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1. Analyses of 202 plastid genomes elucidate the phylogeny of Solanum section Petota.

Author

Huang B, Ruess H, Liang Q, Colleoni C, and Spooner DM

Subjects
Diploidy, Genetic Variation, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome, Plastid, Phylogeny, Solanum genetics
Abstract

Our paper analyzes full plastid DNA sequence data of 202 wild and cultivated diploid potatoes, Solanum section Petota, to explore its phylogenetic utility compared to prior analyses of the same accessions using genome-wide nuclear SNPs, and plastid DNA restriction site data. The present plastid analysis discovered the same major clades as the nuclear data but with some substantial differences in topology within the clades. The considerably larger plastid and nuclear data sets add phylogenetic resolution within the prior plastid DNA restriction site data, highlight plastid/nuclear incongruence that supports hypotheses of hybridization/introgression to help explain the taxonomic difficulty in the section.

Published
2019
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2. Greatly reduced phylogenetic structure in the cultivated potato clade (Solanum section Petota pro parte).

Author

Spooner DM, Ruess H, Arbizu CI, Rodríguez F, and Solís-Lemus C

Subjects
Sequence Analysis, DNA, Solanum classification, Evolution, Molecular, Phylogeny, Solanum genetics
Abstract

Premise of the Study: The species boundaries of wild and cultivated potatoes are controversial, with most of the taxonomic problems in the cultivated potato clade. We here provide the first in-depth phylogenetic study of the cultivated potato clade to explore possible causes of these problems., Methods: We examined 131 diploid accessions, using 12 nuclear orthologs, producing an aligned data set of 14,072 DNA characters, 2171 of which are parsimony-informative. We analyzed the data to produce phylogenies and perform concordance analysis and goodness-of-fit tests., Key Results: There is good phylogenetic structure in clades traditionally referred to as clade 1+2 (North and Central American diploid potatoes exclusive of Solanum verrucosum), clade 3, and a newly discovered basal clade, but drastically reduced phylogenetic structure in clade 4, the cultivated potato clade. The results highlight a clade of species in South America not shown before, 'neocardenasii', sister to clade 1+2, that possesses key morphological traits typical of diploids in Mexico and Central America. Goodness-of-fit tests suggest potential hybridization between some species of the cultivated potato clade. However, we do not have enough phylogenetic signal with the data at hand to explicitly estimate such hybridization events with species networks methods., Conclusions: We document the close relationships of many of the species in the cultivated potato clade, provide insight into the cause of their taxonomic problems, and support the recent reduction of species in this clade. The discovery of the neocardenasii clade forces a reevaluation of a hypothesis that section Petota originated in Mexico and Central America., (© 2018 Botanical Society of America.)

Published
2018
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3. Ex situ conservation priorities for the wild relatives of potato (solanum L. Section petota).

Author

Castañeda-Álvarez NP, de Haan S, Juárez H, Khoury CK, Achicanoy HA, Sosa CC, Bernau V, Salas A, Heider B, Simon R, Maxted N, and Spooner DM

Subjects
Climate Change, Conservation of Natural Resources, Crops, Agricultural genetics, Crops, Agricultural immunology, Disease Resistance, Ecosystem, Genotype, Peru, Solanum genetics, Solanum immunology, Crops, Agricultural physiology, Plant Breeding, Seed Bank, Solanum physiology
Abstract

Crop wild relatives have a long history of use in potato breeding, particularly for pest and disease resistance, and are expected to be increasingly used in the search for tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Their current and future use in crop improvement depends on their availability in ex situ germplasm collections. As these plants are impacted in the wild by habitat destruction and climate change, actions to ensure their conservation ex situ become ever more urgent. We analyzed the state of ex situ conservation of 73 of the closest wild relatives of potato (Solanum section Petota) with the aim of establishing priorities for further collecting to fill important gaps in germplasm collections. A total of 32 species (43.8%), were assigned high priority for further collecting due to severe gaps in their ex situ collections. Such gaps are most pronounced in the geographic center of diversity of the wild relatives in Peru. A total of 20 and 18 species were assessed as medium and low priority for further collecting, respectively, with only three species determined to be sufficiently represented currently. Priorities for further collecting include: (i) species completely lacking representation in germplasm collections; (ii) other high priority taxa, with geographic emphasis on the center of species diversity; (iii) medium priority species. Such collecting efforts combined with further emphasis on improving ex situ conservation technologies and methods, performing genotypic and phenotypic characterization of wild relative diversity, monitoring wild populations in situ, and making conserved wild relatives and their associated data accessible to the global research community, represent key steps in ensuring the long-term availability of the wild genetic resources of this important crop.

Published
2015
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4. Genomic in situ hybridization reveals both auto- and allopolyploid origins of different North and Central American hexaploid potato (Solanum sect. Petota) species.

Author

Pendinen G, Spooner DM, Jiang J, and Gavrilenko T

Subjects
Central America, Genomics, In Situ Hybridization, Molecular Typing, North America, Phylogeny, Phylogeography, Ploidies, Solanum classification, Species Specificity, Chromosomes, Plant genetics, DNA, Plant genetics, Genome, Plant, Solanum genetics
Abstract

Wild potato ( Solanum L. sect. Petota Dumort.) species contain diploids (2n = 2x = 24) to hexaploids (2n = 6x = 72). J.G. Hawkes classified all hexaploid Mexican species in series Demissa Bukasov and, according to a classic five-genome hypothesis of M. Matsubayashi in 1991, all members of series Demissa are allopolyploids. We investigated the genome composition of members of Hawkes's series Demissa with genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), using labeled DNA of their putative progenitors having diploid AA, BB, or PP genome species or with DNA of tetraploid species having AABB or AAA(a)A(a) genomes. GISH analyses support S. hougasii Correll as an allopolyploid with one AA component genome and another BB component genome. Our results also indicate that the third genome of S. hougasii is more closely related to P or a P genome-related species. Solanum demissum Lindl., in contrast, has all three chromosome sets related to the basic A genome, similar to the GISH results of polyploid species of series Acaulia Juz. Our results support a more recent taxonomic division of the Mexican hexaploid species into two groups: the allopolyploid Iopetala group containing S. hougasii, and an autopolyploid Acaulia group containing S. demissum with South American species S. acaule Bitter and S. albicans (Ochoa) Ochoa.

Published
2012
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5. A test of taxonomic and biogeographic predictivity: resistance to soft rot in wild relatives of cultivated potato.

Author

Chung YS, Holmquist K, Spooner DM, and Jansky SH

Subjects
DNA, Plant, Genetic Testing, Geography, Immunity, Innate genetics, Phenotype, Plant Diseases genetics, Solanum classification, Solanum genetics, Species Specificity, Environment, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Immunity, Innate physiology, Multifactorial Inheritance, Pectobacterium carotovorum pathogenicity, Plant Diseases microbiology, Solanum microbiology
Abstract

The concept that traits should be associated with related organisms and that nearby populations of the same species are likely to be more similar to each other than to populations spread far apart has long been accepted. Consequently, taxonomic relationships and biogeographical data are commonly believed to have the power to predict the distribution of disease resistance genes among plant species. In this study, we test claims of such predictivity in a group of widely distributed wild potato species. There was no clear association between resistance to soft rot and taxonomic relationships. However, we have found some associations between resistance to soft rot and environmental data such as annual precipitation and annual mean temperature. In addition, we have noted that high levels of resistance are mostly found in species with high levels of phenotypic plasticity. The three most resistant species were Solanum paucijugum, S. brevicaule, and S. commersonii.

Published
2011
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6. Evolution of chromosome 6 of Solanum species revealed by comparative fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping.

Author

Lou Q, Iovene M, Spooner DM, Buell CR, and Jiang J

Subjects
Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial, DNA, Plant genetics, Genetic Linkage, Heterochromatin, Recombination, Genetic, Chromosome Mapping methods, Chromosomes, Plant genetics, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Plant, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Solanum genetics
Abstract

Comparative genetic linkage mapping using a common set of DNA markers in related species is an important methodology in plant genome research. Here, we demonstrate a comparative fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping strategy in plants. A set of 13 bacterial artificial chromosome clones spanning the entire length of potato chromosome 6 was used for pachytene chromosome-based FISH mapping in seven distantly related Solanum species including potato, tomato, and eggplant. We discovered one paracentric inversion and one pericentric inversion within specific lineages of these species. The comparative FISH mapping data revealed the ancestral structure of this chromosome. We demonstrate that comparative FISH mapping is an efficient and powerful methodology to study chromosomal evolution among plant species diverged for up to 12 million years.

Published
2010
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7. Allopolyploid speciation of the Mexican tetraploid potato species Solanum stoloniferum and S. hjertingii revealed by genomic in situ hybridization.

Author

Pendinen G, Gavrilenko T, Jiang J, and Spooner DM

Subjects
DNA, Plant genetics, Genome, Plant, Species Specificity, In Situ Hybridization methods, Polyploidy, Solanum genetics
Abstract

Thirty-six percent of the wild potato (Solanum L. section Petota Dumort.) species are polyploid, and about half of the polyploids are tetraploid species (2n = 4x = 48). Determination of the type of polyploidy and development of the genome concept for members of section Petota traditionally has been based on the analysis of chromosome pairing in species and their hybrids and, most recently, DNA sequence phylogenetics. Based on these data, the genome designation AABB was proposed for Mexican tetraploid species of series Longipedicellata Buk. We investigated this hypothesis with genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) for both representatives of the series, S. stoloniferum Schltdl. and S. hjertingii Hawkes. GISH analysis supports an AABB genome constitution for these species, with S. verrucosum Schltdl. (or its progenitor) supported as the A genome donor and another North or Central American diploid species (S. cardiophyllum Lindl., S. ehrenbergii (Bitter) Rydb., or S. jamesii Torrey) as the B genome donor. GISH analysis of chromosome pairing of S. stoloniferum also confirms the strict allopolyploid nature of this species. In addition, fluorescence in situ hybridization data suggest that 45S rDNA regions of the two genomes of S. stoloniferum were changed during coevolution of A and B genomes of this allotetraploid species.

Published
2008
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16. PTIS Potato Herbarium Transferred to WIS, the Wisconsin State Herbarium.

Author

Spooner, David M., Simon, Philipp, Bamberg, John B., and Cameron, Kenneth M.

Subjects
*HERBARIA, *BOTANICAL specimens, *POTATOES, *TAXONOMISTS, *STURGEONS
Abstract

The Potato Introduction Station in Sturgeon Bay Wisconsin has maintained herbarium specimens as part of its operations. These specimens mostly were grown from seeds in the field plots or greenhouses, but also include original specimens made during germplasm collecting expeditions. The herbarium of the Station (herbarium acronym PTIS) has been transferred from the potato genebank in Sturgeon Bay Wisconsin to the Wisconsin State Herbarium (acronym WIS) in Birge Hall, University of Wisconsin-Madison where it is now fully integrated and curated and funded by WIS; PTIS is discontinued and is no longer maintained as a separate herbarium. Separately, maps and taxonomic literature that were used by the potato taxonomist in Madison were transferred to the Potato Station in Sturgeon Bay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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17. Solanum tuberosum L. Sp. Pl

Author

OVCHINNIKOVA, ANNA, KRYLOVA, EKATERINA, GAVRILENKO, TATJANA, SMEKALOVA, TAMARA, ZHUK, MIKHAIL, KNAPP, SANDRA, and SPOONER, DAVID M.

Subjects
Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Solanales, Biodiversity, Plantae, Solanum, Solanaceae, Taxonomy, Solanum tuberosum
Abstract

