Search

The Maternity Ring was developed as a free farrowing alternative to crates that preserved space whilst providing the sow with unrestricted movement. This experiment aimed to apply the Five Domains model to assess sow welfare in the Maternity Ring in comparison with the farrowing crate. Eighty-eight sows were housed in a farrowing crate (FC) and 83 in a Maternity Ring (MR), and measures collected focussed on nutrition, environment, health, behaviour, and mental state outcomes. MR sows consumed less feed than FC sows (total feed intake: 93.8  ±  3.06  kg vs. 111.2  ±  3.13  kg; p  <  0.001) but had reduced P2 backfat loss during lactation (0.0  ±  0.11 vs. 1.2  ±  0.11, p  <  0.001). Fewer frustrated and pain-related behaviours during farrowing were observed in MR sows (bar biting: FC 3.3  ±  2.12 vs. MR 0.5  ±  0.29 events, p  =  0.038, and back leg forward: FC 227  ±  50.7 vs. MR 127  ±  26.4 events, p  =  0.019), and a decreased proportion of MR sows had facial injuries after farrowing (10% CI [5, 20] vs. 67% CI [47, 95], p  <  0.001). More FC sows had udder damage at weaning (70% CI [48, 97] vs. 10% CI [6, 24], p  <  0.001), and their piglets were medicated more frequently when compared to those in MR (51% CI [40, 61] vs. 30% [21, 41], p  =  0.008). MR sows tended to have a higher reaction score to piglet processing (MR 2.0  ±  0.38 vs. FC 1.2  ±  0.27, p  =  0.094) and had more contact with piglets once the procedure was complete than FC sows (13.5  ±  2.55 vs. 6.9  ±  1.26 events, respectively, p  =  0.016). Whilst there was no difference in anticipation of a feeding event (p  >  0.05), MR sows displayed a reduced startle response to an aversive noise stimulus at day 18 (FC 2.8  ±  0.35, MR 0.7  ±  0.16, p  <  0.001). Using the Five Domains framework, sows housed in the MR during farrowing and lactation have improved welfare than those in FC and can be thought of as being in a positive affective state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piglet vitality is becoming an increasingly important issue in hyper-prolific sows that give birth to larger litter sizes (>16 piglets), with lighter piglets, and longer farrowing durations ([58]). Keywords: colostrum; mammary gland; sow; postpartum dysgalactia syndrome; vitality EN colostrum mammary gland sow postpartum dysgalactia syndrome vitality 105 111 7 06/20/23 20230601 NES 230601 Implications Mammogenesis and first lactation performance are key for lifelong milk production in the sow. Mammary gland activation The reason why piglet vitality is so crucial for a successful sow lactation is because of the phenomenon of teat activation. Nursings in early lactation are most often initiated by the sow and in later lactation by the piglets and are followed by pre-ejection teat massage of the piglets ([53]). [Extracted from the article]

Synthetic olfactory agonists mimic odours secreted by mammary glands in several mammal species and their application can reduce anxiety levels in both juvenile and adult animals. This investigation determined the effect of a commercially available synthetic olfactory agonist administration on behaviour, salivary cortisol secretion and level of injury after sows were mixed into groups. Within five days of mating sows were divided between two treatments according to parity: 24 control sows (CON), and 24 that received the synthetic olfactory agonist (SOA) by being housed with diffusing blocks. Sows were mixed in groups of six, with two replicate pens contained within each of the two rooms, allocated a space allowance of 2.4 m 2 and offered 2.7 kg/day of a dry sow diet. Sow behaviour, injury counts and saliva samples were collected on days 0, 1, 3 and 7 following the mixing event. In the afternoon of day 7, the SOA diffusing blocks were removed and measurements were collected again on days 8 and 14. On day 0, the mean ± SEM log 10 average number of aggressive events recorded per sow was reduced in the SOA (1.0 ± 0.08; back-transformed mean 10.6 events) when compared with CON treatment (0.8 ± 0.08; 5.9 events; P < 0.05). These results were mirrored on almost all other measurement days (P < 0.05), with the exception of day 14, when the incidence of aggression did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05). Sows were also observed to rest for a log 10 longer duration in the SOA treatment than in CON (4.14 ± 0.02; 230.1 min versus 4.10 ± 0.02; 209.8 min respectively; P < 0.001) on the day of mixing. When averaged across the experimental period, sows from the SOA treatment ate for longer (3.62 ± 0.03; 69.6 min) and more often (1.12 ± 0.04; 13.2 events) when compared with CON sows (3.52 ± 0.03; 54.7 min and 1.02 ± 0.04; 10.4 times respectively; P < 0.05), but there was no impact on weight gain (P > 0.05). After the diffusing blocks were removed from the SOA treatment, a rise in aggression was detected in SOA (2.2 ± 1.1 events per sow) but not CON sows (0.38 ± 1.0 events per sow; P < 0.05). No treatment effects were observed on injury counts, salivary cortisol concentrations, or conception rate (P > 0.05). These findings support the hypothesis that the provision of a synthetic olfactory agonist can reduce aggression in adult sows at mixing, providing a novel strategy to improve the welfare of group housed sows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggression is at its highest when sows are first introduced to new animals and hierarchies are