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The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that influence the level of development of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Changes that have occurred in organizations justify the role that CSR has acquired over time. Thus, certain scandals reflected by the media, related to some companies, have created a crisis of credibility that have led to CSR to be considered as a strategic variable, not only as a factor of success but of survival, with greater emphasis on corporate reputation considering the pressure from civil society and the need to give greater importance to ethical values. Even as a way for innovation and differentiation. For its contrast and taking into account the sample size, the Partial Least Square (PLS) technique has been used. The premises of this theoretical framework were verified., El propósito del presente trabajo es conocer los factores que influyen en el Nivel de Desarrollo de la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (RSC). Los cambios que se han dado en las organizaciones justifican el papel que la RSC ha adquirido a lo largo del tiempo. La crisis de credibilidad empresarial en la que las empresas se encuentran inmersas provocada por los escándalos empresariales y la importancia de la reputación empresarial, la necesidad de innovar a través de la diferenciación como factor no sólo de éxito sino de supervivencia, la presión de la sociedad civil, la necesidad y mayor relevancia de valores éticos, junto al deterioro medioambiental son factores que han dado lugar a que la RSC se considere variable estratégica en las organizaciones. Se contrastará el modelo de Carroll (1991) sobre una muestra de cadenas hoteleras españolas. Para su contraste hemos usado la técnica Partial Least Square (PLS) y se verifican las premisas del marco teórico. El sector turístico español, y en concreto sus cadenas hoteleras, necesitan buscar soluciones que incrementen la competitividad del sector. Entre dichas medidas podría estar la de conseguir vincular la marca de España con la sostenibilidad., O objectivo do presente documento é compreender os factores que influenciam o nível de desenvolvimento da Responsabilidade Social das Empresas (RSE). As mudanças que tiveram lugar nas organizações justificam o papel que a RSE adquiriu ao longo do tempo. A crise de credibilidade empresarial em que as empresas estão imersas devido a escândalos empresariais e a importância da reputação empresarial, a necessidade de inovar através da diferenciação como factor não só de sucesso mas também de sobrevivência, a pressão da sociedade civil, a necessidade e maior relevância dos valores éticos, juntamente com a deterioração ambiental, são factores que levaram a que a RSE fosse considerada uma variável estratégica nas organizações. O modelo de Carroll (1991) será testado numa amostra de cadeias hoteleiras espanholas. Utilizámos a técnica do Partial Least Square (PLS) para o testar e as premissas do quadro teórico são verificadas. O sector turístico espanhol, e especificamente as suas cadeias hoteleiras, necessitam de procurar soluções para aumentar a competitividade do sector. Tais medidas poderiam incluir a ligação da marca espanhola à sustentabilidade.

Background Age is a risk factor for COVID severity. Most studies performed in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV2 infection have shown an over-representation of older patients and consequently few have properly defined COVID-19 in younger patients who require hospital admission. The aim of the present study was to analyze the clinical characteristics and risk factors for the development of respiratory failure among young (18 to 50 years) hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Methods This retrospective nationwide cohort study included hospitalized patients from 18 to 50 years old with confirmed COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and July 2, 2020. All patient data were obtained from the SEMI-COVID Registry. Respiratory failure was defined as the ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2 ratio) ≤200 mmHg or the need for mechanical ventilation and/or high-flow nasal cannula or the presence of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Results During the recruitment period, 15,034 patients were included in the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry, of whom 2327 (15.4%) were younger than 50 years. Respiratory failure developed in 343 (14.7%), while mortality occurred in 2.3%. Patients with respiratory failure showed a higher incidence of major adverse cardiac events (44 (13%) vs 14 (0.8%), p320 U/I (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.18 to 2.42; p=0.0039), AST >35 mg/dL (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.52; p=0.003), sodium 8 mg/dL (OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.72 to 3.41; p