4. Solanum tuberosum L. Sp. Pl. 185. 1753. Battata tuberosa Hill, Hort. Kew. 148. 1768, Lycopersicon tuberosum (L.) Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 7. 1768, Solanum esculentum Neck., Delic. Gallo-Belg. 1: 119. 1768, Solanum tuberosum L. var. vulgare Hook. f., Bot. Antarct. Voy. I. (Fl. Antarct.) 2: 329. 1846, Solanum tuberosum L. var. cultum A.DC. Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. ser. 3, 15: 437. 1886, Solanum tuberosum L. var.? vulgare Macloskie, Rep. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia 8: 707. 1905, Solanum cultum (A.DC.) Berthault, Recherc. Bot. var. Cult. Solanum tuberosum, etc. 127, 128. 1911. Type: cultivated in Uppsala, Anon. (lectotype, LINN! [LINN 248.12, BH neg. 6799], designated by Hawkes, 1956b: 106). [C] Figure 4. Solanum sinense Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 1: 137. 1837. Type: Philippines. Sin. loc. cultivated, F. Blanco s.n. (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. leonhardianum Alef., Landw. Fl. 137. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. melanoceras Alef., Landw. Fl. 137. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 29, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. californicum Alef., Landw. Fl. 138. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. erythroceras Alef., Landw. Fl. 138. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. holsaticum Alef., Landw. Fl. 138. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. cucumerinum Alef., Landw. Fl. 139. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. julianum Alef., Landw. Fl. 139. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. menapianum Alef., Landw. Fl. 139. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. platyceras Alef., Landw. Fl. 139. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. reniforme Alef., Landw. Fl. 139. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. tener Alef., Landw. Fl. 139. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). Solanum tuberosum L. var. brachyceras Alef., Landw. Fl. 140. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. helenanum Alef., Landw. Fl. 140. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. laurentianum Alef., Landw. Fl. 140. 1866. Type: no specimens found (lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 2, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. putscheanum Alef., Landw. Fl. 140. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. sesquimensale Alef., Landw. Fl. 140. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. xanthoceras Alef., Landw. Fl. 140. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. bertuchii Alef., Landw. Fl. 141. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. saccharatum Alef., Landw. Fl. 141. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 19, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. schnittspahnii Alef., Landw. Fl. 141. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. strobilinum Alef., Landw. Fl. 141. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. borsdorfianum Alef., Landw. Fl. 142. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. cordiforme Alef., Landw. Fl. 142. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 3, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. nobile Alef., Landw. Fl. 142. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 10, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. album Alef., Landw. Fl. 143. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. batatinum Alef., Landw. Fl. 143. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. nucinum Alef., Landw. Fl. 143. 1866. Type: no specimens found (lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 21, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. peruvianum Alef., Landw. Fl. 143. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 23, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. alaudinum Alef., Landw. Fl. 144. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. anglicum Alef., Landw. Fl. 144. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. bufoninum Alef., Landw. Fl. 144. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. hispanicum Alef., Landw. Fl. 144. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. pecorum Alef., Landw. Fl. 144. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 31, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. rugiorum Alef., Landw. Fl. 144. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 30, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. conocarpum Alef., Landw. Fl. 145. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. praecox Alef., Landw. Fl. 145. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 6, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. praedicandum Alef., Landw. Fl. 145. 1866. Type: no specimens found (lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 26, designated here). Solanum tuberosum L. var. rockii Alef., Landw. Fl. 145. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 9, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. drakeanum Alef., Landw. Fl. 146. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. elongatum Alef., Landw. Fl. 146. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. tinctorium Alef., Landw. Fl. 146. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. vuchefeldicum Alef., Landw. Fl. 146. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 27, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. aethiopicum Alef., Landw. Fl. 147. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. hassicum Alef., Landw. Fl. 147. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. kaunitzii Alef., Landw. Fl. 147. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. merceri Alef., Landw. Fl. 147. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. norfolcicum Alef., Landw. Fl. 147. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. rossicum Alef., Landw. Fl. 147. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. ulmense Alef., Landw. Fl. 147. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. cepinum Alef., Landw. Fl. 148. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. fragariinum Alef., Landw. Fl. 148. 1866. Solanum tuberosum L. convar. fragariinum (Alef.) Danert, Kulturpβanze 4: 126. 1956. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. palatinatum Alef., Landw. Fl. 148. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 5, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. versicolor Alef., Landw. Fl. 148. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 7, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. corsicanum Alef., Landw. Fl. 149. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. salamandrinum Alef., Landw. Fl. 149. 1866. Type: cultivated in Darmstadt, Germany (no specimens found, lectotype, Putsch, 1819, Monographie der Kartoffel, f. 8, designated here). [C]. Solanum tuberosum L. var. chiloense A.DC., Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. ser. 3, 15: 437. 1886. Solanum chiloense (A.DC.) Berthault, Ann. Sci. Agron. Franç. Étrangère, ser. 3, 6: 180. 1911. Type: Chile. Region X (Los Lagos): Isla Chiloé, 1862, R.A. Philippi s.n. (holotype, G! [G 00070236]). [C]. Solanum maglia Schltdl. var. guaytecarum Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov Regni Veg. 12: 2. 1913. Solanum tuberosum L. var. guaytecarum (Bitter) Hawkes, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 166: 130. 1956. Type: Chile. Region X (Los Lagos): Prov. Chiloé, Guaytecas Archipelago, 6.iii.1857, N. Funck 102C (holotype, P! [P 00384639]). [C]. Solanum tenuifilamentum Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 603. 1929. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Peru (Cusco: Chinchero, S. Juzepczuk 1355), viii.1929, S. Juzepczuk [1255] (lectotype, LE!, designated by Ovchinnikova et al., 2009: 586). [A]. Solanum phureja Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 604. 1929. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4855/3587 collected in Bolivia (La Paz: Sorata, S. Juzepczuk 1654), 1929, S. Juzepczuk [1654] (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-36885], designated by Korovina, Belozor & Chernomorskaja, 1985: 19; isolectotype, K! [K000658022]). [A]. Solanum goniocalyx Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 605. 1929. Solanum stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov subsp. goniocalyx (Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes, Rep. (Annual) Scott. Pl. Breed. Sta. 1963: 157. 1963. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Peru (Cerro de Pasco, S. Juzepzcuk 571), 1929, S. Juzepczuk [571] (lectotype, LE!, designated by Gorbatenko & Hawkes, 1996: 552; isolectotype, LE!). [A]. Solanum rybinii Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 606. 1929. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Colombia (Cundinamarca: near Bogotá, S. Bukasov 46), ix.1929, S. Juzepczuk s.n. (lectotype, LE!, designated here). [A]. Solanum stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 609. 1929. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4870/3537 collected in Bolivia (La Paz, S. Juzepczuk 1681), 1929, S. Juzepczuk [1681] 1552 (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-18777], designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 609. 1929, Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. andigenum (Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 166: 130. 1956. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Peru (Pasco: Cerro de Pasco, 1927, S. Juzepczuk 598), ix.1929, S. Juzepczuk [598] (lectotype, LE! [unnumbered photograph mounted on K000658023!], designated here; isolectotypes, K! [K000065896, K000658097, K000658098, K000658099]). [A]. Figure 5. Solanum boyacense Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 609. 1929. Solanum rybinii Juz. & Bukasov var. boyacense (Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes, Potato Collect. Exped. Mexico & S. Amer. 2 Syst. Classific. Collect. 2, 70. 1944. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Colombia (Boyacá: Chochonta, near Tunja, S. Bukasov 20), ix.1929, S. Juzepczuk s.n. (lectotype, LE!, designated here). [A]. Solanum chaucha Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 609. 1929. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Peru (Cusco: near Cusco, San Jeronimo, S. Juzepczuk 1010), viii.1929, S. Juzepczuk [1010] (lectotype, LE!, designated by Ovchinnikova et al., 2009: 583; isolectotypes, K! [K000658008, K000658177], LE! [2 additional sheets]). [A]. Solanum mamilliferum Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 609. 1929. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4899/3415 collected in Peru (Cusco: Ppisac, S. Juzepczuk 1001), 1928, S. Juzepczuk 1498 (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-18611], designated by Ovchinnikova et al., 2009: 584; isolectotype, K! [K000658176]). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov var. mexicanum Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 202, 516. 1930, Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov forma tolucanum Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 202, 516. 1930. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4001/1 collected in Mexico (Mexico: Cuautzingo, Anon. [S. Bukasov] 1), 1929, S. Juzepczuk s.n. (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-38364], designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov forma chalcoense Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 204, 517. 1930. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Mexico (Toluca: Cuatzingo (near Chalco), S. Bukasov 3 & 4; DF: Cocayan and Ajusco, M. C. Antipovich s.n.) (no specimens found). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov forma guatemalense Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 205, 518. 1930. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4018 collected in Guatemala (Escuintla, Anon. [S. Bukasov] 13), 1929, S. Bukasov [13] (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-38370], designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov var. colombianum Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 205. 1930, Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov forma tocanum Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 205. 1930. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Colombia (Cundinamarca, S. Juzepczuk 44), 1930, S. Juzepczuk [44] (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-38416], designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov var. cuzcoense Bukasov & Lechn., Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 205. 1930. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov convar. longiacuminatum Lechn., Trudy Prikl. Bot. 79: 47. 1983. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4355/3291 collected in Peru (Cusco: Paucartambo, S. Juzepczuk 1348), no date, V.S. Lekhnovich s.n. (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-37225], designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov forma caiceda Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 208. 1930. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4039 collected in Colombia (Cundinamarca: Chipaque, Anon. [S. Bukasov] 49b), 1931, S. Juzepczuk [49b] (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-38498], designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov forma lisarassa Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 209, 520. 1930. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4083 collected in Colombia (Cundinamarca: near Bogotá, Chipaque, S. Juzepczuk 35), 1929, S. Juzepczuk [35] 1449 (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-18661], designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov forma rosada Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 210, 250, fig. 103. 1930. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4169 collected in Colombia (Pasto: Popayán, Anon. [S. Bukasov] 98a), 1929, S. Juzepczuk [98a] (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-38372], designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov var. hederiforme Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 47: 521. 1930. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Colombia (Caldas: Manizales, Anon. [S. Bukasov] 84), 1928, S. Bukasov [84] (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-38381], designated here). [A]. Solanum stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov var. ccami Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 58: 33, 164. 1933. Solanum stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov forma ccami (Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes, Potato Collect. Exped. Mexico & S. Amer., 2, Syst. Classific. Collect. 55. 1944. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4678/3605 collected in Bolivia (La Paz: Titicaca, Tiahuanaco, S. Juzepczuk 1645), 1929, S. Juzepczuk [1645] (lectotype, WIR!, designated here). [A]. Solanum stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov var. ppitiquina Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 58: 33. 1933. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4862/3446 collected in Peru (Cusco, S. Juzepczuk 1319), 1929, S. Juzepczuk [1319] (lectotype, WIR!, designated here). [A]. Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov forma lilacinoflorum Bukasov, Trudy Prikl. Bot. Suppl. 58: 38. 1933. Type: cultivate, Published as part of OVCHINNIKOVA, ANNA, KRYLOVA, EKATERINA, GAVRILENKO, TATJANA, SMEKALOVA, TAMARA, ZHUK, MIKHAIL, KNAPP, SANDRA & SPOONER, DAVID M., 2011, Taxonomy of cultivated potatoes (Solanum section Petota: Solanaceae), pp. 107-155 in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (2) on pages 121-139, DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01107.x, http://zenodo.org/record/6326420, {"references":["Hawkes JG. 1956 b. Taxonomic studies on the tuber-bearing Solanum s. I. Solanum tuberosum and the tetraploid species complex. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 166: 97 - 144.","Putsch CWE. 1819. Versuch einer Monographie der Kartoffeln; oder ausfuhrliche Beschreibung der Kartoffeln nach ihrer Geschichte, Charakteristik, Kultur und Anwendung in Deutschland. Weimar: Lands-Industrie Comptoire.","Ovchinnikova AB, Krylova EA, Dorofeyev VI, Smekalova TN, Chukhina IG, Gavrilenko TA. 2009. Type specimens of cultivated species of Solanum section Petota kept in the herbaria of St. Petersburg (WIR, LE). Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 94: 581 - 587 (in Russian with English summary).","Korovina ON, Belozor NI, Chernomorskaja NM. 1985. The catalogue of types of the plants kept in VIR herbarium (WIR), part 2. Leningrad: Vavilov Institute (in Russian).","Gorbatenko L, Hawkes JG. 1996. The designation of a lectotype for a cultivated potato species, Solanum goniocalyx Juz. & Bukasov. Kew Bulletin 51: 552.","Lekhnovich VS. 1983. New taxons [taxa] within the species Solanum andigenum Juz. et Buk. (in Russian with Latin diagnoses). Trudy po Prikladnoj Botanike Genetike i Selekcii 79: 45 - 49.","Juzepczuk SW, Bukasov SM. 1929. A contribution to the question of the origin of the potato. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo S \" zeda po Genetike i Selektsii Semenovodstvu i Plemennomu Zhivotnovodstvu, 3: 593 - 611 (in Russian, English summary). Leningrad.","Bukasov SM. 1930. The cultivated plants of Mexico, Guatemala and Colombia. Trudy po Prikladnoj Botanike Genetike i Selekcii, Supplement 47: 191 - 226, 513 - 525.","Hawkes JG, Hjerting JP. 1989. The potatoes of Bolivia: their breeding value and evolutionary relationships. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","Hawkes JG. 2004. Hunting the wild potato in the South American Andes. Memories of the British Empire potato collecting expedition to South America 1938 - 1939. Nijmegen: Botanical and Experimental Garden, University of Nijmegen.","Bukasov SM. 1933. The potatoes of South America and their breeding possibilities. Trudy po Prikladnoj Botanike Genetike i Selekcii, Supplement 58: 1 - 192.","Hawkes JG. 1944. Potato collecting expeditions in Mexico and South America. II. Systematic classification of the collections. Aberystwyth: Imperial Bureau of Plant Breeding and Genetics, 1 - 142."]}

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2011
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18. Solanum juzepczukii BUKASOV

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OVCHINNIKOVA, ANNA, KRYLOVA, EKATERINA, GAVRILENKO, TATJANA, SMEKALOVA, TAMARA, ZHUK, MIKHAIL, KNAPP, SANDRA, and SPOONER, DAVID M.

Subjects
Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Solanales, Biodiversity, Plantae, Solanum, Solanum juzepczukii, Solanaceae, Taxonomy
Abstract

3. Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov. 3: 603. 1929. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 3355 collected in Peru (Cusco: prov. Acomayo, Pomacanchi, S. Juzepczuk 1166), 1.ix.1928, V.S. Lekhnovich [3355] (lectotype WIR! [WIR-36897], designated here; isolectotype, K! [K 000585544]). Figure 3. Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov var. parco Hawkes, Potato Collect. Exped. Mexico & S. Amer., 2, Syst. Classific. Collect. 73, 131. 1944. Type: cultivated in Cambridge (UK) from tuber accession EPC-1106 collected in Peru (Puno, J. Soukup s.n.), 1940, Anon. [J. G. Hawkes] s.n. (lectotype, K! [K 000658001], designated here). Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov var. roseum Vargas, Papas Sudper. 2: 20, fig. 2. 1956 [‘1954’]. Type: Peru. Puno: Prov. Carabaya, Macusani, 4300 m, C. Vargas 1145 (holotype, CUZ!). Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov forma ckoyuckaisalla Ochoa, Phytologia 65: 106. 1988. Type: Bolivia. Oruro: Prov. Carangas, Jango Cala, Z. Huamán 821 (holotype, herb. Ochoa, not found). Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov forma janckock-aisalla Ochoa, Phytologia 65: 107. 1988. Type: Bolivia. Oruro: Prov. Poopó, Toledo, 3700 m, Z. Huamán 809 (holotype, CUZ! [original citation as herb. Ochoa]). Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov forma luckipechuma Ochoa, Phytologia 65: 107. 1988. Type: Bolivia. Oruro: Challa, CIP-702631 (holotype, CIP!). Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov forma luckipinkula Ochoa, Phytologia 65: 107. 1988. Type: Bolivia. Potosí: Prov. Frias, Callactiri, 3900 m, C. Ochoa 10571 (holotype, CUZ! [original citation as herb. Ochoa]). Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov forma wilackaisalla Ochoa, Phytologia 65: 107. 1988. Type: Bolivia. Oruro: Prov. Poopó, Saucari-Toledo, Z. Huamán 815 (holotype, herb. Ochoa, not found). Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov var. lucki Ochoa, Phytologia 65: 107. 1988. Type: Bolivia. La Paz: Prov. Ingavi, Ingavi, Z. Huamán 789 (holotype, CUZ! [original citation as herb. Ochoa]). Description: Herbs 0.4–0.8 m tall, semi-rosette when young, developing to semi-erect. Stems 10–15 mm in diameter at base of plant, unwinged to narrowly winged, sparsely pubescent, green to green splotched with purple. Sympodial units tri- to plurifoliate, not geminate. Leaves odd-pinnate, the blades 14–28 x 6– 10 cm, dark green, membranous to chartaceous, rugose, sparsely pubescent adaxially and abaxially, with hairs like those of the stems; lateral leaβet pairs five to seven, decreasing in size from the apex to the base; most distal lateral leaβets 2.5–6.5 x 1.0– 3.5 cm, slightly decurrent onto the rachis on the basiscopic side, broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, the apex obtuse to acute, the base cuneate or rounded; terminal leaβet 3–7 x 2–4 cm, broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, the apex obtuse to acute, the base cuneate or rounded; interjected leaβets one to four, sessile to short petiolulate, broadly ovate to broadly elliptic; petioles 2–4 cm, pubescent as the stems. Pseudostipules 1–5 mm, auriculate, pubescent with hairs like those of the stem. Inβorescences 5–6 cm, terminal with a subtending axillary bud, generally in distal half of the plant, usually forked, with 10–15 βowers, with all βowers apparently perfect, the axes pubescent with hairs like those of the stem; peduncle 7–16 cm long; pedicels 22–35 mm long in βower and fruit, 1–10 mm apart, articulation indistinct or only slightly distinct, articulated high in the distal half. Flowers homostylous, pentamerous. Calyx 4–10 mm long, the tube 1–2 mm, the lobes 2–9 mm, triangular-lanceolate or ellipticlanceolate, terminated in pointed acumens, the acumens 2.0– 4.5 mm long, with hairs like those of the stem. Corolla 3–4 cm in diameter, rotate, lilac–purple or dark red–purple or medium to dark purple, the tube 1–2 mm long, the acumens c. 2 mm long, the corolla edges βat, not folded dorsally, glabrous abaxially, minutely puberulent adaxially, especially along the midribs, ciliate at the margins, especially at the tips of the corollas. Stamens with the filaments 1–2 mm long; anthers 3–5 mm long, lanceolate, connivent, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 6–8 x 1 mm, exceeding stamens by 1–2 mm, straight, papillose in the distal half; stigma capitate. Fruit a globose to ovoid berry, 0.5–1.0 cm in diameter, green to green tinged with purple when ripe, glabrous. Seeds from living specimens ovoid and c. 2 mm long, whitish to greenish in fresh condition and drying brownish, with a thick covering of ‘hair-like’ lateral walls of the testal cells that make the seeds mucilaginous when wet, green–white throughout; testal cells honeycomb-shaped when lateral walls removed by enzyme digestion. Chromosome number: 2 n = 3 x = 36 (Huamán 815, Herbarium of the International Potato Center, Lima, Peru). Phenology: Flowering and fruiting from January to May. Distribution: In the high Andean altiplano between southern Peru and central Bolivia, in cultivated fields, at elevations between 3600 and 4400 m. The name S. juzepczukii was validly published in 1929 with a complete Latin description and a single accession cited as the type (Juzepczuk & Bukasov, 1929, see discussion under S. curtilobum above), but is often cited as having been coined later (in Bukasov, 1930) in indices., Published as part of OVCHINNIKOVA, ANNA, KRYLOVA, EKATERINA, GAVRILENKO, TATJANA, SMEKALOVA, TAMARA, ZHUK, MIKHAIL, KNAPP, SANDRA & SPOONER, DAVID M., 2011, Taxonomy of cultivated potatoes (Solanum section Petota: Solanaceae), pp. 107-155 in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (2) on page 119, DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01107.x, http://zenodo.org/record/6326420, {"references":["Juzepczuk SW, Bukasov SM. 1929. A contribution to the question of the origin of the potato. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo S \" zeda po Genetike i Selektsii Semenovodstvu i Plemennomu Zhivotnovodstvu, 3: 593 - 611 (in Russian, English summary). Leningrad.","Bukasov SM. 1930. The cultivated plants of Mexico, Guatemala and Colombia. Trudy po Prikladnoj Botanike Genetike i Selekcii, Supplement 47: 191 - 226, 513 - 525."]}

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2011
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19. Solanum ajanhuiri , Juzepczuk & Bukasov 1929

Author

OVCHINNIKOVA, ANNA, KRYLOVA, EKATERINA, GAVRILENKO, TATJANA, SMEKALOVA, TAMARA, ZHUK, MIKHAIL, KNAPP, SANDRA, and SPOONER, DAVID M.

Subjects
Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Solanales, Biodiversity, Solanum ajanhuiri, Plantae, Solanum, Solanaceae, Taxonomy
Abstract

1. Solanum ajanhuiri Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov.3: 605. 1929, as ‘ ahanhuiri ’. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession 4871/3534 collected in Bolivia (La Paz: altiplano, S. Juzepczuk 1744), 1929, S. Juzepczuk [1744] (lectotype, WIR! [WIR-42400], designated by Ochoa, 1990: 308). Figure 1. Solanum ajanhuiri Juz. & Bukasov forma janckoajanhuiri Ochoa, Phytologia 65: 103. 1988. Type: Bolivia. Oruro: prov. Poopó, Urmiri, 3750 m, C. Ochoa 3881 (holotype, CUZ! [original citation as herb. Ochoa]). Solanum ajanhuiri Juz. & Bukasov var. yari Ochoa, Phytologia 65: 103. 1988. Type: Bolivia. Oruro: prov. Poopó, Urmiri, 3750 m, C. Ochoa 3887 (holotype, CUZ! [original citation as herb. Ochoa]). Description: Herbs 0.4–0.7 m tall, semi-rosette when young, developing to sub-rosette or to semi-erect. Stems 8–10 mm in diameter at base of plant, with narrow wings, densely pubescent, green to green and purple mottled. Sympodial units tri- to plurifoliate, not geminate. Leaves odd-pinnate, the blades 7–10 x 3.5–6.0 cm, dark green, membranous to chartaceous, densely pubescent adaxially and abaxially, with hairs like those of the stems; lateral leaβet pairs five or six, often subequal except for the most proximal one or two pairs that are greatly reduced in size; most distal lateral leaβets 4.5–7.0 x 2.0– 3.5 cm, elliptic lanceolate, broadly decurrent onto the rachis on the basiscopic side, the apex distinctly acute, the base oblique to rounded; terminal leaβet 5–9 x 2.5– 4.0 cm, elliptic lanceolate, the apex distinctly acute, the base oblique to rounded; interjected leaβets three to five, sessile to short petiolulate, elliptic lanceolate; petioles 1–3 cm, pubescent as the stems. Pseudostipules minute to 5 mm long, auriculate, pubescent with hairs like those of the stem. Inβorescences 5–10 cm, terminal with a subtending axillary bud, generally in distal half of the plant, usually forked, with 9–12 βowers, with all βowers apparently perfect, the axes pubescent with hairs like those of the stem; peduncle 10–15 cm long; pedicels 21–28 mm long in βower and fruit, spaced 1–10 mm apart, articulation indistinct or only slightly distinct, articulated high in the distal half. Flowers homostylous, pentamerous. Calyx 4–12 mm long, the tube 1–2 mm, the lobes 2–11 mm, narrowly elliptic, shortly acuminate, the acumens 1–4 mm long, with hairs like those of the stem. Corolla 2.5–3.5 cm in diameter, rotatepentagonal, white to white with mauve streaks to blue–mauve or blue–purple, the tube 1–2 mm long, the acumens 3–4 mm long, the corolla edges βat, not folded dorsally, glabrous abaxially, minutely puberulent adaxially, especially along the midribs, ciliate at the margins, especially at the tips of the corollas. Stamens with the filaments 1–2 mm long; anthers 4–6 mm long, lanceolate, connivent, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 7.5–8.0 x 1 mm, exceeding stamens by 3–4 mm, straight, papillose on the proximal half; stigma capitate. Fruit a globose to ovoid berry, 2–3 cm in diameter, green or green tinged with purple when ripe, glabrous. Seeds from living specimens ovoid and c. 2 mm long, whitish to greenish in fresh condition and drying brownish, with a thick covering of ‘hair-like’ lateral walls of the testal cells that make the seeds mucilaginous when wet, green– white throughout; testal cells honeycomb-shaped when lateral walls removed by enzyme digestion. Chromosome number: 2 n = 2 x = 24 (Ochoa 10527, Herbarium of the International Potato Center, Lima, Peru). Phenology: Flowering and fruiting from January to May. Distribution: In cultivated fields in the high Andean altiplano between southern Peru and central Bolivia, at elevations between 3600 and 4100 m. Solanum ajanhuiri is of hybrid origin from diploid forms of S. tuberosum (formerly classified as S. stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov) and the wild species S. boliviense Dunal (including S. megistacrolobum; see Solanaceae Source, http://www.solanaceaesource.org). Some landraces of S. ajanhuiri are probably the result of backcrossing to S. tuberosum. Those named ‘Sisu’ are believed to be triploid hybrids with the tetraploid wild species S. acaule (Huamán et al., 1980; Johns et al., 1987). Landraces of S. ajanhuiri were distributed originally in the high Andean altiplano between southern Peru and central Bolivia at elevations between 3700 and 4100 m. However, in Peru, only the purple-skinned ‘Ajawiri’ is grown. In the International Potato Center genebank, there are 10 named landraces of S. ajanhuiri. These include ‘Jancko Ajawiri’, Laram Ajawiri’, ‘Jancko Yari’, ‘Wila Yari’, ‘Chañu Yari’, ‘Alka Yari’ and ‘Jancko Sisu Yari’ reported in Huamán et al. (1980). Others from Bolivia are ‘Chañu Ajawiri’, ‘Wila Palta Yari’ and ‘Wila Anckanche’ (Huamán & Spooner, 2002). The spelling of the epithet for S. ajanhuiri has been inconsistent in various treatments. In general, European taxonomists (Hawkes & Hjerting, 1989; Hawkes, 1990) used the spelling ajanhuiri, whereas Ochoa (1990) used the spelling ahanhuiri. In the original publication of S. ajanhuiri, Juzepczuk & Bukasov (1929) used the spelling ‘ahanhuiri’, and also cited the Aymará common name of this potato as ‘Ahanhuiri’, with an ‘h’ as the latinized spelling of ‘j’ from Aymará/Spanish. Bukasov’s type specimen in WIR is annotated ‘ Solanum ajanhuiri ’ (see Fig. 1), and in all later treatments the Russian taxonomists used the spelling with the j (‘ ajanhuiri ’) rather than the h (‘ ahanhuiri ’). We follow the intention of the original authors (as evidenced by all of their subsequent treatments using this name) and treat this as a substantive name (noun) correctable to the intended original spelling as indicated by usage of the original describers. Hawkes & Hjerting (1989: 384) lectotypified S. ajanhuiri from the many tuber accessions cited (Juzepczuk 1518, 1661, 1699, 1744 & 1800, all from the region of La Paz, Bolivia) with a specimen of Juzepczuk 1661 in LE. The only sheet of Juzepczuk 1661 in LE, however, was collected after the 1929 publication date of the epithet, and so is not the material used in the original description (Ovchinnikova et al., 2009) and thus incorrect. Ochoa (1990) correctly lectotypified S. ajanhuiri with a sheet of another of the tuber accessions (Juzepczuk 1744) that had been made into herbarium material in 1929, but did not notice Hawkes & Hjerting’s (1989) error. Solanum ajanhuiri is occasionally listed in indices as being published in 1930 (Bukasov, 1930), rather than 1929. This is probably a result of the unavailability of the original 1929 publication (Juzepczuk & Bukasov, 1929) in western libraries (see discussion under S. curtilobum below). The listing of S. ajanhuiri in Bukasov (1930) was not, in our view, an intentional publishing of a new name, but a use of one already published, but not widely known outside the former Soviet Union., Published as part of OVCHINNIKOVA, ANNA, KRYLOVA, EKATERINA, GAVRILENKO, TATJANA, SMEKALOVA, TAMARA, ZHUK, MIKHAIL, KNAPP, SANDRA & SPOONER, DAVID M., 2011, Taxonomy of cultivated potatoes (Solanum section Petota: Solanaceae), pp. 107-155 in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (2) on pages 114-117, DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01107.x, http://zenodo.org/record/6326420, {"references":["Ochoa CM. 1990. The potatoes of South America: Bolivia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","Huaman Z, Hawkes JG, Rowe PR. 1980. Solanum ajanhuiri: an important diploid potato cultivated in the Andean altiplano. Economic Botany 34: 335 - 343.","Johns T, Huaman Z, Ochoa CM, Schmiediche PE. 1987. Relationships among wild, weed, and cultivated potatoes in the Solanum ajanhuiri complex. Systematic Botany 12: 541 - 552.","Huaman Z, Spooner DM. 2002. Reclassification of landrace populations of cultivated potatoes (Solanum sect. Petota). American Journal of Botany 89: 947 - 965.","Hawkes JG, Hjerting JP. 1989. The potatoes of Bolivia: their breeding value and evolutionary relationships. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","Hawkes JG. 1990. The potato: evolution, biodiversity and genetic resources. Oxford: Belhaven Press.","Juzepczuk SW, Bukasov SM. 1929. A contribution to the question of the origin of the potato. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo S \" zeda po Genetike i Selektsii Semenovodstvu i Plemennomu Zhivotnovodstvu, 3: 593 - 611 (in Russian, English summary). Leningrad.","Ovchinnikova AB, Krylova EA, Dorofeyev VI, Smekalova TN, Chukhina IG, Gavrilenko TA. 2009. Type specimens of cultivated species of Solanum section Petota kept in the herbaria of St. Petersburg (WIR, LE). Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 94: 581 - 587 (in Russian with English summary).","Bukasov SM. 1930. The cultivated plants of Mexico, Guatemala and Colombia. Trudy po Prikladnoj Botanike Genetike i Selekcii, Supplement 47: 191 - 226, 513 - 525."]}

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2011
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20. Solanum curtilobum JUZ. & BUKASOV

Author

OVCHINNIKOVA, ANNA, KRYLOVA, EKATERINA, GAVRILENKO, TATJANA, SMEKALOVA, TAMARA, ZHUK, MIKHAIL, KNAPP, SANDRA, and SPOONER, DAVID M.

