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The objective of this work is to derive the structure of Minkowski spacetime using a Hermitian spin basis. This Hermitian spin basis is analogous to the Pauli spin basis. The derived Minkowski metric is then employed to obtain the corresponding Lorentz factors, potential Lie algebra, effects on gamma matrices and complex representations of relativistic time dilation and length contraction. The main results, a discussion of the potential applications and future research directions are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The special theory of relativity (STR) is based on two apparently contradictory postulates: The equality of all physical laws in all inertial reference systems and the invariance of the speed of light (c). This results in counterintuitive conclusions, including time dilation, object length contraction (i.e., Lorentz contraction), and mass increase at relativistic speeds as well as the unification of mass and energy. Although the STR has been empirically confirmed, the ultimate cause of special relativity as well as the reason for the invariance of c and its actual value (2.99 x 108 m/s) remain unknown. We have recently postulated that a hypothetical displacement of the three-dimensional (3D) space where we live throughout a fourth spatial dimension, which would be the basis for time, is a requirement for the gravitational effects contemplated by the general theory of relativity. This tetra-dimensional model of the universe explains that the actual value of c equals the speed at which our 3D space displaces along the fourth dimension. It also explains time dilation, Lorentz contraction, Lorentz transformation, and mass increase at relativistic speeds, as well as the unification of mass and energy, as epiphenomena derived from the projection of the fourth dimension to our 3D space. We conclude that our universe model can intuitively explain special relativity as well as the reason for the invariance of c and its actual value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of mental gravity contends that the mind uses physical gravity as a mental model or simulacrum to express the relation between the inner self and the outer world in terms of "UP"-ness and "DOWN"-ness. The simulation of increased gravity characterises a continuum of mental gravity which states includes depression as the paradigmatic example of being down, low, heavy, and slow. The physics of gravity can also be used to model spacetime curvature in depression, particularly gravitational time dilation as a property of MG analogous to subjective time dilation (i.e., the slowing of temporal flow in conscious experience). The principle has profound implications for the Temporo-spatial Theory of Consciousness (TTC) with regard to temporo-spatial alignment that establishes a "world-brain relation" that is centred on embodiment and the socialisation of conscious states. The principle of mental gravity provides the TTC with a way to incorporate the structure of the world into the structure of the brain, conscious experience, and thought. In concert with other theories of cognitive and neurobiological spacetime, the TTC can also work towards the "common currency" approach that also potentially connects the TTC to predictive processing frameworks such as free energy, neuronal gauge theories, and active inference accounts of depression. It gives the up/down dimension of space, as defined by the gravitational field, a unique status that is connected to both our embodied interaction with the physical world, and also the inverse, reflective, emotional but still embodied experience of ourselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether they are theologians, lay people, or non-believers, most have at least anecdotally heard of the miracle of Jesus walking on water. Many important lessons and insights can be gleaned from this important passage, including testimony to the identity of Jesus that bolsters belief in Him and His deity and a non-trivial display of Jesus' power over His creation. However, was God trying to convey more than just His ability to elude physics, and displaying His authority over the dimension of time and its creation? The dimension of time is an elusive and much debated dimension that is difficult to understand, and in the context of God and heaven, it is in many respects beyond human comprehension. However, as expressed by Albert Einstein, "the distinction between the past, present and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion." This illusion can only be unlocked by God, and thus it was created by God. In this article, the miracle of Jesus walking on water is explored in relation to the phenomenon of gravitational time dilation; it is considered as an instance that reveals God's relation to time, as well as the complexity and awesomeness of creation in general. We show that the equations for time dilation around a massive body may serve as a model to show the independence of God from His creation of spacetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relativistic time deals with concepts as spacetime and time dilation. I will try to explain this as clearly as possible. To explain the concept of spacetime is not at all impossible, although it is four-dimensional. But that means that we define it using four numbers. If we describe us through age, weight, height, and IQ, that would be a fourdimensional representation of us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay weaves together elements of the concepts of spacetime, demons and the U.S. popular culture concept of demon time to postulate the end of the world and bring a conclusion to white supremacist and anti-African American worlds. Topics discussed are Black posthumanism as the foundation of Black transhumanism or technological materialization, time dilation as an element for understanding how African Americans experience time, and demon time as a way to bring African American realities.