Background: Children living with HIV are reaching adulthood and transitioning to adult clinics. This study aimed to describe clinical and immunovirological status after transition in patients with perinatal HIV. Methods: Patients participating in the Spanish multicenter pediatric HIV cohort (CoRISpe) transferred to adult care (FARO cohort) from 1997 to 2016 were included. Clinical and immunovirological data were collected from 12 years old to the last follow-up moment after transition (up to December 2017). We used mixed-effect models to analyze changes in CD4 counts or viral suppression and multivariate analysis for risk factors for virological failure (VF) and immune status after transition. Transition years were classified into 5-year periods. Results: Three hundred thirty-two youths were included. The median age at transition was 18 years (interquartile range: 16.3–18.9) and 58.1% women. The median follow-up time after transition was 6.6 years (interquartile range: 4.6–9.8), and 11 patients (3.3%) died. The immunovirological status at transition improved over the last periods. Globally, VF decreased from 27.7% at transition to 14.4% at 3 years post-transition (P < 0.001), but no changes were observed in the last 2 transition periods. There were no significant differences in CD4 over the transition period. Risk factors for VF after transition were female sex, being born abroad and VF at transition, and for lower CD4 after transition were Romani heritage, younger age at transition, lower CD4 nadir, and CD4 at transition. Conclusions: After transition, virological suppression improved in the early transition periods, and immunological status remained stable. Nevertheless, some patients had higher risk of worse outcomes. Identifying these patients may aid during transition. Supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III—Spanish Ministry of Science an Innovation [The Spanish National Cohort of HIV-infected Children (CoRISpe), included in the Spanish National AIDS Research Network (RIS-EPICLIN 06/2013) [Grant no RD06/0025]. D.A.A. is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Health—Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and cofunded by the European Union (FEDER) [Contrato Río Hortega CM18/00100].

En la tupida red de hospitales que han podido documentarse para la Asturias medieval, forman un conjunto nada desdeñable aquellos levantados en los áridos y abruptos puertos de montaña. Hospitales y alberguerías cuyos rasgos característicos los hacen diferentes a otros establecimientos benéfico‐asistenciales por su difícil situación en los accesos a los puertos, en las cimas montañosas o en sus proximidades. Y de esta ubicación se derivan unas funciones asistenciales básicas ligeramente distintas a las prestadas por otros centros hospitalarios, como los urbanos o los ubicados en las villas asturianas del Camino de Santiago: orientar a los caminantes, limpiar los caminos de las tupidas nieves invernales, asegurar el aprovisionamiento de alimentos. Una asistencia benéfica que iba más allá del simple acogimiento y que contó con la inestimable ayuda de los monarcas castellanos., In the dense network of hospitals attested in medieval Asturias, those hospitals built on the desert and steep mountain passes form a remarkable ensemble. These hospitals and inns distinguished themselves from other welfare institutions due to their difficult location at the pass accesses, on or close to the mountain peaks. And from this location derive some basic welfare functions that are somewhat different from the services offered by urban hospitals or those located on the Asturian Way of St James: providing orientation to travellers, keeping the paths clear of snow in winter, and ensuring the supply of food. This kind of charitable assistance went beyond modest accommodation and could rely on the invaluable help of the Castilian monarchs., ESP

Immigrant population; Pleural tuberculosis; Tuberculosis diagnostic tools Població immigrant; Tuberculosi pleural; Eines de diagnòstic per la tuberculosi Población inmigrante; Tuberculosis pleural; Herramientas de diagnóstico para la tuberculosis BACKGROUND: The confirmatory diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis (pTB) remains challenging. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pTB patients and assess the yield of different diagnostic procedures in a low burden country with a high rate of immigrant population. METHODS: All adult patients with pTB between 2007 and 2014 were studied retrospectively. RESULTS: One hundred and three out of 843 patients with tuberculosis had pTB. Fifty-three (54.1%) were male, and the median age was 45years (range 18-87years). Fifty-two (50.49%) patients were immigrants. A confirmed diagnosis was reached in 16 patients (15.5%) by microbiological studies of pleural effusion. Lung involvement was demonstrated by sputum smear microscopy in 13/49 (26.5%), sputum GeneXpert MTB/RIF test in 13/20 (65%), and sputum culture in 16/37 (43.2%). High-resolution computed tomography (CT) showed lung involvement in 47.7% of the patients. The cure rate was 91.3% at the 1-year follow-up. Three patients died, all of them within the first month after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The detection of lung involvement increased by two-fold when lung CT was used; this correlated with the likelihood of finding a positive microbiological result on sputum sample testing. Pleural microbiological studies had a low diagnostic yield, and sputum could have a complementary role.