Subjects
Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Solanales, Biodiversity, Solanum curtilobum, Plantae, Solanum, Solanaceae, Taxonomy
Abstract

2. Solanum curtilobum Juz. & Bukasov, Trudy Vsesoyuzn. S”ezda Gen. Selekts. Semenov. Plemen. Zhivotnov.3: 609. 1929. Type: cultivated in Leningrad from tuber accession collected in Bolivia (La Paz, S. Juzepczuk 1707), viii.1929, S. Juzepczuk [1707] [lectotype, LE!, designated by Hawkes & Hjerting, 1989: 403 (confirmed by Ovchinnikova et al., 2009: 584, but no isotype in WIR found)]. Figure 2. Description: Herbs 0.5–0.9 m tall, semi-rosette when young, developing to semi-erect. Stems 10–16 mm in diameter at base of plant, with narrow wings, sparsely pubescent, green splotched with purple. Sympodial units tri- to plurifoliate, not geminate. Leaves oddpinnate, the blades 7–18 x 3.5–9.0 cm, dark green, membranous to chartaceous, sparsely pubescent adaxially and abaxially, with hairs like those of the stems; lateral leaβet pairs five or six, decreasing in size from the apex to the base; most distal lateral leaβets 2.5–4.5 x 1.5–2.7 cm, ovate to elliptic, the apex shortly acuminate, the base truncate to rounded to cordate; terminal leaβet 2.7–4.5 x 1.5–2.7 cm, ovate to elliptic, the apex shortly acuminate, the base truncate to rounded to cordate; interjected leaβets four to six, sessile to short petiolulate, ovate to elliptic; petioles 2–4 cm, pubescent as the stems. Pseudostipules absent to minute, auriculate, pubescent with hairs like those of the stem. Inβorescences 5–11 cm, terminal with a subtending axillary bud, generally in distal half of the plant, usually forked, with 8–14 βowers, with all βowers apparently perfect, the axes pubescent with hairs like those of the stem; peduncle 7–8 cm long; pedicels 16–22 mm long in βower and fruit, spaced 1–10 mm apart, articulation indistinct or only slightly distinct, articulated high in the distal half. Flowers homostylous, pentamerous. Calyx 6.0– 8.5 mm long, the tube 1–2 mm, the lobes 4.0– 7.5 mm, elliptic lanceolate, abruptly narrowed at apex to short pointed acumens, the acumens 2.0– 3.5 mm long, with hairs like those of the stem. Corolla 3.5–5 cm in diameter, rotate, lilac–purple, the tube 1–2 mm long, the acumens 1–3 mm long, the corolla edges βat, not folded dorsally, glabrous abaxially, minutely puberulent adaxially, especially along the midribs, ciliate at the margins, especially at the tips of the corollas. Stamens with the filaments 1–2 mm long; anthers 5–6 mm long, lanceolate, connivent, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 8.0– 9.5 mm x 1 mm, exceeding stamens by 3–4 mm, straight, papillose in the distal half; stigma capitate. Fruit a globose to ovoid berry, 2–3 cm in diameter, green to green tinged with purple when ripe, glabrous. Seeds from living specimens ovoid and c. 2 mm long, whitish to greenish in fresh condition and drying brownish, with a thick covering of ‘hair-like’ lateral walls of the testal cells that make the seeds mucilaginous when wet, green–white throughout; testal cells honeycomb-shaped when lateral walls removed by enzyme digestion. Chromosome number: 2 n = 5 x = 60 (Huamán 60, Herbarium of the International Potato Center, Lima, Peru). Phenology: Flowering and fruiting from January to May. Distribution: Throughout the highlands of northern Peru to central Bolivia and rarely in northern Argentina, in cultivated fields, at elevations between 3600–4300 m. Solanum curtilobum is of hybrid origin, resulting from a cross between S. juzepczukii Bukasov and tetraploid cultivars of S. tuberosum (Hawkes, 1962; Schmiediche et al., 1980, 1982). In the CIP genebank are landraces mainly differentiated by the tuber skin colour and sprout colour. These have many different names, including ‘Shiri’, ‘Luki’, ‘Waña’, ‘Choquepito’, ‘Mallku’ and ‘Ococuri’, alone or in combination with names describing the tuber skin colour, such as ‘Yuracc’ or ‘Jancko’ (white), ‘Yana’, ‘Laram’ or ‘Azul’ (purple), or ‘Pinta’ (two-coloured) (Huamán & Spooner, 2002). Solanum curtilobum was first described by Juzepczuk & Bukasov in Volume III of the Proceedings of the USSR Congress of Genetics, Plant- and Animal Breeding held in Leningrad in January 1929 (Juzepczuk & Bukasov, 1929), which was not available in the West. Therefore, in indices such as Index Kewensis (and, later, IPNI and the Gray Card Index), the place of first publication of this name and others coined in that 1929 publication was given as Bukasov’s (1930) treatment of the cultivated plants of Mexico, Guatemala and Colombia, in which the epithets validly described with Latin diagnoses previously were listed in the text, but not formally described. The use of S. curtilobum and other names (see S. tuberosum below) in Bukasov (1930) was clearly not intended as a new publication of these epithets. Ovchinnikova et al. (2009: 584) confirmed Hawkes & Hjerting’s (1989: 403) lectotypification of S. curtilobum with a specimen in LE, but did not find the isotype cited by Hawkes & Hjerting as being in WIR; subsequent searches have also failed to reveal this specimen., Published as part of OVCHINNIKOVA, ANNA, KRYLOVA, EKATERINA, GAVRILENKO, TATJANA, SMEKALOVA, TAMARA, ZHUK, MIKHAIL, KNAPP, SANDRA & SPOONER, DAVID M., 2011, Taxonomy of cultivated potatoes (Solanum section Petota: Solanaceae), pp. 107-155 in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (2) on pages 117-119, DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01107.x, http://zenodo.org/record/6326420, {"references":["Hawkes JG, Hjerting JP. 1989. The potatoes of Bolivia: their breeding value and evolutionary relationships. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","Ovchinnikova AB, Krylova EA, Dorofeyev VI, Smekalova TN, Chukhina IG, Gavrilenko TA. 2009. Type specimens of cultivated species of Solanum section Petota kept in the herbaria of St. Petersburg (WIR, LE). Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 94: 581 - 587 (in Russian with English summary).","Hawkes JG. 1962. The origin of Solanum juzepczukii Buk. and S. curtilobum Juz. et Buk. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenzuchtung 47: 1 - 14.","Schmiediche PE, Hawkes JG, Ochoa CM. 1980. Breeding of the cultivated potato species Solanum juzepczukii Buk. and S. curtilobum Juz. et Buk. I. A study of the natural variation of S. juzepczukii, S. curtilobum and their wild progenitor, S. acaule. Bitt. Euphytica 29: 685 - 704.","Schmiediche PE, Hawkes JG, Ochoa CM. 1982. The breeding of the cultivated potato species Solanum juzepczukii and S. curtilobum. II. The resynthesis of S. juzepczukii and S. curtilobum. Euphytica 31: 395 - 707.","Huaman Z, Spooner DM. 2002. Reclassification of landrace populations of cultivated potatoes (Solanum sect. Petota). American Journal of Botany 89: 947 - 965.","Juzepczuk SW, Bukasov SM. 1929. A contribution to the question of the origin of the potato. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo S \" zeda po Genetike i Selektsii Semenovodstvu i Plemennomu Zhivotnovodstvu, 3: 593 - 611 (in Russian, English summary). Leningrad.","Bukasov SM. 1930. The cultivated plants of Mexico, Guatemala and Colombia. Trudy po Prikladnoj Botanike Genetike i Selekcii, Supplement 47: 191 - 226, 513 - 525."]}

Published
2011
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21. Solanum neoweberbaueri Wittm., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50 (Suppl.) 540, Figs. 1 – 2. 1914

Author

Spooner, David M., Fajardo, Diego, and Salas, Alberto

Subjects
Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Solanales, Biodiversity, Solanum neoweberbaueri, Plantae, Solanum, Solanaceae, Taxonomy
Abstract

SOLANUM NEOWEBERBAUERI Wittm., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50 (Suppl.) 540, Figs. 1–2. 1914. Solanum medians f. neoweberbaueri (Wittm.) Correll, Wrightia 2: 191. 1961. — TYPE: PERU. Lima: Morro Salar, near Chorrillos, 250 m, in rocky places in a formation called loma, 21 Aug 1910, Weberbauer 568 9 (holotype: B, destroyed, photo and fragment, F!, photos of B holotype: G! MO! NY!; lectotype, designated by Ochoa, 1999, pg. 840: F!, photos [Correll neg. 724]: LL! NY! UC!, isolectotypes: GH! US 144889! US 1444890!, photo of GH isolectotype [Correll neg. 725]: F! GH! MO! NY! UC!, photo of US 1444889 isolectotype [Correll neg. 723]: LL! MO! NY! UC!, photo of US 1444890 isolectotype [Correll neg. 721]: LL! NY! PTIS! UC!). Plants 0.2–0.5 m tall, herbaceous, terrestrial, erect. Stems 2–6 mm in diameter at base of plant, subglabrous to sparsely pubescent, light to dark green and rarely tinged with purple. Pseudostipules minute to 12 mm long, lunate. Leaves 7–16.6 cm long, 4–10 cm wide, odd-pinnate, pubescent as the stems, light green; petioles 1.0–3.0 cm long; lateral leaflet pairs 1–3, slightly to greatly subequal and decreasing in size to the base; most distal lateral leaflets 1.8–6.5 cm long, 0.5–2.8 cm wide, narrowly to broadly ovate, the apex acute to acuminate, the base typically sessile and short decurrent on the basiscopic side to more rarely short petiolulate; terminal leaflet 1.7–8.5 cm long, 0.8–3.5 cm wide, narrowly to broadly ovate, the apex typically acute to acuminate, the base attenuate; interjected leaflets 0–2, sessile to short petiolulate, ovate to orbicular. Inflorescences generally in distal half of plant; peduncle 3–8.5 cm long. Flowers 2–25; pedicels 2–6.5 mm long, articulate typically above the middle; calyx 6–7 mm long, the lobes linear to long-attenuate, the acumens 2–3 mm long; corolla 2.7–4.7 cm in diameter, pentagonal to rotate, the acumens 1.5–2.0 mm long, edges of corolla flat, not folded dorsally, white to blue to lilac with a white star or white and blue mottled above and below; anthers 5–7 mm long, connate; style 8–9 mm long, exceeding stamens by 3–5 mm, straight, stigma clavate to capitate. Ovaries not maturing to fruits. Chromosome number 2 n = 3 x = 36 (Spooner & Salas 2006; Hijmans et al. 2007). Figure 7. Phenology— Flowering and fruiting along the coast in October. Distribution (Fig. 6)— Central Peru (Department of Lima) in the coastal lomas, growing among rocks, often on slopes, in sandy or rocky soils, 200– 750 m. elevation. Specimens Examined— PERU. Lima: Lomas Manzano, cerca pueblo Pachacamac, al SSE de Lima, 25 Oct 1958, 200– 300 m, C. M. Ochoa 1807 (GH, US); 1808 (GH, US); 2163 (K, US); Lima, Lomas de Atosisa, unos 35 km al SSE de Lima y al E del pueblo de Pachacamac, 21 Jul 1971, 300 m, C. M. Ochoa 3035 (US); Lima, San Bartolo, lomas al E de San Bartolo, entrando por el km 58 de la carretera Panamericana Sur, 21 Oct 1976, 350 m, C. M. Ochoa 11248 (GH, US, USM); Cañete, Quilmaná, Lomas de Quilmaná, 10 km al N de Cañete, 26 Oct 1976, 350 m, C. M. Ochoa & A. Salas 11252 (GH, US, USM); Cañete, lomas, cerca de la Mina Condestable, unos 5 km al E de Bujama Baja, entre Mala y Asia, al S de Lima, Oct 1976, 600 m, C. M. Ochoa 11272 (MOL, US); Cañete, lomas, cerca de la Mina Condestable, unos 5 km al E de Bujama Baja, entre Mala y Asia, Oct 1976, 600 m, C. M. Ochoa 11273 (F, GH, MOL, NY, US, USM); Huarochirí, lomas, cerca de la Mina Huarochirí, unos 5 km entrando al pueblo de Lurín, hacia el E, al S de Lima, 22 Oct 1982, 750 m, C. M. Ochoa 14860 (US). Solanum neoweberbaueri is similar to S. medians, but it differs by its subglabrous to sparsely pubescent leaves and calyx; the pedicels, which are typically articulate in the middle or slightly below the middle; and the corollas, which are pure white to white and mottled blue or blue to purple with a white star. All populations are sterile. Ochoa (1999) postulated that S. neoweberbaueri is a sterile triploid nothospecies resulting from hybridization of S. medians and S. chancayense Ochoa, a sympatric white-flowered species. Solanum chancayense is unrelated to S. medians as it is a member of plastid clade 3, not clade 4 of Spooner and Castillo (1997). Ochoa (1999) may be correct in the hybrid origin of S. neoweberbaueri but we consider its hybrid origin speculative at present and do not designate it as a nothospecies., Published as part of Spooner, David M., Fajardo, Diego & Salas, Alberto, 2008, Revision of the Solanum medians Complex (Solanum section Petota), pp. 579-588 in Systematic Botany 33 (3) on page 587, DOI: 10.1600/036364408785679905, http://zenodo.org/record/6341843, {"references":["Ochoa, C. M. 1999. Las papas de sudamerica: Peru (Parte I). Lima, Peru: International Potato Center.","Spooner, D. M. and A. Salas. 2006. Structure, biosystematics, and genetic resources. Pp. 1 - 39 in Handbook of potato production, improvement, and post-harvest management, eds. J. Gopal and S. M. Paul Khurana. Binghampton, New York: Haworth's Press, Inc.","Hijmans, R., T. Gavrilenko, S. Stephenson, J. Bamberg, A. Salas, and D. M. Spooner. 2007. Geographic and environmental range expansion through polyploidy in wild potatoes (Solanum section Petota). Global Ecology and Biogeography 16: 485 - 495.","Spooner, D. M. and R. Castillo. 1997. Reexamination of series relationships of South American wild potatoes (Solanaceae: Solanum sect. Petota): evidence from chloroplast DNA restriction site variation. American Journal of Botany 84: 671 - 685."]}

Published
2008
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22. Solanum medians Bitter 2008

Author

Spooner, David M., Fajardo, Diego, and Salas, Alberto

Subjects
Solanum medians, Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Solanales, Biodiversity, Plantae, Solanum, Solanaceae, Taxonomy
Abstract