The precision of optical atomic clocks is approaching a regime where they resolve gravitational time dilation on smaller scales than their own extensions. Hence, an accurate description of quantum clocks has to take their spatial extension into account. In this article, as a first step toward a fully relativistic description of extended quantum clocks, we investigate a quantized version of Einstein's light clock fixed at a constant distance from a large massive object like the Earth. The model consists of a quantum light field in a one-dimensional cavity in Schwarzschild spacetime, where the distance between the mirrors is fixed by a rigid rod. By comparing a vertical and a horizontal clock, we propose an operational way to define the clock time when the clock resolves gravitational time dilation on scales smaller than its extension. In particular, we show that the time measured by the vertical light clock is equivalent to the proper time defined at its center. We also derive fundamental bounds on the precision of these clocks for measurements of proper time and the Schwarzschild radius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Material culture is an extension of spatial–temporal perceptions and behaviour. The nature of the manner in which rhetorical material is woven into visual narrative become symbolic expressions of material assembly. Mikhail Bakhtin referred to such material assembly as "flesh" in the instance of the novel. In this article, I will extend Bakhtin's notion of "flesh" to film and demonstrate that Edward Hall's theory of mono-chronic and poly-chronic time apply to the materialisation of narrative flesh in the films discussed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central idea in general relativity is that physics should not depend on the spacetime coordinates in use [A. Einstein, The Meaning of Relativity (Princeton University Press, 1945)]. But the qualitative description of various phenomena can appear superficially quite different. Here, we consider falling into a classical black hole using four distinct but equivalent metrics. First is the Schwarzschild case, with extreme time dilation at the horizon. Second, rescaling the dilation allows falling into the hole in finite proper time. Third, time and space are rescaled into a Penrose motivated picture where light trajectories all have unit slope. Fourth, a white hole variation of the second metric allows passage out through the horizon, with reentry forbidden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our mind seems to be formatted to imagine a "motionless" material particle (or more accurately a region of spacetime at rest relative to that material particle) fixed in space as an absolute reference and to consider the existence of space and time as independent universal entities, as we perceive when we measure them with a ruler and a clock, respectively. Instead, let us first hypothesize that singularities are the absolute reference for the universe, that the speed of light in vacuum (c = 299 792 458 m/s) is universal and absolute, and that deceleration/acceleration is the "driving force" that defines spacetime. Frames of reference anchored on material particles/objects may be grouped as having zero acceleration (inertial frames), nonzero, constant acceleration (pseudoinertial frames) or nonzero, variable acceleration (noninertial proper frames), so that a noninertial proper frame may be considered as composed of an infinite number of pseudoinertial frames. The universality of c is ensured by its absolute constancy, when both observer and moving beam of photons are in frames of reference differing neither in speed nor in acceleration, as is the case within inertial or pseudoinertial frames, respectively. However, its value (as that of any other speed) is measured as different when the observer is at an inertial or pseudoinertial frame and the beam of photons is moving in another, thus differing in Lorentz factor (c) or acceleration, respectively. Speed, velocity, and acceleration (including the effect of gravity on a material particle/object) are all defined in terms of space and time. However, space and time do not exist as independent universal entities, as they are integral components of one and the same inextricable physical entity, spacetime. Assuming spacetime forms a continuum, it is expected that anything affecting one will affect the other. This has been widely recognized for gravity, but not for speed--something which becomes clearer if we assume that it should in fact be acceleration/deceleration that moves a material particle from one frame of reference into another. Several conditions that are grouped under gravity-dependent and non-gravity-dependent act individually or in combination to submit a matter particle to acceleration. Therefore, when perceived from the Earth (or any other place at v < 299 792 458 m/s), any departure from c caused by deceleration should expand space and contract time. Any further deceleration or subsequent acceleration (for as long as v< c) will alter spacetime. Hence, in astrophysics, deceleration rather than acceleration should be the main driving or direct physical quantity. It is proposed that any deceleration/acceleration distorts spacetime. A method to combine the effects of several conditions that define the acceleration status of a material particle in spacetime is proposed. The higher v/c and/or gravity-dependent acceleration, the greater time dilation and space contraction will be. At the singularity, time dilation and space contraction will be maxima. The actual "position" of a material particle in spacetime may therefore be defined by the sum of all changes it suffered in deceleration/acceleration (due to changes in gravity-dependent and non-gravity-dependent accelerations) since the singularity. The impossibility of exceeding the speed of light in vacuum is discussed and tentatively demonstrated. In line with the present hypothesis, both time and space are relative, but only partially due to the limits imposed by c, opening the possibility for the concept of spacetime partial relativity. According to our proposal, spacetime is defined by a