Desde la perspectiva de las nuevas ruralidades, la investigación plantea una aproximación antropológica a un escenario en transformación, el valle riojano del Najerilla, caracterizado por un acusado desequilibrio territorial. En este estudio de caso, a través de la descripción y análisis de la evolución del paisaje, así como de las transformaciones en los modos de producción, se reflexiona sobre la influencia de las dinámicas del mercado en estos contextos. Los resultados evidencian la determinación del capital en la reconstrucción del espacio rural, generando adaptaciones y resistencias en las estrategias tanto individuales como grupales, por la llegada de nuevos actores sociales., {"references":["Appendini, Kirsten y Torres-Mazuera, Gabriela (2008). ¿Ruralidad Sin Agricultura? Perspectivas multidisciplinares de una realidad fragmentada. México: El Colegio de México.","Arias, Patricia (2005). «La nueva ruralidad: antropólogos y geógrafos frente al campo hoy». 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Background There is little knowledge about the significance of extremely high values (>655) for the ratio of sF lt‐1 (soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase 1) to Pl GF (placental growth factor). We aim to describe the time‐to‐delivery interval and maternal and perinatal outcomes when such values are demonstrated while assessing suspected or confirmed placental dysfunction based on clinical or sonographic criteria. Methods and Results A multicenter retrospective cohort study was performed on 237 singleton gestations between 20+0 and 37+0 weeks included at the time of first demonstrating a sF lt‐1/Pl GF ratio >655. Clinicians were aware of this result, but standard protocols were followed for delivery indication. Main outcomes were compared for women with and without preeclampsia at inclusion. In those with preeclampsia (n=185, of whom 77.3% had fetal growth restriction), severe preeclampsia features and fetal growth restriction in stages III or IV were present in 49.2% and 13.5% cases, respectively, at inclusion and in 77.3% and 28.6% cases, respectively, at delivery. In the group without preeclampsia (n=52, 82.7% had fetal growth restriction), these figures were 0% and 30.8%, respectively, at inclusion and 21.2% and 50%, respectively, at delivery. Interestingly, 28% of women without initial preeclampsia developed it later. The median time to delivery was 4 days (interquartile range: 1–6 days) and 7 days (interquartile range: 3–12 days), respectively ( P Conclusions An sF lt‐1/Pl GF ratio >655 is almost invariably associated with preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction that progresses rapidly. In our tertiary care settings, we observed that maternal adverse outcomes were high throughout gestation, whereas perinatal adverse outcomes diminished as pregnancy advanced.

El objetivo del artículo es ofrecer una panorámica de la evolución reciente y de las variables asociadas a la práctica deportiva en España, así como de las políticas públicas que se han desarrollado en materia deportiva. El artículo se estructura en tres partes. En primer lugar, se hace un análisis descriptivo de la evolución de los hábitos deportivos en España durante las últimas décadas. En segundo lugar, se efectúa una revisión de la literatura económica relativa a los factores asociados a la realización de deporte por la población española. Además, se lleva a cabo un análisis econométrico de la probabilidad de practicar deporte de forma regular, empleando las cuatro últimas Encuestas de hábitos deportivos, correspondientes a los años 2000, 2005, 2010 y 2015. De esta forma se puede determinar si ha habido cambios en la importancia relativa de las variables relacionadas con la práctica deportiva. En tercer lugar, se describe la estructura de las políticas de fomento del deporte en España y se revisa la evolución reciente del gasto público en esta materia, tanto a nivel nacional como según el tipo de administración. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the recent evolution of sports participation and associated variables in Spain, as well as of public policies developed in the sphere of sport. The article is structured into three parts: First, a descriptive analysis of the evolution of sporting habits in Spain over the past few decades is carried out. Secondly, a review of the economic literature on factors associated with the sports participation of Spanish population is provided. Moreover, an econometric analysis of regular sports practice probabilities is also carried out on the basis of the last four Sporting Habits surveys from years 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015. Thus, changes in the relative importance of variables associated with sports participation may be identified. Thirdly, the structure of policies promoting sport in Spain is described, and recent evolution of public expenditure on sport reviewed, both generally at national scale and specifically according to the type of administration considered.