being established. Thus, methods to reduce aggression should focus on this period. The aggression that occurs during mixing results in physiological stress responses, which can have detrimental effects on sow welfare and reproductive parameters. In pigs, the short-term nature of this response means that these effects can be avoided with careful management. Many attempted aggression management techniques, such as sedation and boar presence, only lead to short term reduction of aggression at mixing. Other methods, such as high space allocation at mixing, same parity mixes and small group sizes, highlight that simple factors can reduce aggression, but optimum management has not yet been determined. The objectives of future studies should be to isolate the techniques which can be practically managed on commercial farms and aim to provide further and conclusive information on optimum mixing management. In the interim, management techniques such as providing as much space as practical at mixing and reducing the number of limiting resources can be implemented, until optimum management techniques can be defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The swine industry has evolved significantly in the recent decades, but this has come at considerable expense to piglet survival. Breeding sows for greater prolificacy has been accompanied by a greater proportion of piglets being born underweight, of lower vigor, and higher susceptibility to early mortality. Inducing sows to farrow during working hours has the potential to increase piglet survivability, but non-therapeutic injectable products are often discouraged on farms. We aimed to design and develop a novel vaginal drug delivery system (NVDDS) that could reliably trigger luteolysis and induce parturition. To achieve this, two vaginal tablets containing the luteolytic agent cloprostenol were formulated to be inserted together: one would release constituents immediately on insertion (immediate release; IR) and the other would release cloprostenol in a controlled manner (controlled release; CR). The two formulations (IR and CR) were evaluated for drug release, swelling and bio-adhesion in conditions simulating the sow vaginal environment. The IR tablet released the drug completely for 5 min whereas the CR tablet took 5 h to release 50% of the drug. Furthermore, the release kinetics were evaluated by fitting the dissolution profiles into different mathematical models. Both IR and CR tablets were best fitted by the Makoid–Banakar model which assumes release by summation of different mechanisms. The performance of the optimized formulations was studied in vivo with 161 Large White x Landrace sows of varying parity (0–5). The sows were assigned to five groups. Group 1 (SI) received a single vulval injection of cloprostenol at 0700 h (n = 32), group 2 (SDI) received the same dose split in two parts, at 0700h and 1300h (n = 33). Group 3 (IRT) animals were administered an IR tablet at 0700h (n = 32), while group 4 (IRCRT) received both IR and CR tablets at 0700 h (n = 33). Group 5 was untreated and served as a control (n = 32). The interval to farrowing was longer (p < 0.001) for controls than for treated sows, but there were no differences among cloprostenol treatments for timing of farrowing. The finding confirms the efficacy of the NVDDS for induction of farrowing in sows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Sows may experience pain and discomfort whilst giving birth. Additionally, the birthing process is accompanied by an inflammation response. Administering anti-inflammatory compounds prior to birth may provide an opportunity to improve piglet survival and growth. The aim of this experiment was to assess the efficacy of both a non-steroidal (NSAID; meloxicam) and steroidal (SAID; dexamethasone) anti-inflammatory drug for improving farrowing house performance of sows. In younger sows, there was no impact of treatment; however, older sows from the NSAID treatment gave birth to fewer live piglets. Postnatal mortality was unaffected by treatment and no improvement in piglet growth was observed. Feed intake of both NSAID and SAID sows was improved when compared with the control group; however, there was a tendency for a delayed oestrus in the NSAID group. Administering NSAID to sows prior to farrowing is not recommended as it reduces piglet survival and subsequent reproduction. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether administration of an anti-inflammatory compound to sows prior to farrowing would, via reduced pain and inflammation, increase piglet survival and growth. At day 114 of gestation, multiparous sows were randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: Control (n = 43), which received 10 mL saline, NSAID (n = 55) which received 0.4 mg/kg meloxicam and SAID (n = 54) which received 0.1 mg/kg dexamethasone. Treatments were applied again on day 116 if farrowing had not occurred. There was no treatment effect on piglets born alive or dead from parity two to four sows but in those of parity five and older, NSAID administration reduced the number of piglets born alive and increased the number of piglets born dead (p < 0.05). Sow rectal temperature and incidence of mastitis were unaffected by treatment (p > 0.05). Lactation day two plasma concentrations of cortisol, prostaglandin F2 alpha metabolite and haptoglobin did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05). Treatment