special form of deceleration, which we have termed relativistic or Lorentz deceleration: it is a decelerationdependent elastic property of any matter particle moving at v < c. It expands/contracts precisely because of the effect of deceleration/acceleration on matter particles moving at v < c. According to these views, defining a singularity should depend on the perspective. When perceived from the Earth or any other place at v < c, a singularity is a spaceless point of infinite density, associated with the speed of light and where a second lasts forever. However, when "perceived" from within a singularity, space is there and time flows. Based on this work, a singularity may be defined in higher detail as the embryonic state of the universe (or a part of it), associated with two universal absolute constants: the speed of photons (c = 299 792 458 m/s) and the quantity of spacetime. It also corresponds to a standard spacetime condition, in which time is dilated and space contracted to maximum values. The Big Bang is interpreted not as an explosion or bang, but rather as an infinitesimal deceleration from the singularity, thus triggering the initial exponential space expansion and time contraction and leading to matter formation. Neither space nor time are created or destroyed--They are always there since the singularity but vary widely in contraction/expansion magnitude with each precise spacetime condition, as deceleration-dependent fluctuations take place in spacetime. Gravity, an inherent property of matter, and entropy are key players in the subsequent evolution of the universe. Uncountable successive and cumulative changes in deceleration suffered by material particles determine the precise conditions they occupy at each moment in spacetime, thus allowing the build-up of a gigantic and highly dynamic noninertial frame of reference, i.e., our universe. Individual observers at single points of the universe should all see light photons moving in vacuum at 299 792 458 m/s (or any material particle/object moving at v < 299 792 458 m/s) and perceive space and time identically, each within their own spacetime condition. Differences arise only when one observer "looks" at other observers in distinct spacetime conditions. An attempt is made to interpret spacetime and light when we "look" at frames of reference distinct from our own, since this is precisely what we "see" when we observe the universe from the Earth. Cosmological models are typically based on several assumptions. The hypothesis formulated in the present article is no different, with a singularity as its major reference. We conceptualize on a cosmological model that challenges some currently accepted views of the universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of the predictions of Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity (STR) shows that two of them, remote non-simultaneity and time dilation, are incompatible with each other. It is claimed thereby that two numbers, time differences for the same event that are measured by observers in different states of motion, always occur with a fixed ratio, but that one of them can be zero (simultaneous observation) without the other being so as well. It is impossible that both of these conditions can each be met in any given case, and this constitutes proof that the Lorentz transformation (LT), from which both effects are derived in STR, is not a physically valid set of space-time equations. It is further pointed out that a clock moving through space in the complete absence of unbalanced external forces, in accordance with Newton's Law of Inertia and the Law of Causality, must be expected to have a constant rate. As a consequence, elapsed times Δt and Δt' measured by two such (inertial) clocks for the same event should always occur in a fixed ratio, as expressed by the following relation: Δt'=Δt/Q, where Q is a constant fully determined by the above ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore the effect of gravity on the flow of proper time near static spherically symmetric black hole possessing an electric charge. We use the Reissner–Nordström metric. In the first case, the traveling twin travels away from the black hole and in the second it travels toward it. We then compare it with the case of relativistic kinematics where the static twin ages faster than the traveling twin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay considers that free-space appears to be composed of an energy field with characteristics of an elastic medium evenly dispersed across the Cosmos in an optimal high state of entropy. This spatial energy field or SEF has properties that may explain inertia and gravity. Linear and angular momentum appear to emerge from these properties. SEF is stretched and compressed in the presence of mass. In addition, compression of space by high inertial events slows the flow of time, similar to gravitational time dilation. This is presented as a new concept and called inertial time dilation. Also, it is proposed that the speed of light c is an intrinsic self-imposed limit due to characteristics of space (SEF) as exemplified by the physical constants eo and lo representing electric permittivity and magnetic permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fundamental U-Theory of Time (Part 1) is an original theory that aims to unravel the mystery of what exactly is ‘time’. To date very few explanations, from the branches of physics or cosmology, have succeeded to provide an accurate and comprehensive depiction of time. Most explanations have only managed to provide partial understanding or at best, glimpses of its true nature. The U-Theory uses ‘Thought Experiments’ to uncover the determining characteristics of time. In part 1 of this theory, the focus is not on the mathematics as it is on the accuracy of the depiction of time. Moreover, it challenges current views on theoretical physics, particularly on the idea of ‘time travel’. Notably, it is a theory seeking to present a fresh approach for reviewing Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, while unlocking new pathways for upcoming research in the field of physics and cosmology.

