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In this article, the author discusses politics and regulations related to practices of human rights. He mentions several debates which was raised after internationalization of laws on human rights which includes power and practices of socialist practices, democracy and sovereignty of nations. He highlights the issue related to regulations of human rights and its claims by social order under state laws. He focuses on sensitiveness of the issues on control of protection of minorities and women rights both under domestic and social surroundings.

In this article, the author discusses two aspects of the representation of "Europe" as a historical subject that are bound to prove controversial: its relationship to universality, and the conditions of its becoming democratic as a polity. The paradox of "European identity" is that it conceived of itself as the particular site of the invention of the universal and its revelation to the world. A dialectics of recognition through the confrontation with the Other was always involved (above all in the colonial form), but it must pass now from projection to exposure to alterity. In that way a planetary construction of the universal can include a decisive contribution from Europe as one of its "provinces." Democratizing democracy itself via the invention of a trans-national "co-citizenship" would be an element of this contribution. This is the object of a "material constitution" of Europe already on its way, but still lacking a clear representation of its "constituent power." Debates on the absence of a European demos and the positive conditions for a federal government have shown that it will require a deconstruction of the notion of "sovereignty of the people," separating its insurgent dimension from its function as a legitimation of the monopoly of violence, which was closely associated in nation-states with the legal guarantee of individual subjective rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay discusses the dialectical relationship between the concepts of “democracy” and “citizenship,” by relating to current debates which combine a transformation of the philosophical tradition and an evaluation of situations where the legal distinction between the “citizen” and the “national” is challenged. Starting with considerations on the semantic tensions of the “Greek” and “Roman” categories (politeia, demokratia, isonomia, ius civitatis), it discusses the aporias of “democracy” as a model or an ideology, which philosophers like Jacques Ranciere and Hannah Arendt allow us to overcome by defining democracy as a process of permanent anti-oligarchic “insurrection” rather than a stable regime. It is not the spread of democracy, therefore, that constitutes the primordial object of political theory, but the “democratization of democracy” itself, especially in the form of the elimination of its internal exclusions. This theory is illustrated and further refined by referring to debates about class and race discrimination, violent struggles for recognition affecting republican institutions, “nomadic” or “diasporic” forms of citizenship, and the relationship between social and political rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]