SOLANUM MEDIANS Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 366. 1912. —TYPE: PERU. Lima: hills of Mongomarca, loma formation, [Cerro de Amancaes], 500–600 m, 14 Aug 1910, A. Weberbauer 5683 (Seler 260) (holotype: B, destroyed, photos: F 647974! G! MO 1691266! NY! (reproduced as Fig. 123 [pg. 230] of Ochoa 1962!; lectotype, designated by Ochoa, 1999, p. 771: US 1473504!, photo of US lectotype [Correll neg. 734]: LL! NY! PTIS! UC 1152337!; isolectotypes: CUZ! F 628465! GH!, photos of F isolectoype [Correll neg. 52]: G! LL! MO 5588448! NY! PTIS! UC 1152337!, photos of GH isolectotype [Correll neg. 733]: LL! NY! UC 1152337!; drawing of GOET isolectotype: LL! MO 5588447! NY! PTIS! UC 1152337!). Solanum weberbaueri Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 365. 1912.— TYPE: PERU. Arequipa: Prov. Mollendo [Prov. Islay], Tambo, 500–600 m, among rocks, in loma formations, Oct 1902, A. Weberbauer 1575 (holotype: B destroyed, photo and fragment: F 647956!, photos: G! MO 1691494! NY!). Solanum medians var. majorifrons subvar. majorifrons Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 149. 1913.— TYPE: PERU. [Lima]: [Prov. Huarochirı´]: Tambo de Viso, M. Martinet 232 p. p. (the bottom of two specimens on a single sheet) (holotype: P!, photo: G!). Solanum medians var. majorifrons subvar. protohypoleucum Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 150. 1913.— TYPE: PERU. [Lima]: [Prov. Huarochirı´], Tambo de Viso, M. Martinet 232 p. p. (the top of two specimens on a single sheet) (holotype: P!, photo: G!). Solanum weberbaueri var. poscoanum Cárdenas and Hawkes, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 53: 101, Fig. 7, 1946.— TYPE: PERU. Arequipa: Prov. Islai [Islay], Lomas de Posco, 600–900 m, in sandy-rocky soils, 1 Aug 1940, C. Vargas 2019 (lectotype, here designated: K 000440664!, photos [Correll neg. 385]: F 1603661! LL! MO 5588802! UC 1152460!). Solanum medians var. autumnale, Correll, Wrightia 2: 190. 1961.— TYPE: PERU: Lima: Prov. Huarochirí, valley of Río Rimac, near Lima-Oroya Highway at Km 70 east of Lima, 1850 m, above highway in moist cervices of rock walls, 21–26 Apr 1942, T. H. Goodspeed 33116 (holotype: GH!, photos [Correll neg. 729]: F 1603602! LL! NY! PTIS! UC 1152339!; isotypes: G!, MO 1288086! US 1834652!, photos of G isotype [Correll neg. 726]: F 1603599! LL! MO!, UC 1152339! photos of MO isotype [Correll neg. 728]: F 1603601! LL! NY! PTIS! UC 1152339!, photos of US isotype [Correll neg. 727]: LL! NY! PTIS! UC 1152339!). Solanum tacnaense Ochoa, Agronomía (Lima) 18: 133, Figs. 5–6, 1953.— TYPE: PERU. Tacna: Prov. Tacna, near Minas de Toquepala, a few kilometers before reaching the radio station on the mine, 3140 m, 23 Mar 1953, C. Ochoa 2046 (holotype: CUZ!; isotypes: GH! K [2 sheets labeled sheet 1 and sheet 2]! US 2123548!, photo of GH isotype [Correll neg. 682]: BM 000882020! F 1603639! NY! UC 1152485!, photo of US isotype [Correll neg. 152]: BM 000882021! F 1603853! MO 5609720! UC 1152485!). Solanum sandemanii Hawkes, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 12, 7: 709, Figs. 12, 13. 1954. Solanum tacnaense var. sandemanii (Hawkes) Correll, Wrightia 2: 196. 1961.— TYPE: PERU. Arequipa: rock ledges along draw above Arequipa, 2600–2700 m, 7–16 Apr 1925, F. W. Pennell 13196 p.p. (holotype: K, photo of holotype: F 1604160! MO 5594979! NY!; isotypes: F 557664! GH! PH, S 04-2978! US 1343101!; photo of F isotype [Correll neg. 680]: BM 000882019! F 1603630! PTIS!, photo of GH isotype [Correll neg. 677]: BM 000882018! F 1603633! NY! PTIS!, photos of PH isotype: [Correll neg. 679]: BM 000882017! F 1603631! NY!, photos of S isotype [Correll neg. 289]: BM 000882014! F 1604160! MO 5594979! PTIS! UC 1152418!, photo of US isotype [Correll neg. 681]: BM 000882016! F 1603638! NY! PTIS!). Solanum weberbaueri var. decurrentialatum Ochoa, Agronomía (Lima) 26: 219, Figs. A, B on pg. 220. 1959. Solanum tacnaense f. decurrentialatum (Ochoa) Correll, Wrightia 2: 197. 1961.— TYPE: PERU. Tacna: Prov. Tarata, rocky hills near Tarata, Cerro Ticalaco, 3200 m, 22 Mar 1953, C. Ochoa 2040 (holotype: personal herbarium of C. Ochoa, photo: Ochoa, 1999, pg. 911!). Solanum medians var. angustifoliolum Ochoa, Los Solanum Tuberíferos Silvestres del Perú, 242. 1962.— TYPE: PERU. Lima: Prov. Cajatambo, San José, 2700 m, near Churín, 6 Apr 1961, C. Ochoa 2352 (holotype: personal herbarium of C. Ochoa; photo: Ochoa, 1962, pg. 243!; isotype: CUZ [2]!, photos: PTIS!). Plants 0.2–0.6 m tall, herbaceous, terrestrial, erect. Stems 3–5 mm in diameter at base of plant, coarsely pilose with typically whitish non-glandular erect trichomes, dark green and sometimes tinged with purple. Pseudostipules minute to 12 mm long, lunate. Leaves 8–15 cm long, 5–15 cm wide, odd-pinnate, pubescent (like the stems), medium to dark green and sometimes tinged with purple underneath; petioles 0.7–3.0 cm long; lateral leaflet pairs 1–4, greatly subequal and rapidly decreasing in size to the base; most distal lateral leaflets (1.5-) 2.0–8.0 (-10) cm long, (0.4-) 1–4 (-8) cm wide, narrowly to broadly ovate to more rarely orbicular, the apex typically acute to acuminate to more rarely rounded and apiculate, the base typically sessile and short to widely decurrent on the basiscopic side to more rarely short petiolulate; terminal leaflet 3–11 (-14) cm long, 1–6 (-8) cm wide, narrowly to broadly ovate to more rarely orbicular, the apex typically acute to acuminate to more rarely rounded and apiculate, the base attenuate; interjected leaflets 0–2 (-7), sessile to short petiolulate, ovate to orbicular. Inflorescences generally in distal half of plant; peduncle 1.3–8.0 cm long. Flowers 5–15; pedicels (1.5-) 2–6 (-8) mm long, articulate typically above the middle; calyx 6–11 mm long, the lobes linear to long-attenuate, the acumens 2–4 mm long; corolla 2.8–3.5 cm in diameter, pentagonal to rotate, the acumens 1.0– 1.5 mm long, edges of corolla flat, not folded dorsally, dark blue to violet and typically with a green star above and below; anthers 4–7 mm long, connate; style 8–9 mm long, exceeding stamens by 2–4 mm, straight, stigma clavate to capitate. Fruits 1.5 cm long, globose to slightly ovoid, medium to deep green, often with scattered white dots. Seeds from living specimens green-white throughout. Chromosome number and EBN 2 n = 2 x = 24 (2 EBN) and 2 n = 3 x = 36 (Spooner & Salas 2006; Hijmans et al. 2007). Figure 5. Phenology— Flowering and fruiting along the coast from May to October, and in the higher Andes from November to April. Distribution (Fig. 6)— Central Peru (Department of Ancash) south to northern Chile in Regions I (Tarapacá) and II (Antofagasta), along the western slopes of the Andes; growing in a variety of sunny habitats along the dry coastal lomas to high frigid areas near snow fields and among Stipa ichu grasses in the puna. The most frequently mentioned habitat characteristics are apparently poor soils in rocky and sandy areas, but it has been collected along field margins and streamsides; 200–3800 m. Representative Specimens Examined— Note: an asterisk designates specimens measured for the phenetic study. Additional specimens examined are listed in http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/ solanaceaesource// CHILE. Antofagasta: Salar de Atacama, Peine, Jul 1949, Gonzalez & Bohme s.n. (SGO). Tarapacá: camino de Arica al Portezuelo de Chapiquiña, Cuesta de Chapiquiña, 3250 m, 25 Mar 1961, Ricardi et al. 133 (CONC, MA); camino a Chusmisa, 9 Apr 2002, 3600 m, P. Riedemann s.n. (SGO). PERU. Ancash: Aija, Succha, Casablanca, arriba de Huayán, 7 Apr 1970, 3100 m, C. M. Ochoa 2722 (CIP *); Bolognesi, frente a Timpo, 14 Apr 1963, 2900 m, C. M. Ochoa 2488 (CUZ, F, GH, MOL *, USM); Aija, al terminar la cuesta del Mellizo subiendo hacia Aija, 25 Apr 1983, 3400 m, C. M. Ochoa 15188 (CIP *, CUZ, GH). Arequipa: Arequipa, Baños de Jesús, east of Arequipa, 1 km on road from Baños de Jesús towards Puno, 4 Mar 1974, 2500 m, J. G. Hawkes et al. 5405 (K *); Arequipa, Baños de Jesús, east of Arequipa, on hill slope about 1 km of Baños de Jesus, 4 Mar 1974, 2500 m, J. G. Hawkes et al. 5407 (K *); Arequipa, Yura, entre Huasaloma y Candamo, arriba de Jesús, 27 Mar 1974, 2940 m, C. M. Ochoa 5047 (CIP *); Arequipa, Cuesta de Liquirca, subiendo de Yura a Huanca, 28 Mar 1974, 3260 m, C. M. Ochoa 5061 (CIP *); Arequipa, Yura, de Liquirca a cumbre de Pampacollo, 28 Mar 1974, 3410 m, C. M. Ochoa 5081 (CIP *); Caravelí, Lomas de Atiquipa, Infiernillo, Dec 1982, 600 m, C. M. Ochoa & A. Salas 14900 (CIP *, F, GH, GOET, MO, MOL, NY, US, USM, WIS); Arequipa, Yura, entre Huasaloma y Candamo, arriba de Jesús, 27 Mar 1974, 2940 m, C. M. Ochoa 5046 (CIP *, US); Arequipa, Yura, entre Huasaloma y Candamo, arriba de Jesús, 27 Mar 1974, 2940 m, C. M. Ochoa 5057 (CIP *, GH, US); Arequipa, cuesta de Liquirca, subiendo de Yura a Huanca, 28 Mar 1974, 3260 m, C. M. Ochoa 5070 (CIP *, US); Arequipa, cuesta de Liquirca, subiendo de Yura a Huanca, 28 Mar 1974, 3260 m, C. M. Ochoa 5071 (CIP *, GH); Chihuata, 17 Mar 1953, C. M. Ochoa 2033 (K *); Chihuata, 17 Mar 1953, C. M. Ochoa 2034 (K *); Arequipa, 5 km de Chiguata hacia Arequipa, Río Grande, 12 Mar 1953, 2900 m, E. Petersen & J. P. Hjerting 1108 (C, CUZ, K *); Arequipa, 5 km de Chiguata hacia Arequipa, Río Grande, 12 Mar 1953, 2900 m, E. Petersen & J. P. Hjerting 1112 (K *); Arequipa, Arequipa, at base of small cliff on E side of Quebrada Honda, about 25 m from base of quebrada, about 100 m upstream, (N) from Arequipa to Chiguata road, at a point 59.8 km ENE of Pan American Highway (by posted road signs), 2750 m, A. Salas & D. Spooner 7250 (CIP *, PTIS); Arequipa, 1.1 km N of Arequipa to Chiguata Road, from a point 61.4 km ENE of Pan American Highway (by posted road signs), departing the road at bridge over Río Agua Salada, 9 May 1998, 2770 m, A. Salas & D. Spooner 7251 (CIP *); Arequipa, Arequipa, 18 km N of main town square (Plaza de Armas) of Arequipa on road to Cabreria (just S of this locality), then 100–150 m W or road, 2600 m, A. Salas & D. Spooner 7252 (PTIS *); Arequipa, Baños de Jesús, 2 Feb 1943, 2850 m, C. Sandeman 3812 (CUZ, K *, OXF); Arequipa, Quebrada de Crontay, 31 Mar 1949, 2850 m, C. Vargas 8086 (CUZ, K *). Ayacucho: about 45 km from Nazca on road to Puquio, 14 Feb 1958, 2200 m, D. S. Correll & E. E. Smith P148 (CUZ, LL). Huancavelica: Tayacaja, arriba de Marcavalle, distrito de Huachocolpa, 21 Apr 1964, 3100 m, O. Tovar 4776 (WIS). Lima: Huarochirí, above San Mateo, near Chicla Village, 21 Apr 1882, 1200–1300 m, J. Ball s.n. (USM *); Chancay, Naupay, 22 Mar 1975, 2400 m, M. Cerrate et al. 257 (USM *); 80 km below Canta on road to Lima, 7 Mar 1958, 2200 m, D. S. Correll et al. P282 (CUZ, F, LL, U, UC, US, USM *); Yauyos, Huancracha, arriba de Tupe, 15 Jan 1952, 3300 m, E. Cerrate 1170 p.p. (USM *); Lima, La Molina, cerca a Lima, 30 Oct 1952, R. Ferreyra 3 (USM *); Canta, alrededores de Canta, 16 Mar 1950, 2900–2950 m, R. Ferreyra 6915 (CUZ, USM *); Canta, alrededores de Canta, 16 Mar 1950, 2900–2950 m, R. Ferreyra 6918 (CUZ, K, USM *); Canta, entre Canta y Yangas, 16 Mar 1950, 2300–2400 m, R. Ferreyra 6932 (CUZ, K, USM *); Huarochirí, cerca a San Mateo, carretera Lima-Huancayo, 25 Mar 1950, 2800–2900 m, R. Ferreyra 6961 (CUZ, K, LL, MOL *, USM); Canta, cerca a Canta, 2 Apr 1953, 2600 m, R. Ferreyra 9000 (CUZ, K, LL, USM *); Canta, entre Canta y Yaso, 2 Apr 1953, 1800–2000 m, R. Ferreyra 9022 (K, USM *); Lima, Lomas de Lurín, cerca a Lurín, 18 Aug 1953, 200– 250 m, R. Ferreyra 9527 (USM *); Canta, cerca de Canta, 7 Mar 1958, 2700–2800 m, R. Ferreyra et al. 12948 (CUZ, LL, USM *); Lima, Lomas de Lurín, 8 Aug 1971, 250– 260 m, R. Ferreyra 17742 (G, USM *); Canta, Cerro Canta, 18 Apr 1974, 2700– 2800 m, R. Ferreyra & J. P. Hjerting 18346 (MO, USM *); Canta, Obrajillo, 2 Mar 1974, 2600–2700 m, R. Ferreyra 18323 (MO, USM *); Cajatambo, arriba de Churín, 25 Mar 1976, 2500–2600 m, R. Ferreyra & J. P. Hjerting 18698 (MO, USM *); Santa Eulalia road, NE of Huinca, 7 Mar 1982, 2350– 2450 m, A. Gentry & D. Smith 36121 (MO, USM *); Canta, near Canta, J. G. Hawkes 2491 (CUZ, MOL *); Huarochirí, San Mateo, km 99 carretera central, 14 Apr 1972, 3400 m, Z. Huamán et al. 306 (CIP *, USM); Huarochirí, Huinco, Quebrada del Río Santa Eulalia subiendo por Chosica, 29 Feb 1972, 3000 m, Z. Huamán 291 (CIP *); Huarochirí, entre Huinco y Agropica, Quebrada de Santa Eulalia subiendo por Chosica, 3 Apr 1973, 2700 m, Z. Huamán 357 (CIP *); Huarochirí, Autisia, Casta 2 km mas alla en el valle, km 25 del Valle de Santa Eulalia, 7 Mar 1975, 3500 m, H. Kang & M. Jackson 1 (CIP *); San Mateo, J. McLean, s.n. (GH *); Canta, Collca (alrededores de Canta), 13 Apr 1964, 2700 m, I. Merza 230 (USM *); Canta, Valle of Río Chancay, above Tingo, Jan 1972, 2900 m, G. Miller & al. 1232A (USM *); Lima, Pachacamac, 1 km E de Atocongo, 21 Aug 1971, 350 m, C. M. Ochoa 3036 (CIP *, CUZ, USM); Huarochirí, San Bartolomé, Bosque Zárate, subiendo por ruta pedestre, Mar 1975, 2200–2500 m, C. M. Ochoa 7413 (CIP *, CUZ); Lima, San Bartolo, km 55 Panamerica Sur, cerca de las Lomas de Pucusana, 21 Oct 1975, 250 m, C. M. Ochoa 11249 (CIP *, CUZ); Huarochirí, San Pedro Casta, cerca Huinco, subiendo de Chosica por la Quebrada de Santa Eulalia, 21 Feb 1978, 2200 m, C. M. Ochoa 11878 (CIP *, CUZ); Huarochirí, San Pedro Casta, Represa de Seque, Sta. Eulalia-Huinco, 21 Feb 1975, 3000–3100 m, C. M. Ochoa 11882 (CIP *, CUZ); Huarochirí, San Pedro Casta, Represa de Seque, Sta. Eulalia-Huinco, 21 Feb 1975, 3000–3100 m, C. M. Ochoa 11884 (CIP *, CUZ, MOL, USM); Huarochirí, Surco, alrededores de Surco, 10 Apr 1978, 2240– 2280 m, C. M. Ochoa 12047 (CIP *, CUZ, MOL); Huarochirí, Antioquía, Saquinanga, arriba de Antioquía, en ruta Langa-Huarochirí, Apr 1978, 2000 m, C. M. Ochoa 12533 (CIP *, CUZ, MOL); Lima, San Bartolo, Lomas Caringa, 9 km E San Bartolo, Sep 1978, 300– 350 m, C. M. Ochoa 13035 (CIP *, CUZ, MOL); Canta, 6 Apr 1979, 2700 m, C. M. Ochoa 13261 (CIP *, CUZ, MOL); Huarochirí, San Pedro Casta, Autisha, por quebrada Sta Eulalia-Seque, 11 Apr 1979, 2325– 2700 m, C. M. Ochoa 13270 (CIP *, CUZ, MOL); Huarochirí, San Mateo, carretra central Lima-La Oroya, 3 May 1983, 3200 m, C. M. Ochoa 15209 (CIP *, CUZ); Cañete, Quilmaná, Lomas de Quilmana, 15 km N Cañete, 25 Oct 1975, 350 m, C. M. Ochoa & A. Salas 11253 (CIP *, CUZ); Oyón, Naván, 3200 m, C. M. Ochoa & A. Salas 12500 (CUZ, MOL *, USM); Oyón, Andajes, Tunaspata, near Churín, Apr 1978, 3280 m, C. M. Ochoa & A. Salas 12573 (CIP *, CUZ, MOL, USM); Cajatambo, Cajatambo, Oshacoto, 2 km NE de Cajatambo, 31 Jan 1979, 3600 m, C. M. Ochoa & A. Salas 13140 (CIP *, CUZ); Huarochirí, San Bartolomé, Monte Zárate, al norte de Lucmani, subiendo a pie desde San Bartolome, distrit. Santiago de Tuna, 17 Mar 1983, 3000 m, C. M. Ochoa & A. Salas 15099 (CIP *, CUZ, MOL); Huarochirí, alrededores de Matucana, km 76 del camino Lima a Oroya, 9 Mar 1949, 2200 m, C. M. Ochoa 691 (CUZ, GH, MOL *, US, USM); Huarochirí, ruta de Huinco, Mar 1975, 2200 m, C. M. Ochoa 7406 (CIP *, CUZ, GH); Huarochirí, entre San Bartolomé y Zárate, Mar 1975, C. M. Ochoa 7411 (CIP *, CUZ, F, MOL); Canta, Chuquitama, near Obrajillo, in the vincinity of Canta, 10 Mar 1977, 2700 m, C. M. Ochoa 11302 (CIP *, CUZ, F, GH, MOL, NY); Cajatambo, Huaylancana, 3 km E Cajatambo, 31 Jan 1979, 3600, C. M. Ochoa 13141 (CUZ, F, GH, MOL *); Huarochirí, Autisha, 11 Apr 1979, 2500 m, C. M. Ochoa 13268 (CIP *, CUZ, F, GH, MOL, USM); Canta, Dist. Acos, Tambobamba, encima de Tambo, margen izquierda Río Chancay, 2200 m, C. M. Ochoa 14629 (CUZ, F *); Cajatambo, Cruzcirca, en ruta Cajatambo-Cajamarquilla, 13 Apr 1982, 3400 m, C. M. Ochoa 14672 (CUZ, F *, US); Cajatambo, Dist. Canjul, Mancocona, 16 Apr 1982, 3400 m, C. M. Ochoa 14684 (CIP *, CUZ, F, US); Lima, San Juan Lurigancho, Lomas Mangomarca, Zárate-Canto Grande, cerca de Amancaes, 13 Feb 1983, 400– 500 m, C. M. Ochoa 14908 (USM *); Canta, colectado a la altura del km 89 de la carretera Lima-Canta, 8 Apr 1983, 2800 m, C. M. Ochoa & A. Salas 15148 (CIP *, F, US); Canta, on the Lima to Canta road, on the side of the road and about 200–300 m SW from the bridge called Puente Verde, located 9.2 km SW of the town of Canta, 7 Apr 1999, 2310 m, A. Salas et al. 7361 (CIP *); Canta, growing at a local place named Pallacusco, located 4 km walk E of Arahuay on a footpath to Cerro Putaca, 8 Apr 1999, 2895 m, A. Salas et al. 7369 (CIP *); Canta, growing at Huaytana, located ac 5 km walk NE of town of Canta on the path to Antura, 8 Apr 1999, 2775 m, A. Salas et al. 7371 (CIP *); Huaral, collected on the NW side of the road, 14 km NE of Acos, on the road to Pacaraos, about 50 m NE of the small bridge crossing over the road of Río Chancay, 10 Apr 1999, 2075 m, A. Salas et al. 7379 (CIP *); Huarochirí, collected on roadside, 32.3 km NE of Santa Eulalia, on the road to Millo, 12 Apr 1999, 3065 m, A. Salas et al. 7383 (CIP *); Yauyos, 1 km E of Villa Franca, located on the road from Catahuasi to Lincha, 8 Mar 1999, 2200 m, A. Salas et al. 7300 (CIP *); Yauyos, growing at a local place called Arpayo, about a 5 km walk from Villa Fanca, which is located on the road from Catahuasi to Lincha, 9 Mar 1999, 2620 m, A. Salas et al. 7301 (CIP *); Yauyos, about a 1 km NE of Cacra on the footpath to Hongos, 9 Mar 1999, 2880 m, A. Salas et al. 7302 (CIP *); Yauyos, about 3 km NW of Hongos, about 1 km N (uphill) of path from Cacra to Hongos, 9 Mar 1999, 3290 m, A. Salas et al. 7303 (CIP *); Yauyos, growing at a local place called Nuñe, about 2 km SW of San Jose, near Villa Franca, 9 Mar 1999, 3200 m, A. Salas et al. 7304 (CIP *); Huarochirí, Bosque de Zárate, 3 Mar 1976, 3090– 3150 m, N. Valencia 47 (USM *); Canta, Carhua, 8 km arriba del Puente a San Jose, 16 Apr 1974, 2700 m, G. Vilcapoma 199–2 (CIP *); Canta, San Buenaventura, 15 Mar 1974, 2700–2800 m, G. Vilcapoma 200 (USM *); Canta, San Buenaventura, marge, Published as part of Spooner, David M., Fajardo, Diego & Salas, Alberto, 2008, Revision of the Solanum medians Complex (Solanum section Petota), pp. 579-588 in Systematic Botany 33 (3) on pages 580-587, DOI: 10.1600/036364408785679905, http://zenodo.org/record/6341843, {"references":["Ochoa, C. M. 1962. Los Solanum tuberiferos del Peru (Secc. Tuberarium, Sub-secc. Hyperbasarthrum). Privately Published, Lima, Peru.","Ochoa, C. M. 1999. Las papas de sudamerica: Peru (Parte I). Lima, Peru: International Potato Center.","Spooner, D. M. and A. Salas. 2006. Structure, biosystematics, and genetic resources. Pp. 1 - 39 in Handbook of potato production, improvement, and post-harvest management, eds. J. Gopal and S. M. Paul Khurana. Binghampton, New York: Haworth's Press, Inc.","Hijmans, R., T. Gavrilenko, S. Stephenson, J. Bamberg, A. Salas, and D. M. Spooner. 2007. Geographic and environmental range expansion through polyploidy in wild potatoes (Solanum section Petota). Global Ecology and Biogeography 16: 485 - 495.","Correll, D. S. 1962. The potato and its wild relatives. Contribution from the Texas Research Foundation, Botanical Studies 4: 1 - 606.","Spooner, D. M., K. McLean, G. Ramsay, R. Waugh, and G. J. Bryan. 2005. A single domestication for potato based on multilocus AFLP genotyping. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 120: 14694 - 14699.","Hawkes, J. G. 1954. New Solanum species in sub-section Hyperbasarthrum Bitt. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including zoology, botany, and geology. London. Ser. 12 (7): 689 - 710."]}