The multimeric analysis (MA) of plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) evaluates structural integrity and helps in the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD). This assay is a matter of controversy, being considered by some investigators cumbersome and only slightly informative. The centralised study 'Molecular and Clinical Profile of von Willebrand Disease in Spain (PCM-EVW-ES)' has been carried out by including the phenotypic assessment and the genetic analysis by next generation sequencing (NGS) of the VWF gene (VWF). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of MA to the diagnosis of these patients and their potential discrepancies. Two hundred and seventy out of 480 patients centrally diagnosed with VWD had normal multimers, 168 had abnormal multimers and 42 a total absence of multimers. VWF MA was of great significance in the diagnosis of 83 patients (17.3%), it was also of help in the diagnosis achieved in 365 additional patients (76%) and was not informative in 32 cases (6.7%). With regard to discrepancies, 110 out of 480 (23%) patients centrally diagnosed with VWD presented some kind of discordance between VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag and/or VWF:CB/VWF:Ag ratios, multimeric study and/or genetic results. The VWF MA was key in the presence of novel mutations as well as in cases with phenotypic discrepancies. A comparison between the contribution of MA and VWF:CB showed a clearly higher contribution of the former in the diagnostic process. These data seem to reinforce the relevance of the VWF MA in VWD diagnosis, despite all its limitations.

Molecular diagnosis of patients with von Willebrand disease is pending in most populations due to the complexity and high cost of conventional molecular analyses. The need for molecular and clinical characterization of von Willebrand disease in Spain prompted the creation of a multicenter project (PCM-EVW-ES) that resulted in the largest prospective cohort study of patients with all types of von Willebrand disease. Molecular analysis of relevant regions of the VWF, including intronic and promoter regions, was achieved in the 556 individuals recruited via the development of a simple, innovative, relatively low-cost protocol based on microfluidic technology and next-generation sequencing. A total of 704 variants (237 different) were identified along VWF, 155 of which had not been previously recorded in the international mutation database. The potential pathogenic effect of these variants was assessed by in silico analysis. Furthermore, four short tandem repeats were analyzed in order to evaluate the ancestral origin of recurrent mutations. The outcome of genetic analysis allowed for the reclassification of 110 patients, identification of 37 asymptomatic carriers (important for genetic counseling) and re-inclusion of 43 patients previously excluded by phenotyping results. In total, 480 patients were definitively diagnosed. Candidate mutations were identified in all patients except 13 type 1 von Willebrand disease, yielding a high genotype-phenotype correlation. Our data reinforce the capital importance and usefulness of genetics in von Willebrand disease diagnostics. The progressive implementation of molecular study as the first-line test for routine diagnosis of this condition will lead to increasingly more personalized and effective care for this patient population.

Background: In contrast with the recommendations of clinical practice guidelines, the most common treatment for anxiety and depressive disorders in primary care is pharmacological. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioural psychological intervention, delivered by primary care psychologists in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder compared to usual care. Methods/Design: This is an open-label, multicentre, randomized, and controlled study with two parallel groups. A random sample of 246 patients will be recruited with mild-to-moderate mixed anxiety-depressive disorder, from the target population on the lists of 41 primary care doctors. Patients will be randomly assigned to the intervention group, who will receive standardised cognitive-behavioural therapy delivered by psychologists together with usual care, or to a control group, who will receive usual care alone. The cognitive-behavioural therapy intervention is composed of eight individual 60-minute face-to face sessions conducted in eight consecutive weeks. A follow-up session will be conducted over the telephone, for reinforcement or referral as appropriate, 6 months after the intervention, as required. The primary outcome variable will be the change in scores on the Short Form-36 General Health Survey. We will also measure the change in the frequency and intensity of anxiety symptoms (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory) at baseline, and 3, 6 and 12 months later. Additionally, we will collect information on the use of drugs and health care services. Discussion: The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of a primary care-based cognitive-behavioural psychological intervention in patients with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder. The international scientific evidence has demonstrated the need for psychologists in primary care. However, given the differences between health policies and health services, it is important to test the effect of these psychological interventions in our geographical setting. This study can be undertaken thanks to the financial support of the Health Ministry of Basque Government.

