Results showed that the interval training program produced significant increases in the intervention group (n = 43) in functional and strength exercises (p < 0.001; squat (+27%), burpee (+24%), bridge (+39%), push-up (+34%), sit-up (+25%), high knees (+25%), row (+19%), effect sizes 0.4–0.11) for almost all parameters in comparison to a non-intervention control population (n = 38). Interestingly, trunk stability increased significantly (p < 0.001; flexion (+86%), extension (+43%), lateral left (+39%), lateral right (+32%), effect sizes 0.3–0.15) even though it was not explicitly trained; this was rather a secondary outcome of the functional exercises. Drop-out rates (Intervention group: 27%) suggest that this form of training seems to improve adherence to exercise and may help participants to stay committed to regular, intense activity. By simultaneously triggering adaptations in functional fitness, endurance and whole-body movements, this program can be used by people at different training levels.

To compare acute parasympathetic reactivation following usual training exercises, the acute post-exercise heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were analysed. Fourteen elite male handball players completed three separate sessions of 16-min small-sided games (SSGs), repeated sprints (RSs) consisting of two sets of six repetitions of a 25-m sprint with a 180° change of direction (12.5 m + 12.5 m) every 25 s and 40 min of handball-specific circuit training (CT, one brief action every 40 s). The HR was recorded during the exercises; HRV was assessed 10 min before and after exercise. The exercise HR was higher for SSGs than RSs and it was higher for RSs than CT. Comparison of the baseline and acute post-exercise HRV values showed that parasympathetic indices decreased following SSG (p < 0.01 – p < 0.0001; large effect size) and RS (p < 0.05 –p < 0.01; large effect size) interventions. For CT, recovery values remained similar to the baseline (small effect size). The comparison of the acute recovery period between exercise modalities showed that the root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD) was lower for SSGs than RSs and CT. No difference in any HRV indices was observed between RSs and CT. Time-varying of RMSSD for successive 30 s segments during the 10 min recovery period showed lower values for SSGs than CT for all tested points; the progressive increase in the beat-to-beat interval was similar for all interventions. In conclusion, SSGs caused the greatest post-exercise vagal disruption and it is likely that CT is the exercise modality that least delays over-all recovery. These results might help coaches design better training sessions by understanding athletes' recovery status after completing their conditioning exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilateral deficit (BLD) occurs when the internal muscular force generated during simultaneous bilateral limb exercise is lower than the sum of internal muscular forces generated during separate right limb and left limb unilateral exercise, while attempting to oppose the same total external load. Numerous BLD studies have evaluated force output differences during exercise; however, no study has determined whether BLD exists when generating power during isotonic upper-body exercise. To address this, we measured and compared power output across unilateral and bilateral isotonic upperbody exercise. Seventeen college male rugby players (age = 21.8 ± 2.1 y) completed 4 randomized, equal volume, upper-body exercise sessions: unilateral exercise using traditional weight training (UWT); unilateral exercise using circuit training (UCT); bilateral exercise using traditional weight training (BWT); and bilateral exercise using circuit training (BCT). Five sets of 5 repetitions of each dumbbell exercise (bench press, bent over row, overhead press, biceps curl, front raise, and bent over raise) were completed using a moderate dumbbell load (40-50% of 1-RM). Linear position transducer units were employed to measure power output. Peak and mean power scores (with the power data of all 6 exercises combined within a given group) were significantly higher in UWT compared with the other 3 protocols (p = .0001). This study involving collegiate rugby players demonstrates the presence of a bilateral power deficit in upper-body isotonic exercise and suggests that traditional unilateral exercise may generate the highest power output during a given resistance exercise session involving similar volumes of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper training methods may be used as an effective preventative measure for many of the musculoskeletal injuries sustained as a first responder that are inherent to the profession. The traditionally low fitness levels and poor exercise habits of city firefighters may predispose this population to an increased risk of chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular and metabolic disease. The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in the health and fitness parameters of professional firefighters across North Texas during a six-month training program. Twenty-two professional firefighters completed six months of group training, consisting of two training sessions per week. These individuals underwent a pre- and post-fitness testing protocol that consisted of body composition, range of motion, anaerobic power, muscular endurance, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Improvements (p < 0.05) in flexibility, anaerobic performance, fatigue index, muscular endurance, and aerobic fitness were found following the six-month training program. No differences in body composition or peak power were observed (p > 0.05). Six months of group exercise improves aerobic and anaerobic fitness, exercise tolerance, muscular endurance, and flexibility in firefighters.

Proper planning of the training process based on individual LT and AT metabolic thresholds is essential to improve athletic performance. Development of endurance in soccer players is mainly based on continuous runs and variable-intensity runs, supplemented with strength conditioning and sport-specific training. The aim of the study was to analyse selected parameters of physical capacity of soccer players after 8-week variable-intensity running training and circuit training. The experiment was carried out in a group of 34 soccer players aged 21 to 26 years. The athletes were divided into two groups: 17 people in the experimental group and 17 people in the control group. The experimental group was involved in 30-minute tempo runs two times a week for 8 weeks with variable intensity at AT. In the same period, the control group performed two 60-minute continuous runs at the intensity of 70-75%HRmax. The determination of metabolic thresholds used two indirect tests: the multistage shuttle run test (beep test) and maximal lactate steady state test (MLSS) with author's own modification. In order to evaluate maximal heart rate (HRmax), the research procedure was started from the beep test (distance: 20 m). The speed at the first level was 8.5 km/h and increased with each level by 0.5 km/h. Training of the experimental group where variable exercise intensity was used caused a statistically significant increase in HRmax (by 1.9%) and blood lactate levels at the AT (by 20.5%). The training in the experimental group led to the statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in the parameters of the following variables: HRmax (by 1.9%); lactate level (by 7.85); HR at the AT (by 1,9%); lactate level at the AT (by 20.5%). The assumptions of the experimental training did not cause statistically significant changes in pretest vs. posttest HRmax and blood lactate levels for the LT. Endurance training with high intensity is more effective in soccer players compared to training with moderate intensity. Development of special endurance in soccer should also assume the intensity and method of working similar to the method used during sport competition.