We review a theorem of Gao‐Wald on a kind of a gravitational "time delay" effect in null geodesically complete spacetimes under NEC and NGC, and we observe that it is not valid anymore throughout its statement, as well as a conclusion that there is a class of cosmological models where particle horizons are absent, if one substituted the manifold topology with a finer (spacetime) topology. Since topologies of the Zeeman‐Göbel class incorporate the causal, differential, and conformal structure of a spacetime and there are serious mathematical arguments in favour of such topologies and against the manifold topology, there is a strong evidence that "time dilation" theorems of this kind are topological in nature rather than having a particular physical meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we endeavour to show that from the noncommutative nature of spacetime one can deduce the concept of relativity, in the sense that velocity cannot be infinite as in the case of Galilean relativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While space is measured directly, time is measured indirectly through an event. In general, we use a periodic event to measure time. We only need to count the number of periods between the starting point and the ending point of the event. In other words, we measure time through frequency. To investigate whether time dilates at a speed approaching light speed, it is convenient, to study the behavior of periodic events at such a high speed. In the present paper, we discuss time dilation by means of thought experiments (in German: Gedankenexperimente) involving periodic events occurring aboard a spaceship traveling at a speed approaching the speed of light. We conclude that the two postulates of Special Relativity simply cannot coexist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper finds that the time of the special theory of relativity (STR) is no longer the physical time measured by physical clocks. In fact, a clock can never measure time directly; it can only record the status of a physical process during a period of time, such as the number of cycles of an oscillatory mechanism, which is the product of time and oscillation frequency. After a Lorentz transformation from a moving inertial reference frame to a stationary inertial reference frame, the time in the moving frame is dilated by a factor y, but the frequency of a clock in the moving frame decreases by the same factor y, leaving the resulting product (i.e., the time displayed by the moving clock) unchanged. In other words, the time displayed by any physical clock is invariant with respect to Lorentz transformation, unlike the time of the STR. It is a mistake to use the properties of time in the STR to predict time dilation for physical clocks or any other physical process. Based on the Lorentz invariance of clock time, we can prove that within the framework of the STR, our Earth-based standard physical time is absolute, universal, and independent of the inertial reference frame. The existence of such an absolute and universal clock time is confirmed by the universal synchronization of all ground and satellite clocks of the global positioning system and by the theoretical existence of the absolute and universal Galilean time within the framework of the STR. We can further prove that in the STR, the time dilation and length contraction of a moving inertial reference frame observed from a stationary inertial reference frame are pure illusions. Moreover, in the STR, the real speed of light still exists and follows Newton's velocity-addition formula, which directly falsifies the postulate of the STR that the speed of light is constant in all inertial reference frames. All these findings lead us to question the validity of the STR as a theory of physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fundamental U-Theory of Time (Part 1) is an original theory that aims to unravel the mystery of what exactly is ‘time’. To date very few explanations, from the branches of physics or cosmology, have succeeded to provide an accurate and comprehensive depiction of time. Most explanations have only managed to provide partial understanding or at best, glimpses of its true nature. The U-Theory uses ‘Thought Experiments’ to uncover the determining characteristics of time. In part 1 of this theory, the focus is not on the mathematics as it is on the accuracy of the depiction of time. Moreover, it challenges current views on theoretical physics, particularly on the idea of ‘time travel’. Notably, it is a theory seeking to present a fresh approach for reviewing Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, while unlocking new pathways for upcoming research in the field of physics and cosmology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide three examples of the use of geometric reasoning with three-dimensional spacetime diagrams, rather than algebraic manipulations using three-dimensional Lorentz transformations, to analyze problems in special relativity. The examples are the "rising manhole" paradox, the "moving spotlight" problem, and Einstein's light-clock derivation of time dilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In publications in 1914 and 1918, Einstein claimed that his new theory of gravity in some sense relativizes the rotation of a body with respect to the distant stars (a stripped-down version of Newton's rotating bucket experiment) and the acceleration of the traveler with respect to the stay-at-home in the twin paradox. What he showed was that phenomena seen as inertial effects in a space-time coordinate system in which the non-accelerating body is at rest can be seen as a combination of inertial and gravitational effects in a (suitably chosen) space-time coordinate system in which the accelerating body is at rest. Two different relativity principles play a role in these accounts: (a) the relativity of nonuniform motion, in the weak sense that the laws of physics are the same in the two space-time coordinate systems involved; (b) what Einstein in 1920 called the relativity of the gravitational field, the notion that there is a unified inertio-gravitational field that splits differently into inertial and gravitational components in different coordinate systems. I provide a detailed reconstruction of Einstein's rather sketchy accounts of the twins and the bucket and examine the role of these two relativity principles. I argue that we can hold on to (b) but that (a) is either false or trivial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common discourse about the flow of time is wrong; the sophisticated discourse about the relativity of time is also wrong, but for different reasons. Time does not flow because it does not exist in the objective sense, as an ingredient of the physical reality. The physical reality constantly changes its manifest shapes: things are becoming and vanishing. People project their experience of change onto the coordinate of their space of discourse, called time. Time is the abstract means by which people express and measure the amount and intensity of change. The assumption that the coordinates of the space of discourse are parts of the physical reality and that they are ‘malleable’, is structurally wrong and it leads to inconsistent discourse. Some devoted adherents of ‘Einstein's revolution’ describe it as ‘frustratingly unfinished’. I argue that this revolution is structurally and logically flawed, so that it cannot be finished; it should better be abandoned. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Penrose process on rotational energy extraction of the black hole in the Kerr-Taub-NUT spacetime is studied. It has been shown that for the radial motion of particles NUT parameter slightly shifts the shape of the effective potential down. The dependence of the extracted energy from compact object on NUT parameter has been found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sharp distinction has been made between the confirmed observations that were predicted and form the essential core of the theory of relativity and the untestable explanations that have become the lore of the theory and its vision of reality. The possibility is explored that it is these explanations, not the observations, that are incompatible with quantum mechanics. For example, the curvature of light around the sun is explained as the result of the curvature of space-time. This creates a problem because quantum electrodynamics requires that light follow a least time path. The only way that the curved path of light around the sun can be the least time path is if light is slowed down in the gravitational field as Einstein first proposed. An alternate explanation of relativity is presented that is compatible with quantum mechanics and provides a common explanation for all the forces to which matter is subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of the Woodhouse causal axiomatics, we show that conformal proper times and an extra variable in addition to those of space and time, together give a physical justification for the ‘ chronometric hypothesis’ of general relativity. Indeed, we show that, with a lack of these latter two ingredients and of this hypothesis, clock paradoxes exist for which the unparadoxical asymmetry cannot be recovered when using the ‘ clock and message functions’ only. These proper times originate from a given conformal structure of the spacetime when ascribing different compatible projective structures to each Woodhouse particle, and then, each defines a specific Weylian ‘ sheaf structure’. In addition, the proper time parameterizations are defined via path-dependent conformal scale factors, which act like sockets for any kind of physical interaction and also represent the values of the variable associated with the extra dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Real Time Relativity" is a computer program that lets users move at relativistic speeds through a simulated world populated with planets, clocks, and buildings. The counterintuitive and spectacular optical effects of relativity are prominent, while systematic exploration of the simulation allows the user to discover relativistic effects such as length contraction and the relativity of simultaneity. We report on the physics and technology underpinning the simulation, and our experience using it for teaching special relativity to first year students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In special relativity, a pair of clocks synchronized in their own reference frame are not synchronized in another. How do two clocks, initially synchronized and at rest in the laboratory frame, fall out of sync as their speed relative to the lab gradually increases? The answer lies in general-relativistic time dilation. The path to the answer sheds light on the thread-between-spaceships paradox (also called the Bell spaceship paradox), on the twin paradox, and on the character of length contraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the foundation of space-time theory in the framework of first-order logic (FOL). Since the foundation of mathematics has been successfully carried through (via set theory) in FOL, it is not entirely impossible to do the same for space-time theory (or relativity). First we recall a simple and streamlined FOL-axiomatization Specrel of special relativity from the literature. Specrel is complete with respect to questions about inertial motion. Then we ask ourselves whether we can prove the usual relativistic properties of accelerated motion (e.g., clocks in acceleration) in Specrel. As it turns out, this is practically equivalent to asking whether Specrel is strong enough to “handle” (or treat) accelerated observers. We show that there is a mathematical principle called induction ( IND) coming from real analysis which needs to be added to Specrel in order to handle situations involving relativistic acceleration. We present an extended version AccRel of Specrel which is strong enough to handle accelerated motion, in particular, accelerated observers. Among others, we show that~the Twin Paradox becomes provable in AccRel, but it is not provable without IND. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Einstein's 1911 preliminary application of the equivalence between acceleration and Newtonian uniform gravity to derive gravitational redshifts was commonly but mistakenly regarded to be the same as Einstein's principle of equivalence, which has its foundation in theorems of Riemannian geometry and special relativity. Consequently, limitations due to Newtonian gravity shown in such derivations were incorrectly believed as meaning that Einstein's equivalence principle should not only be inadequate to derive the bending of light, but also have questionable validity itself. Moreover, in Einstein's theory of measurements, his instruments, being in free-fall states, are incorrectly ignored. Consequently, there are theoretical errors and inconsistency, for example, as shown in the case of Einstein's uniformly rotating disk. However, after the theoretical errors are identified and rectified, the uniformly rotating disk will be an example that illustrates the importance of Einstein's equivalence principle and the inadequacy of Pauli's version. The crucial role of Einstein's equivalence principle in time dilation and space contractions is thus illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]