Published
2008
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23. Levels of Intra-specific AFLP Diversity in Tuber-Bearing Potato Species with Different Breeding Systems and Ploidy Levels.

Author

Bryan, Glenn J., McLean, Karen, Waugh, Robbie, and Spooner, David M.

Subjects
POTATO genetics, PLOIDY, AMPLIFIED fragment length polymorphism
Abstract

DNA-based marker analysis of plant genebank material has become a useful tool in the evaluation of levels of genetic diversity and for the informed use and maintenance of germplasm. In this study, we quantify levels of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) in representative accessions of wild and cultivated potato species of differing geographic origin, ploidy, and breeding system. We generated 449 polymorphic AFLP fragments in 619 plants, representing multiple plants (16-23) from 17 accessions of 14 potato taxa as well as single plants sampled from available accessions (from 3 to 56) of the same 14 taxa. Intra-accession diversities were compared to those of a synthetic 'taxon-wide' population comprising a single individual from a variable number of available accessions of each sampled taxon. Results confirm the expected considerably lower levels of polymorphism within accessions of self-compatible as compared to self-incompatible taxa. We observed broadly similar levels of 'taxon-wide' polymorphism among self-compatible and self-incompatible species, with self-compatible taxa showing only slightly lower rates of polymorphism. The most diverse accessions were the two cultivated potato accessions examined, the least diverse being the Mexican allohexaploids Solanum demissum and S. iopetalum. Generally allopolyploid self-compatible accessions exhibited lower levels of diversity. Some purported self-incompatible accessions showed relatively low levels of marker diversity, similar to the more diverse self-compatible material surveyed. Our data indicate that for self-compatible species a single plant is highly representative of a genebank accession. The situation for self-incompatible taxa is less clear, and sampling strategies used will depend on the type of investigation. These results have important implications for those seeking novel trait variation (e.g., disease resistance) in gene banks as well as for the selection of individuals for genomics studies. We also show that AFLPs, despite having been largely replaced by other marker types, is highly suitable for the evaluation of within and between accession diversity in genebanks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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24. Solanum agrimonifolium Rydb

Author

Spooner, David M., Van Den Berg, Ronald G., Peña, Antonio Rivera, Velguth, Peter, Rio, Alfonso Del, and López, Alberto Salas

Subjects
Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Solanales, Solanum agrimonifolium, Biodiversity, Plantae, Solanum, Solanaceae, Taxonomy
Abstract

