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Razvoj nauke i tehnologije ide u pravcu introdukcije novih pristupa u oplemenjivanju biljaka i različitih metoda za povećanja produktivnosti biljaka. Jedna od najnovijih metoda je implementacija ekološki prihvatljive tehnike korišćenja pulsirajućeg elektromagnetnog polja niskih frekvencija (PEMP). U radu su prikazani rezultati uticaja elektromagnetne stimulacije semena soje na masu zrna po biljci, masu 1.000 zrna i prinos zrna u različitim agroekološkim uslovima. U trogodišnjem istraživanju, u periodu od 2013. do 2015. godine, korišćena je sorta soje Valjevka, gajena pri različitim količinama đubriva (kontrola – bez đubrenja, 750 kg/ha i 1300 kg/ha). Pre setve, seme je bilo podvrgnuto stimulaciji sa PEMP u varijantama: kontrola – bez stimulacije i stimulacija naizmeničnim magnetnim poljem sa indukcijom od 30 mT i vreme ekspozicije od 15 minuta. Prosečna masa zrna po biljci pri stimulaciji semena bila je za 11,53% (12,09) viša nego bez PEMP (10,84). Masa 1.000 zrna sa PEMP je iznosila 155,99 g, što je bilo više za 2,06% u odnosu na varijantu bez PEMP (152,83 g). Prosečan prinos zrna soje za sve tri godine istraživanja sa stimulacijom semena je bio za 4,85% veći (3481,25 kg/ha) nego bez PEMP (3320,14 kg/ha). Stimulacija semena sa PEMP ima ekonomsku opravdanost, obzirom na rast cena soje na svetskoj berzi. Rezultati pokazuju da PEMP tretman semena soje može značajno uticati na prinos zrna soje i da se suprotstavi neželјenim efektima poput suše i nedostatka đubriva. The development of science and technology introduces new approaches in plant breeding and various methods to increase plant productivity. One of the latest methods is the implementation of an environmentally friendly technique of using a pulsed low-frequency electromagnetic field (PEMP). The paper presents the results of the influence of the electromagnetic stimulation of soybean seeds on grain weight per plant, weight of 1,000 grains and grain yield in different agroecological conditions. In the three-year research, in the period from 2013 to 2015, the soybean variety Valjevka was used, grown with different amounts of fertilizers (control – without fertilization, 750 kg/ha and 1300 kg/ha). Before sowing, the seed was subjected to PEMP stimulation in variants: control – without stimulation and alternating magnetic field stimulation (PEMP) with induction of 30 mT and exposure time of 15 minutes. The average grain weight per plant during seed stimulation was 11.53% (12.09) higher than without PEMP (10.84). The weight of 1,000 grains with PEMP was 155.99 g, which was 2.06% higher than the weight of 1,000 grains of the variant without PEMP (152.83 g). The average soybean grain yield for all three years of research with seed stimulation was 4.85% higher (3,481.25 kg/ha) than without PEMP (3,320.14 kg/ha). Stimulation of seeds with PEMP has economic justification given the growth of soybean prices on the world stock market. The results show that the PEMP treatment of soybean seeds can significantly affect soybean grain yield and counteract side effects such as drought and lack of fertilizers.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of aqueous extracts of different plant species on the grain and protein yield of soybean. The testing was conducted at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad on the seeds of the NS Apolo variety. The aqueous extracts of the above-ground part of nettle, the above-ground part of nettle and comfrey, whole banana fruit, banana peel, onion bulbs leaves, the top parts of willow twigs and the top parts of soybean plants were foliarly applied. In addition to the untreated control variant, the experiment also included a distilled water control. Control with distilled water was to show whether the effect of aqueous plant extracts was due to plant material or just water. The results of the experiment showed that the use of aqueous extracts contributed to the increase in grain and protein yield. The increase in grain yield ranged from 9.48% to 15.34%, and the increase in protein yield from 9.31% to 16.16%. The best effect was achieved by applying the aqueous extract of the whole banana fruit and the aqueous extract of the mix of nettle and comfrey. By applying them each year, a significantly higher yield was achieved in relation to the control with distilled water. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita uticaj vodenih biljnih ekstrakata na prinos zrna i proteina kod soje. Ispitivanje je obavljeno u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu na sorti NS Apolo. Za folijarnu primenu korišćeni su vodeni ekstrakti: nadzemnog dela koprive, nadzemnog dela koprive i gaveza, ceo plod banane, kora banane, listovi lukovice crnog luka, vršni delovi grančica vrbe i vršni delovi biljaka soje. Pored kontrolne varijante, eksperiment je uključivao i kontrolu – destilovanu vodu. Kontrola destilovanom vodom će pokazati da li je efekat vodenih biljnih ekstrakata posledica biljnog materijala ili vode. Rezultati analize su pokazali da je upotreba vodenih ekstrakata doprinela povećanju prinosa zrna i prinosa proteina. Povećanje prinosa kretalo se od 9,48% do 15,34%, a povećanje prinosa proteina od 9,31% do 16,16%. Najbolji efekat je postignut primenom vodenog ekstrakta celog ploda banane i vodenog ekstrakta koprive i gaveza. Njihovom primenom svake godine postignut je znatno veći prinos u odnosu na kontrolu vodom.