effects were not observed in liveborn piglet mortality at any age, or litter weight at day 21 (p > 0.05). Average feed intake during lactation was increased by both NSAID and SAID treatments (p = 0.001). The use of meloxicam prior to farrowing should be avoided as it reduced the number of piglets born alive and did not improve piglet survival and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The aim of this project was to review previously published research with a focus on the effects of farrowing accommodation on piglet performance. The specific design features were analysed to determine whether animals in loose housed farrowing pens or crates from loading to weaning contribute to differences in litter performance obtained from different farrowing house accommodation types. This was the first systematic review and meta-analysis conducted towards the farrowing performance of crates and pens. The relative risk of piglet mortality was 14% higher in farrowing pens than farrowing crates, which indicated that non-confinement of sows compromises post-natal piglet survival. Overall, the type of farrowing accommodation did not affect the number of stillborn piglets. However, the rate of stillborn piglets was lower in farrowing pens that were not enriched when compared with farrowing crates, also with no enrichment. There was no effect of housing type on the number of piglets born alive or the number of piglets weaned, although the sample size for the later was much smaller. Producers should anticipate an increase in mortality when piglets are reared by sows that are unconfined in the pen designs that are currently available, which supports the wider belief that crates are successful for reducing pre-weaning piglet mortality. There are conflicting reports regarding the effect of farrowing house accommodation on piglet performance. The aim of this investigation was to use a systematic review and meta-analyses to summarise the results of publications that focused on direct comparisons between full confinement conventional crates and various designs of loose-housed farrowing pens from loading until weaning. Literature searches in Scopus, BIOSIS Previews, Cab Abstracts, and Web of Science identified 6695 articles. Twenty-two publications were retained for the systematic review and individual meta-analyses after screening for inclusion criteria. The random effects meta-analyses were performed on crate versus pen for number of piglets born alive, number of stillborn piglets, pre-weaning mortality, and number of piglets weaned. Additionally, the modifiers of confinement length (no confinement from loading until weaning or partial confinement for shorter periods of time in the early stages post parturition), enrichment (no enrichment or enrichment provided), and pen size (small, medium, or large) were examined. There was a 14% increase in the relative risk of piglet mortality in farrowing pens when they were compared with crates (p = 0.0015). The number of stillborns per litter was not different between the pen and crate. However, when providing enrichment in the pens, there was an increase in stillborns within farrowing crates versus pens (p = 0.009). There was no overall effect on piglets that were born alive or number weaned. As there is no difference between piglets born alive and mortality is significantly higher in farrowing pens, a reduction in the number of piglets weaned was expected but not observed, which was possibly due to the lack of weaning details provided in the publications. This was the first systematic review and meta-analysis conducted on the performance of farrowing accommodation and identified that farrowing pens do compromise post-natal piglet survival. Future efforts should focus on improving sow comfort in the farrowing crate to maximize both piglet and sow welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In most intensive pig production systems, pigs are often mixed into new groups. Sows are important to a production system, as they are the driver behind the farms' productivity. The aggression that results from sows being mixed into new groups and formation of hierarchy can detrimentally affect production and welfare. This study aimed to determine the effect of providing access to materials on aggressive and play behaviors in gestating sows. Play behaviors were observed in the 'enhanced' pen and no play was observed in standard housing (without materials present). Aggression measures, salivary free cortisol concentrations, and injury counts were unaffected by treatment. The provision of point-source materials to sows at mixing had no impact on aggression; however, their presence maintained sow interest over the course of the experiment. Additionally, play behavior was observed in their presence, which may suggest that a more positive affect was induced when the materials were provided. When sows are mixed into groups, hierarchies form and resulting aggression and stress can affect production and welfare. This study determined the effect of providing point-source materials on aggressive and play behaviors in gestating sows. Large white cross Landrace sows were mixed after insemination; six pens of 12 sows were housed in 'standard' pens, and six pens of 12 sows were housed in 'enhanced' pens. The 'enhanced' pens each contained two rubber mats, eight strands of 24 mm-thick sisal rope and two yellow plastic