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Soiling is a term used to describe the deposition of dust (dirt) on the solar modules, which reduces the amount of solar radiation that reaches the solar cells. This can cause a more difficult operation of the entire photovoltaic system and therefore generation of less electric energy. This paper presents the results of the influence of various pollutants commonly found in the air (carbon, calcium carbonate - CaCO3, and soil particles) on the energy efficiency of solar modules. Scanning electron microscope investigation of carbon powder, CaCO3, and soil particles which were applied to solar modules showed that the particles of carbon and CaCO3 are similar in size, while the space between the particles through which the light can pass, is smaller in carbon than in CaCO3. Dimensions of soil particles are different, and the space between the soil particles through which the light can pass is similar to CaCO3. Solar radiation more easily reaches the surface of solar modules soiled by CaCO3 and soil particles than the surface of the solar modules soiled by carbon. The efficiency of the module soiled by carbon on average decreases by 37.6%, the efficiency of the module soiled by CaCO3 by 6.7%, and the efficiency of the module soiled by soil particles by 6.8%, as compared to the clean solar module. The greatest influence on reducing the energy efficiency of solar modules by soiling exerts carbon, and the influence of CaCO3 and soil particles is similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces basic information on the geographical location, climate and solar radiation in Serbia. It focuses particularly on the air pollution in Serbia and its influence on the solar cells energy efficiency. Moreover, detailed information on the development of solar energy in Serbia and the examples of the application of the low, medium and high temperature and photovoltaic conversion of solar radiation is provided. The paper also gives an overview of the installed greater capacity solar power stations related to the electricity network and the smaller capacity solar power stations as the independent sources of electricity in Serbia. In conclusion, the paper stresses Serbia's favourite climate and other conditions for the prospective successful development of solar energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of practical field study ofperformances of three identical monocrystalline solar modules, single power of 60 W, with different inclinations (horizontal, optimally inclined oriented toward south, and vertically oriented toward south) in real meteorological conditions, in city of Nis, Serbia, in 2013, are presented in this paper. On the basis of the measurement results of solar energy intensity and electrical power generated with solar modules, efficiency, performance ratio, and fill factor were calculated. In 2013, optimally inclined solar module generated 62.8 kWh, horizontal solar module 58.1 kWh, and vertical solar module 43.9 kWh ofelectrical energy. It was found that annually the vertical solar module had the highest value of efficiency (10.9%), then horizontal solar module (10.6%) andfinally, optimally inclined solar module (10.2%). Annually, the vertical solar module had the highest value ofperformance ratio (0.93), then follows horizontal solar module (0.91) and finally, optimally inclined solar module (0.86). Annually, the horizontal solar module had the highest value of fill factor (67.7), then follows vertical solar module (66.6) and, finally, optimally inclined solar module (63.3). It was found that embodied energy payback time for a horizontal, optimally inclined, and vertical building-integrated photovoltaics system of 1020 Wp would be 11.8, 10.9, and 15.6 years, respectively. The results obtained by this study could be used in planning and constructing building-integrated photovoltaics, in Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper comparison of experimentally obtained results of energy efficiency of photovoltaic solar plant of 2.08 kWp installed on the roof of the ASARS in Banja Luka in the real climate conditions in 2013 and 2014 are given. It was found that energy efficiency of photovoltaic solar plant from April till November 2013 was 12.28%, and in same period in 2014 was 13.03%. Also, it was found that the increase in the ambient temperature by 1 °C, photovoltaic solar plant efficiency decreases by 0.43% from April till November 2013, and by 0.27% in the same period in 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents basic data on a 2 kW (rooftop) solar PV plant installed on the building of the Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics (FSM building) in Niš (Republic of Serbia) and the equipment for the estimation of its performance and energy efficiency depending on the real climate conditions (inverter, communication system, automatic meteorological station, etc.). The aim of the article is to apply the obtained results in the integration of solar energy generation into a transmission network in order to increase the use of the solar PV plants for the commercial purposes in Serbia. The results of the experimental determination of energy efficiency and other characteristic parameters of the solar PV plant installed on the FSM building in Niš are presented for the period from January 1, 2013 to January 1, 2014 (global solar energy, ambient temperature, wind speed, generated electrical energy, etc.). It was found that in 2013 the annual energy efficiency of the solar PV plant on the FSM building in Niš was 10.07%, as well as that it decreased with the increase of the ambient temperature. The annual mean value of the performance ratio of the solar PV plant was 93.6%, its annual