Soybean production in the system of organic agriculture is not very demanding, and this has been well documented both through experimental results and commercial production. However, one of the biggest problems in organic production is the lack of adequate pre-sowing treatments. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of the electrostatic field. This is a physical treatment that was first used for seed treatment in the 18th century but has mostly been neglected since then. Seeds of five soybean genotypes with differently colored seed coats (yellow, green, dark green, brown, and black) were included in this study. The seeds were exposed to different values of direct current (DC) with the following voltages: 0 V (control), 3 V, 6 V, and 9 V, to which the seeds were exposed for 0 min (control), 1 min, and 3 min. After exposing the seeds to the electric field, the physiological properties of seeds and seedlings at the first stage of growth were evaluated. The results show that the effect of the electrostatic field on seed quality depends on the genotype, voltage, and exposure time. The application of DC can be a suitable method for improving seed germination and the initial growth of soybean seedlings. In addition, the results indicate that it is necessary to adjust the DC treatment (voltage and duration of exposure of seeds) to particular genotypes since inadequate treatments may reduce the quality of seeds.

In order to examine the influence of inter-row cultivation on the soybean yield, a trial was set up in the Agricultural School in Backa Topola from 2015 to 2017. Three soybean varieties were selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. Galina, Sava and Rubin were used. The trials included the different number of inter-row cultivations: control -without inter-row cultivation, one inter-row cultivation, two and three inter-row cultivations of soybean crops. Obtained results showed that an average yield of soybean increased with an increase in the number of inter-row cultivations during the soybean vegetation period. With one inter-row cultivation, the yield increase was 5.33%, with two inter-row cultivations -7.10% and with three cultivations -7.33%. In the years with a lower precipitation, the influence of intra-row cultivation was much more effective. In 2017, the increase ranged from 10.33% to 13.62%, and in 2016 from 3.09% to 4.27%. Yield was increased due to reduced evapotranspiration of soil moisture as well as prevention of descending of water into deeper layers. During summer, this allowed better water conservation in the soil for critical periods, and also increased the activity of microorganisms as well as more intensive mineralization of organic matter, which ultimately influenced the yield. U cilju proučavanja uticaja međuredne kultivacije na prinos semena soje postavljen je ogled na parceli Poljoprivredne škole u Bačkoj Topoli u periodu od 2015. do 2017. godine. U ogledu su korišćene sorte soje selekcionisane u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu: Galina, Sava i Rubin. U ogledu su bile zastupljene sledeće varijante međuredne kultivacije: kontrola-bez međuredne kultivacije, jedna, dve i tri međuredne kultivacije useva soje. Prosečni prinos soje se povećao sa povećanjem broja prohoda međurednim kultivatorom u toku vegetacionog perioda soje. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je na varijanti sa jednom međurednom kultivacijom povećanje prinosa iznosilo 5,33%, sa dve međuredne kultivacije 7,10%, a sa tri 7,33%. U godinama sa manjom količinom padavina, značaj međuredne kultivacije bio je mnogo veći. U 2017. godini ostvaren je veći prinos zrna soje za 10,33-13,62% u odnosu na kontrolnu varijantu (bez međuredne kultivacije), a u 2016. godini za 3,09-4,27%. Povećanje prinosa posledica je, između ostalog, smanjene evaporacije zemljišne vlage i sprečavanja poniranja vode u dublje slojeve. Ovo omogućava bolje čuvanje vode u zemljištu u kritičnim periodima tokom letnjih meseci, a takođe i povećava aktivnost mikroorganizama kao i intenzivniju mineralizaciju organske materije, što u krajnoj meri utiče na povećanje prinosa.