disks, suspended from the roof. The sows remained in these pens until pregnancy confirmation. Salivary cortisol concentration, injury counts, and sow behaviors were recorded the day before mixing (day 1), mixing (day 0) and post-mixing day 1, day 4, day 7 and day 20. At farrowing, reproductive outcomes were obtained. Play was observed (including locomotor and object play) in the 'enhanced' pen, and percentage of time spent playing was greater on d4 (1.48 ± 0.3 Square root transformed data (2.84% non-transformed adjusted mean)), d7 (1.43 ± 0.3 (2.97%)) and d20 (1.64 ± 0.3 (3.84%)), compared to d0 (0.56 ± 0.3 (0.70%)) and d1 (0.87 ± 0.3 (1.67%) (p < 0.05)). No play was observed in standard housing. Aggression, salivary free cortisol concentrations and injuries were unaffected (p > 0.05). The provision of materials had no impact on aggression, although their presence maintained sow interest and play behavior, suggesting a positive effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The effects of dexamethasone on sow and piglet performance were dependent on whether treatment was administered on the day before or the day of an induced farrowing. • Dexamethasone administered to multiparous sows the day before farrowing resulted in negative impacts on both birth and weaning weights. • When dexamethasone was administered on the day of farrowing (24 h after induction), there was evidence of improved piglet growth with no adverse outcomes on birth or weaning weights. There is a considerable gap in available literature regarding the use of prepartum steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDs) despite their ability to provide a targeted response to pain. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether prepartum administration of dexamethasone to sows would influence farrowing and/or lactation processes, with the prediction that it would affect both sow and piglet performance. Sows were induced to farrow on day 113 of gestation (2 days before their 115 day due date) and were treated with dexamethasone concurrent with induction (DexInd; n = 20), 24 h after induction (Dex24; n = 20), at induction and 24 h later (Dextwice; n = 19) or no steroid treatment (Control; n = 20). Treating with dexamethasone at induction reduced birth and weaning weights (P = 0.001), plasma total protein concentrations (P = 0.001), and colostrum intake of piglets of multiparous sows (P = 0.006). Treating with dexamethasone 24 h after induction did not adversely affect piglet weights or plasma total protein and improved average daily gain in piglets (P = 0.001). Although no differences were observed for farrowing duration or piglet survival (P > 0.05), further investigation is required using higher parity sows to qualify whether glucocorticoids can improve farrowing performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sows housed in OPEN pens had a reduced incidence of pain-related behaviours during farrowing. • Sows housed in OPEN pens in the lead up to and during farrowing gave birth to fewer stillborn piglets. • Colostrum ingestion was higher in piglets born to OPEN penned sows. • Individual weight at weaning was increase in piglets from OPEN penned sows. • Postnatal mortality did not differ between treatments. To reduce piglet mortality from overlay, farrowing crates confine the sow, restricting nest building activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of confinement in the lead up to and during parturition on sow and litter characteristics. Sows (parity 1.6 ± 0.1) were housed in pens the size of a traditional crate with bars that allowed for temporary confinement. Two treatments were applied; OPEN (n = 36): pen was open until the sow stood following parturition, at which point they were closed, and CLOSED (n = 34): pen was closed through parturition. At d 10 of lactation the pens were opened for both treatments. A subset of sows (n = 12 CLOSED, n = 14 OPEN) were observed remotely during parturition and 18 h after parturition for behavioural analyses. Blood samples were collected hourly from −24 h until farrowing completion, and again at 24 h post farrowing. Piglet weights were collected at birth, 24 h and at weaning. OPEN sows displayed a reduced incidence of pain-related behaviours including tail flicks (8.4 ± 0.7 vs 27.6 ± 1.5; P < 0.001), movement of back leg forward (122.0 ± 3.0 vs 163.4 ± 3.7; P < 0.001) and strains (146.1 ± 3.2 vs 182.9 ± 3.9; P < 0.001) during farrowing. OPEN sows also nosed crate fixtures less frequently (4.1 ± 0.4 vs CLOSED 7.3 ± 0.8; P < 0.001) and performed more posture changes (23.2 ± 1.3 vs CLOSED 14.3 ± 1.1; P < 0.001) during farrowing. Confinement of sows did not impact plasma cortisol concentration at any point (P > 0.05). Sows from OPEN pens gave birth to fewer stillborn piglets than CLOSED (0.2 ± 0.1 vs 0.4 ± 0.1 piglets/litter respectively; P < 0.05). Colostrum ingestion was higher in piglets from OPEN sows (332.8 ± 7.8 g) than CLOSED (310.8 ± 7.0 g; P < 0.01). Individual weight at weaning was increased in piglets from OPEN sows (5.9 ± 0.2 kg) when compared with CLOSED (5.7 ± 0.2 kg; P < 0.01). Postnatal mortality did not differ between treatments (P < 0.05). Allowing the sow a greater freedom of movement exclusively in the lead up to and during parturition changes sow behaviour during this time and improves piglet growth whilst maintaining survival rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]