The aim of this article is to describe epidemiological and clinical data of patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis (TL) and evaluate the yield of the diagnostic techniques employed. Retrospective observational study was performed at the Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain. All adult patients with confirmed TL (microbiologically) or probable TL (suspected by clinical presentation, cyto/histopathological features, and clinical improvement after specific treatment) diagnosed from January 2001 to December 2013 were included. One hundred twenty-two patients were included: 78 (63.9%) patients with confirmed diagnosis and 44 (36.1%) patients with probable TL. Seventy (57.4%) patients were nonnative residents. From 83 fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens, 54.8% (40/73) showed granulomatous inflammation, 62.5% (40/64) had positive mycobacterial culture, and 73.3% (11/15) tested positive with Xpert MTB/RIF (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA). From 62 biopsy samples, 96.8% (60/62) showed granulomatous inflammation, 64.6% (31/48) had positive mycobacterial culture, and 46.1% (6/13) tested positive with Xpert MTB/RIF. TL has increasingly been diagnosed in our setting, mostly because of cases diagnosed in nonnative residents. FNA is an easy and safe technique for the diagnosis of suspected TL, and the yield regarding mycobacterial culture seems to be similar to the obtained with biopsy. The Xpert MTB/RIF test from FNA specimens may increase the accuracy of the TL diagnosis and provides quicker results.

Spanish scientific production in Biotechnology, one of the priority areas of the Spanish National Plan for Research and Development 2000-2003, is analysed during the years 1994-1999. Several quantitative indicators are used to analyse the production in life science disciplines related to biotechnological processes. Evolution over time and the geographic and institutional distribution of documents are obtained. Semi-qualitative indicators (impact factor, basic/applied character of research) are introduced to complement the study as well as several measures of knowledge flow. At the micro level, the main actors involved and their research and collaborative profiles are analysed by means of indicators of specialisation (activity index) and indicators of visibility (relative impact factor and percentage of publications in multidisciplinary journals). Finally, the Spanish production is studied in the context of the European Union.Se analiza mediante indicadores bibliométricos la producción científica española del periodo 1994-1999 en el área de Biotecnología, que es una de las áreas prioritarias del Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica y Desarrollo Tecnológico 2000-2003 vigente en España. Se emplean indicadores cuantitativos de producción en las disciplinas de ciencias de la vida relacionadas con los procesos biotecnológicos y se analiza la evolución temporal, distribución geográfica y procedencia institucional de los documentos. Se introducen como complemento una serie de indicadores semi-cualitativos (factor de impacto medio, tipo de investigación básico/clínico) y medidas del flujo de conocimiento. Se desciende al nivel micro para identificar los actores más relevantes, sus perfiles de investigación y de colaboración, empleándose indicadores relativos de especialización (índice de actividad) y de visibilidad (factor de impacto relativo y publicaciones en revistas multidisciplinares). Finalmente, se sitúa la producción de España en el contexto de la Unión Europea de los quince.

Geochronology is a critical issue in paleoseismological research. The aminoacid racemization technique shows important advantages respect to more traditional dating methods; not just for the lower costs and promptness, also because the object to analyze is relatively frequent, in this study: terrestrial gastropods. Furthermore, the costs of the analysis are by far faster and cheaper compared to other dating techniques. Racemization results allow comparing the relative age from different sedimentary units from one trench to another.Additionally, the racemization technique can also be used as a geochronological tool, provided a calibration curve has been first obtained for the particular climate for the area and, ideally, for a particular genus. In this study we show the results obtained from the analysis of 40 samples of terrestrial gastropods from 7 different trenches located in the Murcia Region (SE Spain). Making use of the D/L ratio of aspartic acid we show the coherence found between relative stratigraphic ages and the racemization age. Finally, we show a provisional conversion equation between age of racemization, obtained from Torres et al. (1997) algorithm, and the likely age of the sam El control geocronológico es una cuestión crítica en los estudios de paleosismología. La técnica de racemización de aminoácidos ofrece importantes ventajas respecto a otros métodos de datación, tanto en los costes y rapidez, como en la facilidad de encontrar el objeto de análisis; en este estudio, gasterópodos terrestres. Los resultados permiten comparar la edad relativa entre unidades sedimentarias diferentes de unas zanjas a otras. La técnica de racemización también es una herramienta geocronológica, si bien es necesario primero establecer una curva de calibración para el ambiente climático de la zona e, idealmente, para un género concreto. En este estudio se muestran los resultados obtenidos en 40 muestras de gasterópodos terrestres recogidas en 7 zanjas de investigación paleosismológica en la Región de Murcia. Haciendo uso de la relación D/L del ácido aspártico mostramos la coherencia entre las edades relativas estratigráficas y su edad de racemización. Finalmente, proponemos una relación provisional de conversión entre las edades de racemización obtenidas por el algoritmo de Torres et al. (1997) para gasterópodos de la zona central de la Península Ibérica y la edad probable de las muestras