Prinos soje zavise od sorte, zemljišta, agrotehnike, kao i od vremenskih uslova u pojedinim godinama. Cilj ovih istraživanja je da se sagleda uticaj primene NPK đubriva u jesenjem i prolećnom periodu na visinu prinosa soje. Najviši prinosi soje ostvareni su primenom NPK đubriva u jesen, pred osnovnu obradu zemljišta uz prolećnu primenu azotnog đubriva AN. Prolećna primena NPK đubriva i AN-a povećava prinos, ali je dejstvo đubriva znatno manje u odnosu na jesenju primenu. Primena azotnog đubriva AN povećava prinos soje, a da bi ovo đubrivo ispoljilo puni efekat neophodno je da zemljište bude optimalno obezbeđeno makroelementima. Soybean yield depends on the variety, soil, cultural practices, as well as the weather conditions in certain years. The aim of this research is to examine the impact of NPK fertilizer application in the autumn and spring period on the level of soybean yield. The highest soybean yields were achieved by applying NPK fertilizer in autumn, before the basic tillage with spring application of nitrogen fertilizer AN. Spring application of NPK fertilizers and AN increases the yield, but the effect of fertilizers is significantly less compared to autumn application. The application of nitrogen fertilizer AN increases the soybean yield, and in order for this fertilizer to show its full effect, it is necessary for the soil to be optimally provided with macroelements.

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of electrostatic fields on seed vigor (VI), mean rate of germination (MGR) and coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG) of five soybean genotypes. Testing was conducted at the Novi Sad Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops on the seeds of five soybean varieties: Sava, NS 2024, NS 1347, NS 3127, and NS Blackstar. The seeds were exposed to different voltages of direct current (DC): 0 V (control), 3 V, 6 V and 9 V, to which the seeds were exposed for 0 min (control), 1 min and 3 min. The application of DC can be a suitable method for improving VI, MGR and CVG. In addition, the results indicate that it is necessary to adjust the DC treatment (voltage and duration of exposure of seeds) to a particular genotype, since inadequate treatments may deteriorate the quality of seeds. Cilj rada je bio da se ispita uticaj elektrostatičkog polja na vigor semena (VI), srednju brzinu klijanja (MGR) i koeficijent srednje brzine klijanja (CVG) pet genotipova soje. Testiranje je sprovedeno u novosadskom Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na semenu pet sorti soje: Sava, NS 2024, NS 1347, NS 3127, i NS Blackstar. Seme je bilo izloženo različitim vrednostima jednosmerne struje (DC) napona: 0 V (kontrola), 3 V, 6 V i 9 V, u trajanju od 0 min (kontrola), 1 min i 3 min. Nakon toga seme je stavljeno na naklijavanje na temperaturi od 25°C u trajanju od osam dana, a posle toga utvrđene su vrednosti parametara klijanja. Rezultati su pokazali značajan uticaj elektrostatičkog polja na VI, MGR i CVG u zavisnosti od genotipa i napona. Najbolji uticaj na sve parametre klijanja ostvaren je kod genotipa NS 2024. Primenom elektrostatičkog polja od 6 V ostvaren je najbolji efekat kod svih ispitivanih parametara. VI je povećan za 19,75%, dok su MGR i CVG za 5.22% viši u odnosu na kontrolu. Pored toga, rezultati su pokazali da je potrebno utvrditi tačnu kombinaciju napona i vremena ekspozicije za određeni genotip, jer u suprotnom dolazi do značajnog pogoršanja parametara klijavosti semena.