SOLANUM AGRIMONIFOLIUM Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 51: 154. 1924. —TYPE: MEXICO. Chiapas: Cerro del Boquerón, Sep 1913, Purpus 6977 (holotype: US!, [photo: K!, PTIS!]; isotypes: BM!, F! [photo: PTIS!], GH! [photos: K!, F!, PTIS!], MO! [photo: PTIS!], NY [2!] [photos: LL!, PTIS!]). Plants 0.5–2 m tall; finely pubescent above and below, blades 13–30 cm long, 10–19 cm wide, petioles 1– 5 cm long; lateral leaflets (3)5–7(8) pairs, sessile to subsessile with petiolules to 2 mm long; interjected leaflets 4–31; inflorescence with 8–38 flowers; calyx lobes 3–8 mm long, long attenuate; corolla 2–3 cm diam, bluish purple to purple; fruits 2–5 cm long. Distribution and Habitat (Fig. 2). Southern Mexico (Chiapas), southeast through Guatemala and central Honduras, 1600–3800 m; in wet habitats, in organic soils, in full sun to partial shade, often in cloud forests. Common habitats include recently logged or otherwise recently disturbed areas in valleys, streamsides, upland marshes, or roadside ditches. Additional Specimens Examined (germplasm collections at NRSP-6 from Mexico are denoted by an asterisk; see Spooner et al. [1998] for specimens from Guatemala and Honduras). MEXICO. Chiapas: steep slopes on SE side of Zontehuitz near summit, Municipality of Chamula, 9400 ft, 31 Jul 1964, Breedlove 6696 (CAS, LL, MEXU); steep heavily wooded northeast slope of Zontehuitz near summit, Municipality of San Cristóbal las Casas, 9300 ft, 20 Jul 1965 Breedlove 11137 (CAS, F, LL); steep northeast slope of Zontehuitz near summit, Municipality of San Cristóbal las Casas, 21 Sep 1965, Breedlove 12343 (CAS, MEXU, F, LL); steep canyon, SW side of Cerro Mozotal, 11 km NW of the junction of the road to Motozintla along the road to El Porvenir and Siltepec, Municipality of Motozintla de Mendoza, 2100 m, Breedlove 25761 (CAS); high ridge near Niquivil at the junction with a small side ridge to Cerro Boquerón, Municipality of Motozintla de Mendoza, 2600 m, 16 Dec 1976, Breedlove 42787 (CAS); Barrio Emiliano Zapata, high mountains between Huixtla and Motozintla, 2180 m, 9 Jul 1966, Flores C. S-948 (MEXU); Cerro Zontehuitz, almost at the top by the microwave station, 2800 m, 9 Jul 1966, Flores C. S-952 (MEXU); San Cristóbal Las Casas, Cerro Zontehuitz, on path to Los Ángeles, at the highest point, 2900 m, 13 Jul 1949, Hawkes et al. 1019 (B, K, LL, P); Fraylesca, near Siltepec, 2000 m, 12 Mar 1945, Matuda 5246 (F, LL, MEXU, NA); Amatenango del Valle, 1835 m, 13 Jun 1945, Matuda 30161 (MEXU); Cerro Huitepec, W of San Cristóbal, Municipality of Zinacantán, 17 Jul 1985, Méndez G. 8353 (MO); Montana Alcoliades, route from Motozintla to Porvenir, Las Silvas, 2830 m, 14 Sep 1980, Ochoa 14147 (US); Cerro Zontehuitz, 9.7 km up microwave tower road, turning off the San Cristóbal de las Casas to Tenejapa road, 16°48.87̍N, 92°34.96̍W, 2800 m, 10 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 959 (INIFAP, MEXU, PTIS, WAG)*; 50 m walk downhill from the uppermost antenna cluster on Cerro Zontehuitz, by the lower of the two shrines, 16°49.10̍N, 92°34.82̍W, 2950 m, 10 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 960 (INIFAP, MEXU, PTIS, WAG)*; 17.4 km N of Rt 190 just S of Motozintla on road to El Porvenir, ca 50 m W of road, 15°24.22̍N, 92°10.72̍W, 2410 m, 11 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 961 (INIFAP, MEXU, PTIS, WAG)*; 1.2 km N of town square of El Porvenir, on road to Siltepec, ca 100 m W of road, 15°27.96̍N, 92°16.84̍W, 2850 m, 11 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 963 (INIFAP); Cerro Boquerón, Sep 1913, Rydberg s. n. (NY, F, GH, MO, US); 6.9 km N of Route 190 beginning S of Motozintla de Mendoza on road to Siltepec, in woods on W side of road, in Ejido Benito Juárez, 15°22̍N, 92°17̍W, 2005 m, 25 Sep 1988, Spooner et al. 4208 (IBUG, INIFAP, PTIS)*; Cerro del Boquerón at Barrio Pizarrin, in woods, on W side of road, 17.4 km N of Route 190 of Motozintla de Mendoza on road to Siltepec, 15°25̍N, 92°18̍W, 2330 m, 25 Sep 1988, Spooner et al. 4211 (INIFAP, PTIS, WIS)*; 12.1 km along road to microwave tower of Zontehuitz, from San Cristóbal de las Casas-Tenejapa road, 0.1 km downhill from microwave tower, along roadside, 16°20̍N, 92°17̍W, 2790 m, 30 Sep 1988, Spooner et al. 4227 (IBUG, INIFAP, PTIS, WIS)*; road from San Cristóbal de las Casas to Cerro Zontehuitz, 9.7 km along road to microwave tower, turning off the road to Tenejapa, 16°49̍N, 92°35̍W, 2750 m, 21 Oct 1984, Tarn et al. 277 (PTIS)*; road from San Cristóbal de las Casas to Cerro Zontehuitz, 9.8 km along road to microwave tower, turning off road to Tenejapa, 16°49̍N, 92°35̍W, 2760 m, 21 Oct 1984, Tarn et al. 278 (K [cult.], PTIS)*; road from San Cristóbal de las Casas to Cerro Zontehuitz, about 10 km along road to microwave tower, turning off the road to Tenejapa, 16°48̍N, 92°35̍W, 2760 m, 23 Oct 1984, Tarn et al. 280 (PTIS)*., Published as part of Spooner, David M., Van Den Berg, Ronald G., Peña, Antonio Rivera-, Velguth, Peter, Rio, Alfonso Del & López, Alberto Salas-, 2001, Taxonomy of Mexican and Central American Members of Solanum Series Conicibaccata (sect. Petota), pp. 743-756 in Systematic Botany 26 (4) on page 752, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-26.4.743, http://zenodo.org/record/6341256

Published
2001
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25. Solanum longiconicum Bitter 2001

Author

Spooner, David M., Van Den Berg, Ronald G., Peña, Antonio Rivera, Velguth, Peter, Rio, Alfonso Del, and López, Alberto Salas

Subjects
Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Solanales, Solanum longiconicum, Biodiversity, Plantae, Solanum, Solanaceae, Taxonomy
Abstract

SOLANUM LONGICONICUM Bitter, Repert Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 534. 1912. —TYPE: COSTA RICA. Cartago: Irazú, massif of the Irazú, defrichements du Roble, 2000 m, 10 Jul 1891, A. Tonduz 4235 (lectotype, chosen here: K! [photos BM! G! Z!]; isolectotypes: BR, CR!, G [3]!, US! Z! [photo LL!, WAG!]). Solanum manoteranthum Bitter, Repert Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 383. 1912.– TYPE: COSTA RICA. San Jose´: Volcán Barba, A. Roesl s. n. (holotype: M! [photos: BM! F!, LL!, PTIS!]). Plants 0.2–2 m tall; glabrous or with only scattered 2–3 celled short hairs above and below, leaves shiny, blades 8–28 cm long, 5–20 cm wide, petioles 1–5 cm long; lateral leaflets (2)3–5(6) pairs, sessile or with petiolules to 1 cm long; interjected leaflets 0 (most commonly) to rarely 6; inflorescence with 8–16 flowers; calyx lobes 1–3 mm long, short and acute to short attenuate; corolla 2–3 cm in diam, white or light to dark blue to purple, or white with blue to purple stripes or mottling; fruits 1.1–3.9 cm long. Distribution and Habitat (Fig. 2). Central Costa Rica to western Panama, 1400–3600 m (one Costa Rican record at 1050 m); in wet habitats, in organic soils, in full sun or partial shade, in areas of cloud forests, including disturbed habitats such as landslides, roadcuts, moist garbage heaps, recently plowed soil in forest clearings, recently burned forests, roadside ditches, forest edges, or on rotting tree stumps. When growing in primary forests, it occurs near sunny openings such as paths or streams or treefalls. Additional Specimens Examined (see Spooner et al. [2001] for specimens and germplasm from Costa Rica]. PANAMA. Chiriquí: Boquete District, Bajo Chorro, 6000 ft, 18 Feb 1939, Davidson 314 (F); at boundary with Prov. Bocas del Toro, along continental divide to ca. 1 km E of Cerro Pate Macho, 8°23̍N, 82°23̍W, 2100–2200 m, 7 Feb 1986, Grayum 6439 (MO); S of Paso Respingo trail to high ridge N of Volcán summit, 10,000 –10,800 ft, 4 Apr 1979, Hammel et al. 6717 (MO); summit and ridge N of Cerro Pando, 8°55̍N, 82°44̍W, 2400–2500 m, 15 Oct 1981, Knapp 1609 (MO); Distrito y Corregimeinto Boquete, E base of Cerro Pata de Macho, ca 100 m S of continental divide at border with Province of Bocas del Torro, located on 1:50,000- scale map 3742 III, 8°49̍N, 82°23̍W, 2000 m, Sep 8 2000, Spooner et al. 7411 (CIP, PMA, PTIS)*; Distrito Renacimiento; Corregimiento Río Sereno; growing along a path at summit of continental divide separating Panama and Costa Rica, about path leading to the stone division marker at the summit of Cerro Pando, 8°55̍14̍N, 82°42̍46̍ W, 2445 m, Sep 12 2000, Spooner et al. 7414 (CIP, PMA, PTIS)*. Chiriquí and Bocas del Toro border: Cerro Horqueta, along foot path from the northern base of Volcán Barú (Volcán de Chiriquı´), NW out of Bajo Boquete, walking north to Laguna Escondida, at a local place name (no houses) called Culebras, on both sides of continental divide, 8°51̍26̍N, 82°28̍33̍W, 1970 m, Sep 8 2000, Spooner et al. 7412 (CIP, PMA, PTIS)*. Choice of a lectotype is necessary because Bitter cited two syntypes (A. Tonduz 4235 and C. Wercklé 65). We rejected the latter because it was destroyed at B and only exists as photos (at F, G, GH, LL, NY, US)., Published as part of Spooner, David M., Van Den Berg, Ronald G., Peña, Antonio Rivera-, Velguth, Peter, Rio, Alfonso Del & López, Alberto Salas-, 2001, Taxonomy of Mexican and Central American Members of Solanum Series Conicibaccata (sect. Petota), pp. 743-756 in Systematic Botany 26 (4) on page 753, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-26.4.743, http://zenodo.org/record/6341256, {"references":["---, R. HOEKSTRA, and B. VILCHEZ. 2001. Solanum sect. Petota in Costa Rica; taxonomy and genetic resources. American Journal of Potato Research 78: 91 - 98."]}

Published
2001
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26. Solanum oxycarpum Scheide

Author

Spooner, David M., Van Den Berg, Ronald G., Peña, Antonio Rivera, Velguth, Peter, Rio, Alfonso Del, and López, Alberto Salas

Subjects
Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Solanales, Biodiversity, Plantae, Solanum, Solanaceae, Solanum oxycarpum, Taxonomy
Abstract

