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A hybrid model describing the acoustic properties of plates with macroperforations that can be unevenly distributed on the plate surface and backed by woven or precision woven meshes with microscopic perforations is proposed. The plate perforations may be of circular or rectangular shapes. Since the perforated plate may not necessarily be considered as an equivalent fluid, its impedance is calculated by the Maa model [Noise Control Eng. J. 29, 77-84 (1987)], whereas the Johnson-Champoux-Allard model [J. Appl. Phys. 70, 1975-1979 (1991)] is used for the mesh, considered as an equivalent fluid. A simple model for the elementary cell of the mesh structure is proposed in order to calculate parameters that can be considered as the thermal characteristic length Λ' and the viscous characteristic length Λ. An effective airflow resistivity is introduced to account for the increase of particle velocity through the mesh placed behind the carrying macroperforated plate and is used in the transfer matrix approach to obtain the impedance of the whole multilayer system. The hybrid model seems to represent a good approach of this multilayer system. The theoretical predictions are compared with experimental measurements.

Although hybrid passive-active absorption in impedance tubes has been widely analyzed, its study in more realistic conditions remains to be accomplished. This letter describes the practical measurement of the passive-active absorption coefficient in a free field. The passive absorber consists of a microperforated panel backed by an air cavity and a wooden panel. A multichannel active system controls the sound pressure in a reduced cell behind the absorber. Measured absorption coefficients between 200 and 400 Hz account for 0.2-0.4 and 0.72-0.75, in the passive and active cases, respectively, and above 500 Hz both are comparable.

The performance of hybrid passive-active absorbers at normal incidence has been previously demonstrated. However, their feasibility in realistic environments remains to be confirmed. This paper proposes a hybrid passive-active liner absorbing at oblique incidence. The passive absorber is a 2.44×2.44×1 mm3 microperforated panel backed by a 5 cm deep air layer and a rigid ending. An active multichannel cell, composed of five single-input single-output controllers, releases the sound pressure at the entrance of the air cavity in a reduced area of the microperforated panel absorber. Hybrid passive/active absorption of the prototype is measured in an anechoic room up to a maximum incidence angle of 21°. For instance, at 20° such a system is able to provide an average absorption of 94% between 266 and 1500 Hz. In addition, the performance that would provide such a hybrid absorber in a reverberant room has been quantified theoretically by an index describing the active-to-passive reverberation time ratio in terms of the active-to-passive absorption area and absorption coefficient ratios. The proposed prototype, implementing 7% of the active proportion area, would afford a reverberation time reduction between 77.5% and 12% from 100 to 500 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broadband noise absorption, including low frequencies, may be obtained by a hybrid passive-active two-layer system. A porous layer in front of an air layer provides passive absorption, at medium and high frequencies. Active control of the input impedance of the two-layer system yields absorption at low frequencies. The active control system can implement either pressure-release or impedance-matching conditions. A simple analytical model based upon plane waves propagating in a tube permits the comparison of both control strategies. The results of this simple model show that the pressure-release condition affords higher absorption than the impedance-matching condition for some combinations of geometrical and material parameters. Experimental results corroborate the good performance of the pressure-release condition under the prescribed geometrical setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]