NPK đubriva i efektivni mikroorganizmi imaju veliki uticaj na morfološke osobine biljaka soje. U ovom radu analiziran je uticaj NPK đubriva i efektivnih mikroorganizama na masu i visinu biljaka soje. Najviše vrednosti analiziranih osobina ostvarene su na varijanti sa primenom NPK đubriva u kombinaciji sa efektivnim mikroorganizmima, dok je pojedinačni uticaj NPK đubriva i efektivnih mikroorganizama slabije izražen. NPK fertilizer and effective micro-organisms have a strong influence on morphological characteristics of soybean plants. In this paper, the influence of NPK fertilizers and effective microorganisms on the weight and height of soybean plants is analyzed. The highest values of the analyzed properties were achieved in the variant with the application of NPK fertilizers in combination with effective organisms, while the individual influence of NPK fertilizers and effective microorganisms was less pronounced.

Soybean yield depends on the selection of cultivars, soil fertility, applied cultivation practices, and agroclimatic conditions over the years. High-quality and timely primary tillage is essential for stable development and high yields of soybean plants. The effect of autumn and spring primary tillage on soybean yield and 1000-grain weight was examined in a three-year study (2013-2015). The trial included cultivars with different maturity periods, developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad: Valjevka and Galina 0 maturity group, Sava and NS Maximus I maturity group, Rubin and Venera II maturity group. Trial subplots were prepared using different periods of primary tillage, which was conducted in autumn (November, 01–05) and spring (March, 25–31). The highest yields and 1000-grain weight were obtained after autumn primary tillage in all the three study years. Yield decrease by 2.72% to 38.91% and 1000-grain weight decrease of 1.33%-11.93% were recorded after spring primary tillage Prinos soje zavisi od izbora sorte, plodnosti zemljišta, primijenjenih agrotehničkih mjera i agroklimatskih uslova u pojedinim godinama. Kvalitetna i pravovremena osnovna obrada zemljišta je uslov za normalan razvoj biljaka soje i ostvarenje visokoh prinosa. U trogodišnjim istraživanjima (2013-2015) proučavan je uticaj jesenje i proljećne osnovne obrade na prinos i masu 1000 zrna soje. U ogledu su bile zastupljene sorte soje Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad, različite dužine vegetacionog perioda: Valjevka i Galina–0 grupe zrenja, Sava i NS Maximus–I grupe zrenja) i Rubin i Venera, II–grupe zrenja. Podparcele u ogledu bile su sa različitim vremenom osnovne obrade zemljišta. Osnovna obrada je vršena u jesenjem periodu (01-05. novembra) i u proljećnom periodu (25–31. mart). Jesenjom osnovnom obradom zemljišta za proizvodnju soje ostvareni su najviši prinosi i najviša vrijednost za masu 1000 zrna soje, u sve tri istraživane godine. Kod proljećne osnovne obrade smanjenje prinosa kretalo od 2,72 % do 38,91 % i smanjenje mase 1000 zrna u pojedinim godinama od 1,33 % do 11,93 %.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of biostimulants on the morphological characteristics of soybean seedlings. The testing was conducted in the laboratory of the Faculty of Biofarming in Bačka Topola. The experimental material included three soybean varieties (‘Galina’, ‘Sava’ and ‘Rubin’) selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The study lasted for two years, 2015–2016, and identical biostimulant treatments were applied in both years. In order to determine the effect of biostimulants on soybean seedling root, hypocotyl and weight, the following commercial biostimulants were applied: EM Aktiv, Terra Green Hobby, Slavol and Bioplant Flora. In addition to the single application of biostimulants, two combinations of Slavol + Bioplant Flora and Slavol + Bioplant Flora + Epin Extra + Slavol S were used as treatments. EM Aktiv showed the greatest effect on root growth. The root was on average 12% longer than the control. Slavol S had the greatest influence on seedling hypocotyl and weight. The increase was 8.24% and 5.15%, respectively, compared with the control. Циљ рада био је да се испита деловање биостимулатори на морфолошке особине клијанца соје. Тестирање је спроведено у лабораторији Факултета за биофарминг у Бачкој Тополи. Експериментални материјал су биле три сорте соје (Галина, Сава и Рубин) селекционисане на Институту за ратарство и повртарство у Новом Саду. Истраживање је трајало две године, 2015–2016, и у обе године примењени су идентични третмани са биостимулаторима. У сврху утврђивања утицаја биостимулатора на дужину корена, дужину надземног дела и масу клијанца соје примењени су различити комерцијални биостимулатори под називом: EM Aktiv, Terra Green Hobby, Slavol и Bioplant Flora. Поред појединачне примене биостимулатора, као третмани коришћене су и две комбинације Slavol + Bioplant Flora и Slavol + Bioplant Flora + Epin Extra + Slavol S. Резултати истраживања су показали да примена адекватног биостимулатора утиче позитивно на морфолошке особине клијанца соје, док неадекватна комбинација биостимулатора доводи до инхибиторног деловања. EM Aktiv је показао највећи ефекат на раст корена. Корен је у просеку био 12% дужи од контроле. Slavol S је показао највећи утицај на хипокотил и тежину садница. Повећање је било 8,24% и 5,15% у поређењу са контролом.