Geochronology is a critical issue in paleoseismological research. The aminoacid racemization technique shows important advantages respect to more traditional dating methods; not just for the lower costs and promptness, also because the object to analyze is relatively frequent, in this study: terrestrial gastropods. Furthermore, the costs of the analysis are by far faster and cheaper compared to other dating techniques. Racemization results allow comparing the relative age from different sedimentary units from one trench to another.Additionally, the racemization technique can also be used as a geochronological tool, provided a calibration curve has been first obtained for the particular climate for the area and, ideally, for a particular genus. In this study we show the results obtained from the analysis of 40 samples of terrestrial gastropods from 7 different trenches located in the Murcia Region (SE Spain). Making use of the D/L ratio of aspartic acid we show the coherence found between relative stratigraphic ages and the racemization age. Finally, we show a provisional conversion equation between age of racemization, obtained from Torres et al. (1997) algorithm, and the likely age of the sam, El control geocronológico es una cuestión crítica en los estudios de paleosismología. La técnica de racemización de aminoácidos ofrece importantes ventajas respecto a otros métodos de datación, tanto en los costes y rapidez, como en la facilidad de encontrar el objeto de análisis; en este estudio, gasterópodos terrestres. Los resultados permiten comparar la edad relativa entre unidades sedimentarias diferentes de unas zanjas a otras. La técnica de racemización también es una herramienta geocronológica, si bien es necesario primero establecer una curva de calibración para el ambiente climático de la zona e, idealmente, para un género concreto. En este estudio se muestran los resultados obtenidos en 40 muestras de gasterópodos terrestres recogidas en 7 zanjas de investigación paleosismológica en la Región de Murcia. Haciendo uso de la relación D/L del ácido aspártico mostramos la coherencia entre las edades relativas estratigráficas y su edad de racemización. Finalmente, proponemos una relación provisional de conversión entre las edades de racemización obtenidas por el algoritmo de Torres et al. (1997) para gasterópodos de la zona central de la Península Ibérica y la edad probable de las muestras

In an interval of only six decades 1950-2010, we have witnessed the five centuries old emigration process interruption that has shaped modern European history. At the end of World War II begins an intense opposite migration flow from former European colonies to their historic metropolis, which had also incorporated other areas that never had that relationship of dependency. This phenomenon is undoubtedly the most important contemporary social process that has taken place in Europe. Such a transformation could only occur by the confluence of important complementary factors. In separate sections of this article we present the main causes of recent immigrations in Europe and what flows within Europe and from other continents can be identified. Second, we explore the key aspects of immigration: demographics, gender and labor market. Then, we study the problems of integration in the host societies and immigration policies that facilitate it. We ended our discussion with references to the singular case of Spain. En un intervalo de sólo seis décadas 1950-2010, hemos sido testigos de la interrupción del proceso multisecular emigratorio que ha marcado toda la historia moderna europea. Al término de la Segunda Guerra Mundial comienza un intenso reflejo de movilidad opuesta, desde las antiguas colonias europeas hacia su metrópoli histórica, que se ha contagiado también a otras áreas que nunca tuvieron esa relación de dependencia. Este fenómeno constituye, sin duda, el proceso social contemporáneo más importante que ha tenido lugar en Europa. Una transformación así sólo ha podido ocurrir por la confluencia de importantes factores complementarios. En diferentes apartados de este artículo exponemos las principales causas de la inmigración reciente en Europa y qué flujos intraeuropeos y procedentes de otros continentes pueden identificarse. En segundo término, nos interesamos por los aspectos claves del fenómeno inmigratorio: demografía, género y mercado de trabajo. Posteriormente estudiamos los problemas de integración en las sociedades de acogida y las políticas migratorias que la facilitan. Terminamos nuestra disertación con referencias al caso muy singular de España. [fr] Dans un intervalle de seulement six décennies 1950-2010, nous avons assisté à l’interruption des cinq siècles d’émigration qui ont façonné l’histoire moderne européenne. A la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale commence un flux migratoire intense en face des anciennes colonies européennes à leur métropole historique, qui a également intégré d’autres domaines qui n’ont jamais eu cette relation de dépendance. Ce phénomène est sans doute le plus important processus social contemporain qui a eu lieu en Europe. Une telle transformation ne peut avoir lieu que par la confluence d’importants facteurs complémentaires. Dans des sections distinctes de cet article, nous présentons les principales causes d’immigrations récentes en Europe et leurs composantes principales. Deuxièmement, nous examinons les principaux aspects de l’immigration: la démographie, le sexe et le marché du travail. Ensuite, nous étudions les problèmes d’intégration dans les sociétés d’accueil et les politiques d’immigration qui la facilitent. Nous avons terminé notre discussion avec des références aux cas singulier de l’Espagne.