capacity factor was 12.88%, and the integration of this renewable energy generation into the transmission network in Niš was considered satisfactory in 2013. The obtained data could be used as guidelines for the application of solar PV plants in other countries with a similar climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper basic information of Homer software for photovoltaic system electricity generation, NASA - Surface meteorology and solar energy database, RETScreen, PVGIS and HMIRS (Hydrometeorological Institute of Republic of Serbia) solar databases are given. The comparison of the monthly average values for daily solar radiation per squaremeter received by the horizontal surface taken from NASA, RETScreen, PVGIS, and HMIRS solar databases for three locations in Serbia (Belgrade, Negotin, and Zlatibor) is given. It was found that the annual average values of daily solar radiation taken from RETScreen solar database are the closest to the annual average values of daily solar radiation taken from HMIRS solar database for Belgrade, Negotin, and Zlatibor. Monthly and total for year values of electricity production of fixed on-grid photovoltaic system of 1 kW with optimal inclinated and south oriented solar modules, in Belgrade, Negotin, and Zlatibor using HOMER software simulation based on data for daily solar radiation taken from NASA, RETScreen, PVGIS, and HMIRS databases are calculated. The relative deviation of electricity production of fixed on-grid photovoltaic system of 1 kWusingHOMER software simulation based on data for daily solar radiation taken from NASA, RETScreen, and PVGIS databases compared to electricity production of fixed on-grid photovoltaic system of 1 kWusing HOMER software simulation based on data for daily solar radiation taken from HMIRS databases in Belgrade, Negotin, and Zlatibor are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data assessment and potential use of concentrating solar power plants in Serbia and the Republic of Srpska, B&H, are given in the paper. Besides, concentrating solar power plants schematics and manner of their functioning are described. Then follows geographical position and the results of PVGIS calculation of the yearly average values of the solar irradiation on horizontal, vertical and optimally inclined plane, optimal inclination, linke turbidity, ratio of diffuse to global solar irradiation, average daytime temperature, and 24 hours average of temperature for some locations in Europe where concentrating solar power plants are installed or are in construction, and in some cities in Serbia and the Republic of Srpska. The paper also gives comparative surveys of the solar irradiation on horizontal plane and ratio of diffuse to global solar irradiation on some locations in Europe with installed and concentrating solar power plants in construction, and in some cities in Serbia and the Republic of Srpska. Data for direct normal irradiance for locations in Europe with installed or concentrating solar power plants under construction, and for some other cities in Serbia and the Republic of Srpska are also given. Data for direct normal irradiance were obtained by means of SWERA. In the light of the obtained results it was concluded that Serbia and the Republic of Srpska have favorable climatic and geographical conditions for the installation of the experimental concentrating solar power plants, and the area of Trebinje in the Republic of Srpska has favorable conditions for commercial concentrating solar power plants installation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the paper description and working principles of the parabolic trough power plants, solar tower power plants, parabolic dish power plants and power plants with Fresnel reflectors in the world and their potential use in Serbia are given. In addition, the examples and technical characteristics of some concentrating solar power plants in the world are given. The paper points out that first CSP plant Solar One was installed in 1982 in USA. Nowadays there are 29 active CSP plants while 31 are being constructed worldwide. Power of parabolic trough power plants is between 0.25 and 354MW, solar tower power plants 1.5 and 20MW, parabolic dish power plants 1.5MW and power plants with Fresnel reflectors 1.4 and 5MW. The biggest active CSP plant SEGS of 354MW is located in Mojave Desert in USA. Besides results of considerations on solar energy potential in Serbia, current solar energy activities and future solar power projects in Serbia are given. Special attention is drawn to the Serbian government initiatives and support for the use of renewable sources of energy. In the end a suggestion for the installation of concentrating solar power plant in Serbia is given. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper gives the results of the electricity generated by the fixed, one-axis and dual-axis tracking photovoltaic solar plant of 1 MW with flat panels made of monocrystalline silicon which is to be built in the area of Sokobanja (spa in Serbia). Further on follows a description of the functioning of the fixed and one-axis and dual-axis tracking solar plants. For the calculation of the electricity generated by these plants PVGIS program was used. Calculations have shown that fixed photovoltaic solar plant power of 1 MW, solar modules of mono-crystalline silicon yield 1130000 kWh power output, one-axis tracking solar plant yields 1420000 kWh, and dual-axis tracking solar plant yields 1450000 kWh of electricity. Electricity generated by the fixed photovoltaic solar plant could satisfy 86% of the annual needs for the electricity of the „Zdravljak“ hotel and the special "Novi stacionar" hospital in Sokobanja. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]