Examination of the impact of electromagnetic fields on function of biological systems is more recent direction in agriculture. Application of electromagnetic waves on seed activates the enzyme complex which results in better germination and growing. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of different groups of microorganisms and low-frequency electromagnetic waves to achieve high yields. The study was conducted at the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. Valjevka soybean variety was used. Necessary nutrients were provided by use of poultry manure in amount of: control, 750 and 1300 kg.ha-1 and incorporated mixture of useful microorganisms. Sub-plots include treatment of seeds with electromagnetic waves (15 Hz frequencies of exposure for 30 minutes) and the foliar treatment of plants with mixture of beneficial microorganisms in two growth stages of development. In the stage of development R3 were defined the basic parameters of the biological value of the soil, and achieved a high yield in the harvest. The results showed significant increase of soybean yield (21.4%) in the version with electromagnetic waves. The highest yield of 3179 kg.ha-1 was achieved in fertilization with 750 kg.ha-1 and use of electromagnetic waves, which was also in 4.44%, or 124 kg.ha-1 higher yield compared to the version without radiation. The results of investigated biogeny parameters of soil were compatible with soybean yield.

Inoculation is the best way to ensure good nodulation with the proper strain of nitrogen-fixing bacteria for increased yield in an environmentally safe manner. This investigation was conducted on three-year experiment which was set up in four replications with three-crop rotation (maize-soybean-wheat) at experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia. Effects of application of microbiological fertilizer (with nitrogen-fixing bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum) on root mass, number and mass of nodes per plant, soil biogeneity (number of ammonifiers, Azotobacter, actinomycetes), as well as the effect on soybean yield were studied. Obtained results indicated positive impact of inoculation on nitrogen fixation parameters. The higher amounts of mineral nitrogen had negative impact on atmospheric nitrogen fixation, i.e. by increasing preplanting mineral nitrogen amount in the soil by 1 kg, the amount of calculated nitrogen from the air was decreased by 1.72 kg. Increasing abundance of studied microorganisms in the rhizosphere, as well as soybean yield using microbiological fertilizer was stimulated by plowing under crop residues. The impact of meteorogical conditions on the effects of inoclutaion was very significant. Key words: Inoculation, fertilizing, nitrogen fixation, soybean, microorganisms, yield.

Effect of environmental conditions (temperatures and precipitation) on soybean yield and seed quality was examined during two years. Trials with four replications were located at experimental fields of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops at Rimski Šančevi. Environmental conditions had significant influence on examined traits, and higher yield and seed quality was achieved during beneficial year. There was a moderate positive relationship between yield and seed germination. U dvogodišnjem istraživanju ispitivan je uticaj agrometeoroloških činilaca (temperatura i padavina) na prinos i semenske kvalitete zrna soje. Ogled je postavljen u četiri ponavljanja na oglednim parcelama Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na Rimskim Šančevima u 2009. i 2010. Vremenski uslovi značajno su uticali na ispitivana svojstva, odnosno u godini sa povoljnim meteorološkim uslovima (2010) ostvaren je veći prinos i kvalitet semena ispitivanih sorti soje. Uočena je umerena pozitivna korelacija između prinosa i klijavosti semena.