Three Brassica species (Brassica napus L., B. oleracea L. and B. rapa L.) are grown in Galicia, (Northwestern of Spain). This area presents especially suitable climatic and soil conditions (cool-weather, deep, well drained, fertile, and sandy loam soils) for cruciferous crops growing and is by far the larger producer and consumer of brassica crops in Spain. They are utilized mainly as leaf or root vegetable crops (turnip, turnip greens, cabbage, kale, and leaf rape). Diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses, are all found in cruciferous crops in Galicia but no studies have been done recently. Disease control is mainly referred to cultural practices and biochemical applications but advisable use of resistant cultivars is not extended. An integrated program for controlling diseases that involves chemical treatments, cultural practices, and genetic resistance by using resistant cultivars will be necessary for producing acceptable yield and quality of cruciferous crops. The first step to produce resistant cultivars is to identify and study the main diseases affecting Brassica crops. For this reason, since 2001 scouting for diseases was done by the Group of Brassica Genetics and Breeding from the Misión Biológica de Galicia in several fields around the region. Sample analysis and pathogen identification was done in cooperation with Estación Fitopatolóxica do Areeiro. An inventory of diseases detected in NW of Spain is reflected on Table 1. A brief description of those diseases has been done., Research supported by the Committee for Science and Technology of Spain (AGL2006-04055) and Excma. Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra, Spain.

En este artículo se presenta una análisis de la respuesta que el Estado español ha dado a la violencia contra la mujer, a través de la “Ley de Protección integral contra la violencia de género”. Hay un reconocimiento de la violencia como delito contra otra persona en condiciones que le son desfavorable y pueden afectar seriamente su vida emocional y física. El Estado reconoce esa realidad como un asunto de derechos humanos, y por lo tanto es su obligación garantizarle a la mujer maltratada -y a sus niños- suficiente protección jurídica. De igual manera, se destaca la importancia de esta Ley para regular los espacios laborales, sociales, educativos, comunicativos y publicitarios, donde se pueda hacer una utilización mercantil de la figura femenina y sus valores en detrimento de la misma. La labor de sensibilización y de educación que debe cumplir el Estado a través de esta Ley implica el desarrollo de un programa general de educación ciudadana que permita concienciar tanto a hombres como mujeres de principios de paz y de tolerancia, con la finalidad de alcanzar una convivencia democrática entre todos. This article presents an analysis of the answer given by the Spanish State to violence against women through the “Integral Law for Protection from Gender Violence”. There is recognition of violence as a crime against another person in unfavorable conditions which can seriously affect their emotional and physical life. The State recognizes this reality as a human rights issue, and for this reason it is their obligation to guarantee mistreated women and their children, sufficient judicial protection. In the same way, th article points out the importance of this law in order to regulate labor, social, educational, commu- nicational and advertising space, where commercial utilization of the female figure and related values could be detrimental. The job of sensibilization and education must be undertaken by the State through this law and and implies the development of a general citizen educational program that makes both men and women conscious of the principles of peace and tolerance, for the purpose of reaching a democratic living space for all.