SOLANUM OXYCARPUM Scheide in Schltdl., Hort. hal. 1: 5, tab 3. 1841. –TYPE: MEXICO. Veracruz: in rocky places at Malpays de La Joya, Jun 1929, C. Schiede s. n. (lectotype, chosen by Hawkes [1957]: HAL, [photos: K!, PTIS!). Plants 0.3–2 m tall; finely to coarsely pubescent above and below, blades 13–25 cm long, 7–15 cm wide, petioles 0.5–5 cm long; lateral leaflets (3)4–6(8) pairs, sessile to subsessile with petiolules to 3 mm long; interjected leaflets 0–8; inflorescence with 8–25 flowers; calyx lobes 3–7 mm long, acute to long-attenuate; corolla 2–3 cm in diam, purple; fruits 2–3.5 cm long. Distribution and Habitat (Fig. 2). Southeastern Mexico (Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz); from 1870–2870 m; in wet habitats, in organic soils, in full sun to partial shade, growing among shrubs and in pine-oak-alder forests, frequently in pockets of volcanic rocks, often growing among ferns and mosses. Additional Specimens Examined. MEXICO. Hidalgo: mountains NE of Ixtlán de Juárez on road to Tuxtepec, 20-Jul 1968, Anderson & Anderson 4850 (ENCB); Municipality of Tenango de Doria, 11 km W of Tenango de Doria, 2100 m, 6 Jul 1979, Hernandez M. 3427 (MEXU); 20 km E of Metepec, Municipality of Metepec, 2130 m, 11 Aug 1980, Hernandez M. and Hernandez V. 4772 (CAS, ENCB, MEXU); on Metepec-Tenango de Doria Rd, 16 km NE of intersection of this road with road entering Metepec, on S side of road, 20°18.94̍N, 98°15.50̍W, 2280 m, 4 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 944 (INIFAP, MEXU, PTIS, WAG)*. Oaxaca: Km 25 on the road to Teotitlán from Huautla, right side of a canyon, 8 Nov 1964, Flores C. S-797 (K, LL); Yotao, Galeotti 1225P (W); in Sierra Madre Oriental, 29 km E of Teotitlán, 2300 m, 25 Sep 1957, Graham 323 (LL); District of Mixe, Municipality of Totontepec, Totontepec, 17°15̍N, 96°02̍W, 2 Nov 1989, Rivera R. 1245 (MEXU); Km 25 on the road from Teotitlán to Huatla, ca 20 m S of road above stream, 18°10.52̍N, 97°00.36̍W, 2240 m, 4 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 952 (INIFAP, MEXU, PTIS, WAG)*; Km 27.2 on road from Teotitlán to Huatla, at Puerto Soledad, 18°09.95̍N, 96°59.87̍W, 2370 m, 4 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 953 (INIFAP, MEXU)*; District Mixe, Municipality of Totontepec, Totontepec, 17°15̍N, 96°00̍W, 1900 m, 6 Oct 1986, Reyes 484 (K, MEXU); 21.8 km N of Ixtlán de Juárez on Hwy 175 to Tuxtepec, 17°28̍N, 96°30̍W, 2870 m, 17 Oct 1984, Tarn et al. 272 (PTIS)*; same locality, 22 Sep 1988, Spooner et al. 4200 (INIFAP, IBUG, PTIS); 27 km N of N end of Ixtlán de Juárez on Rt 175 to Tuxtepec, 17°31̍N, 96°31̍W, 2850 m, 22 Sep 1988, Spooner et al. 4202 (INIFAP, PTIS); 8.5 m E. of Rt 135 on road to Huautla, 18 Oct 1981, Warnock 2506 (TEX). Puebla: from Tehuacan to Puebla Rd., turn NE on road to Zoquitlán, 22 km up road, by divergence of road to Coyomeapa, 18°17.84̍N, 97°03.96̍W, 2640 m, 4 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 951 (INIFAP, MEXU, PTIS, WAG)*; road from Tehuacan to Oaxaca, turning off at Coxcatlán, 21 km towards Zoquitlan, La Griega, where road divides to Zoquitlan and Coyomeapa, 20°40̍N, 100°14̍W, 2660 m, 24 Oct 1987, Tarn et al. 180 (PTIS)*; road from Tehuacán to Oaxaca turning off at Coxcatlán towards Zoquitlan, 22 km along this road, 1 km past La Griega towards Coyomeapa, 20°40̍N, 100°14W, 2640 m, 24 Oct 1983, Tarn et al. 182 (K, PTIS)*. Veracruz: Perote, La Joya, 1950 m, 23 Sep 1938, Balls and Gourlay 5513 (BM, K); La Joya, Jalapa to Perote Rd, Rafael Ramírez, 2100 m, 29 Aug 1972, Dorantes et al. 1618 (CAS, ENCB, F, MEXU, TAES, TEX); La Joya Mexico to Veracruz to Jalapa Rd, 100 m on right side of rd, 30 Sep 1964, Flores C. S-792 (K, LL, MEXU); pedregal de La Joya, 18°14̍N, 96°07̍W, 2000 m, 27 Aug 1953, Graham 1 (PTIS)*; upper outskirts of La Joya, 2080 m, 12 Aug 1949, Hawkes and Hernández 1064 (B, K, LL, MEXU, MPU, P, WAG); near Perote, km 306.5 from Mexico, road from Las Vigas to Jalapa, upper edge of La Joya village, Milpais de la Joya, walled enclosure on the S side of the road, 19°34̍N, 97°14̍W, 2100 m, 8 Oct 1958, Hawkes et al. 1634 (PTIS); near Perote on the road from Las Vigas to Jalapa, upper edge of La Joya village, Milpais de La Joya, 2100 m, 8 Oct 1958, Hawkes et al. 1643 (K)*; near Perote, road from Las Vigas to Jalapa, upper edge of the La Joya village, Malpais de La Joya, 19°34̍N, 97°14̍W, 2100 m, 8 Oct 1958, Hawkes et al. 1645 (C, K, MPU, PTIS, US)*; Km 305.5 from Mexico on the road from Las Vigas to Jalapa, Malpais de La Joya, 19°40̍N, 98°35̍W, 2150 m, 8 Oct 1958, Hawkes et al. 1649 (C, K, P, PTIS)*; Municipality of Acajete, along road, Rt 140, 1 km NW of La Joya, 19°37̍N, 97°02̍W, 2175 m, 7 Sep 1986, Nee 32990 (NY); old lava field about 4 mi W of Jalapa, 5000 ft, 28 Aug 1970, Norris & Taranto 16840 (CAS, MEXU); La Joya, route from Jalapa to Puebla, near Perote, 2050 m, 10 Oct 1980, Ochoa 14213 (PTIS, US)*; La Joya, along Perote to Jalapa road, ca 100 m S of road by the restaurants by the road, 19°36̍.74̍N, 97°, 2188 m, 2 Oct 1997, Rivera-Peña et al. 949 (INIFAP, MEXU, PTIS, WAG)*; Malpais de La Joya between Perote and Jalapa, about 32 km from Perote, Km 176 on Rt 140, 19°37̍N, 97°02̍W, 2200 m, 1 Nov 1984, Tarn et al. 286 (PTIS)*; Malpais de La Joya between Perote and Jalapa, about 32 km from Perote, Km 176 on Rt 140, 19°37̍N, 97°02̍W, 2200 m, 1 Nov 1984, Tarn et al. 287 (PTIS)*; turning off Rt 140 between Perote and Las Vigas, go S from Sierra de Agua (N slope of Cerro Cofre de Perote); 14 km above Pescados, Rajas, 19°33̍N, 97°10̍W, 2840 m, 2 Nov 1984, Tarn et al. 288 (PTIS)*; Llano Grande, Municipality of Las Vigas, 2115 m, 15 Jul 1971, Ventura A. 3868 (ENCB, IEB, MEXU); La Joya, Municipality of Acajete, 2050 m, 12 Jul 1980, Ventura A. 17479 (ENCB, IEB, MEXU); Piedra Blanca, Municipality of Las Vigas, 2250 m, 13 Jul 1982, Ventura A. 19639 (ENCB, IEB, MEXU); Along Xalapa to Vigas Rd, 200 m E of the road, at the altitude of Toxtlacoaya, Municipality of Las Vigas, 19°37̍N, 97°03̍W, 2200 m, 30 Aug 1989, Zamora C. 1009 (IEB, MEXU). Locality unknown: Liebmann 1394, 1841–1843 (C [photo K]). Spooner et al. (2000) noted overlap in numbers of lateral and interjected leaflets in the field in Mexico between S. agrimonifolium and S. oxycarpum, which led them to question the distinctness of these two species. A collection from Hidalgo (Rivera-Peña et al. 944) from within the geographic range of S. oxycarpum was especially problematical because of its many lateral and interjected leaflets, this resembling some populations of S. agrimonifolium. Our data from three herbarium specimens of this collection (Table 2) show numbers of lateral and interjected leaflets of (8,4; 7,6; 8,7), with the latter counts (specimen at WAG) having the highest numbers of leaflets for S. oxycarpum. However, other specimens from outside the range of S. agrimonifolium are nearly as dissected (e.g., Rivera 1245 [MEXU], from Oaxaca with 6,8). Collection Rivera-Peña et al. 944 is on the high end of variation for dissection for S. oxycarpum (Fig. 3). The RAPD data show it to cluster with other accessions of this species, leading us to recognize it as S. oxycarpum., Published as part of Spooner, David M., Van Den Berg, Ronald G., Peña, Antonio Rivera-, Velguth, Peter, Rio, Alfonso Del & López, Alberto Salas-, 2001, Taxonomy of Mexican and Central American Members of Solanum Series Conicibaccata (sect. Petota), pp. 743-756 in Systematic Botany 26 (4) on pages 753-754, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-26.4.743, http://zenodo.org/record/6341256, {"references":["HAWKES, J. G. 1957. On the lectotype of Solanum stoloniferum Schlechtendal et Bouche', S. oxycarpum Schiede and S. verrucosum Schlechtendal. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg 6 (5): 849 - 854.","---, A. RIVERA- PENA, R. G. VAN DEN BERG, and K. SCHULER. 2000. Potato germplasm collecting expedition to Mexico in 1997: taxonomy and new germplasm resources. American Journal of Potato Research 77: 261 - 270."]}

Published
2001
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27. Solanum (ser. Conicibaccata) Bitter

Author

Spooner, David M., Van Den Berg, Ronald G., Peña, Antonio Rivera, Velguth, Peter, Rio, Alfonso Del, and López, Alberto Salas

Subjects
Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Solanales, Biodiversity, Plantae, Solanum, Solanaceae, Taxonomy
Abstract

SOLANUM SERIES CONICIBACCATA Bitter, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 381. 1912. — Lectotype, chosen by D’Arcy (1972), S. oxycarpum Scheide in Schltdl. Solanum [rankless] Oxycarpa Rydb., Bull Torrey Bot. Club 51: 146, 172. 1924. [Note: This description applies only to the Mexican and Central American members of ser. Conicibaccata]. Plants to 0.2–2.5 m tall; stems 2–13 mm wide at base, green to purple, simple to branched; leaves odd pinnate, lateral leaflets with apex acuminate, base oblique, rounded to cuneate; terminal leaflet ovate to elliptical, apex acute to acuminate, base attenuate; interstitial leaflets absent or present; pseudostipular leaves auriculate; inflorescence terminal, sometimes later displaced laterally; pedicel 15–30 mm long; calyx tube 1.5–5 mm long, lobes 1–8 mm long, short and acute to long attenuate; corolla 2–3 cm in diam, rotate to rotate-pentagonal with short acumens, white to blue to purple, sometimes lined or mottled; filaments 1.5–2 mm long, anthers 4–5.5 mm long, cordate at base; style exceeding stamens by 2–3.6 mm; fruits conical, rounded to pointed at tip, medium to deep green or sometimes tinged with purple, 1.1–5 cm long. Chromosome number: 2 n = 4 x = 48., Published as part of Spooner, David M., Van Den Berg, Ronald G., Peña, Antonio Rivera-, Velguth, Peter, Rio, Alfonso Del & López, Alberto Salas-, 2001, Taxonomy of Mexican and Central American Members of Solanum Series Conicibaccata (sect. Petota), pp. 743-756 in Systematic Botany 26 (4) on page 751, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-26.4.743, http://zenodo.org/record/6341256, {"references":["D'ARCY, W. G. 1972. Typification of subdivisions of Solanum L. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 59: 262 - 278."]}

Published
2001
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28. Solanum woodsonii Correll

Author

Spooner, David M., Van Den Berg, Ronald G., Peña, Antonio Rivera, Velguth, Peter, Rio, Alfonso Del, and López, Alberto Salas

Subjects
Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Solanales, Biodiversity, Solanum woodsonii, Plantae, Solanum, Solanaceae, Taxonomy
Abstract

SOLANUM WOODSONII Correll, Wrightia 2: 137. 1961. — TYPE: PANAMA. Chiriquı´: Volcán de Chiriquı´, Potrero Muleto to summit, 3500–4000 m, 13–15 July 1940, R. E. Woodson Jr. & R. W. Schery 399 (holotype: GH! [photo: LL!]; isotypes: MO [2]! [photos: BM!, PTIS!], US! [photo: PTIS!]). Plants 0.3–2.5 m tall; finely to coarsely pubescent above and below, blades 10–42 cm long, 6–22 cm wide, petioles 3–10 cm long; lateral leaflets (2)3–5 pairs, sessile to subsessile with petiolules to 2 mm long; interjected leaflets 0–2; inflorescence with 7–16 flowers; calyx lobes 1.5–2 mm long, acute; corolla 2.8–3.6 cm in diam, purple; fruits 1.5–2.6 cm long. Additional Specimens Examined. PANAMA. Chiriquí: Potrero Muleto, 10,400 ft., Volcán de Chiriquı´, Davidson 1017 (F); Distrito y Corregimeinto Boquete, E slopes of Volcán Barú (Volcán de Chiriquı´), near the dirt road to the summit of the volcano from Bajo Boquete, along the way to El Salto, above Potrero Muleto, 8°49̍15̍N, 82°31̍47̍W, 3015 m, Sep 6 2000, Spooner et al. 7405 (CIP, EAP, PMA, PTIS)*; Distrito Bugaba; Corregimiento Cerro Punta, on N-facing slope of Volcán Barú (Volcán de Chiriquı´), ascending ‘‘sendero [footpath] de los Quetzales,’’ a trail departing from the park guard station of Alto Respingo, reached by driving on a dirt road ca. 5 km E of the town of Cerro Punta, 8°48̍46̍N, 82°32̍24̍W, 3045 m, Sep 9 2000, Spooner et al. 7413 (CIP, EAP, PMA, PTIS)*. Correll (1961) described S. woodsonii as possessing a small lobed dorsal base of the anther and indicated that this anther lobe ‘‘may be diagnostic.’’ We could not find this lobe on the isotype specimen at GH nor in living material in the field in Panama. Correll (1962) and Hawkes (1990) indicated that S. woodsonii is found in Venezuela. Correll (1962) cited the sole Venezuelan collection of this species as VENEZUELA. Andes of Trujillo and Mérida, 1225–4300 m, I. Linden 473 p. p. [FI, G, K]. He cited other specimens of this same collection (at OXF, P, US) as the type of S. dolichocarpum Bitter, which he synonymized under S. colombianum Bitter. Hawkes (1990) cited no specimen, and Hawkes (1997, database accompanying this publication) cited no specimen of S. woodsonii for Venezuela, but rather identified different components of I. Linden 473 as S. colombianum and S. otites. We made 16 collections of ser. Conicibaccata throughout Venezuela (Spooner et al. 1995), and searched the Andean localities of Trujillo and Mérida and points in between. These cities are more than 100 km apart by air and therefore preclude definitive searches for the locality of Linden 473. We identify all of our Venezuelan collections as S. colombianum. Our examination of Linden 473 at G, OXF, P, and US show it to be S. colombianum. In agreement with Ochoa (1979) we do not think that S. woodsonii occurs in Venezuela., Published as part of Spooner, David M., Van Den Berg, Ronald G., Peña, Antonio Rivera-, Velguth, Peter, Rio, Alfonso Del & López, Alberto Salas-, 2001, Taxonomy of Mexican and Central American Members of Solanum Series Conicibaccata (sect. Petota), pp. 743-756 in Systematic Botany 26 (4) on pages 754-755, DOI: 10.1043/0363-6445-26.4.743, http://zenodo.org/record/6341256, {"references":["CORRELL, D. S. 1961. Four new Solanums in section Tuberarium. Wrightia 2: 133 - 141.","---. 1962. The potato and its wild relatives. Contributions from the Texas Research Foundation, Botanical Studies 4: 1 - 606.","---. 1990. The potato: evolution, biodiversity and genetic resources. Oxford: Belhaven Press.","---. 1997. A database for wild and cultivated potatoes. Euphytica 93: 155 - 161.","---, R. CASTILLO- T., L. LOPEZ J., R. PINEDA, R. LEON P., A. VARGAS, M. L. GARCIA, and J. B. BAMBERG. 1995. Colombia and Venezuela 1992 wild potato (Solanum sect. Petota) collecting expedition: taxonomy and new germplasm resources. Euphytica 81: 45 - 56.","OCHOA, C. M. 1979. Nueva papa silvestre Venezolana de la serie Conicibaccata. Biota 11: 331 - 333."]}

Published
2001
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29. Classification of wild tomatoes: a review

Author

Peralta, Iris Edith and Spooner, David M.

Subjects
purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Lycopersicon, classification, tomatoes, Solanum, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https]
Abstract

Wild tomatoes are native to western South America. The generic status of wild tomatoes within the Solanaceae has been controversial since the eighteen century. Linnaeus in 1753 placed tomatoes in Solanum while Miller, a contemporary of Linnaeus, classified tomatoes in a new genus. The majority of later botanists have followed Miller. Differing numbers of species and conflicting supraspecific classifications have been proposed, based on morphology or crossing studies. Two major crossability groups have been identified, one that includes mainly self-compatible species that easily cross with the cultivated tomato, and another that comprises self-incompatible species not easily cross with the cultivated tomato. Recent molecular investigations using appropriate outgroups have shown that tomatoes and potatoes are close related phylogenetically, and support the inclusion of tomatoes within Solanum, the classification advocated here. We discuss the conflicting goals of classifications based on predictivity versus stability, a continuing controversy in systematics. Las especies de tomates silvestres son nativas del oeste de América de Sur. Su posición genérica dentro de las Solanáceas ha sido controvertida desde el Siglo XVIII. Linneo en 1753 ubico a los tomates en Solanum mientras que Miller, un contemponineo de Linneo, los incluyo dentro del nuevo genero Lycopersicon. Posteriormente, la mayoría de los botánicos siguieron la clasificación de Miller. Las clasificaciones basadas en morfología 0 en estudios de cruzamientos han propuesto diferente numero de especies 0 categorías supraespecíficas. Sobre la base de la cruzamientos entre especies se han identificado dos grupos; uno de ellos incluye especies autocompatibles que pueden cruzarse fácilmente con el tomate cultivado, el otro comprende especies autoincompatibles que no pueden cruzase fácilmente con esta especie. Recientes investigaciones moleculares, utilizando grupos externos adecuados, han mostrado que los tomates y las papas están muy relacionados filogenéticamente y apoyan la inclusión de los tomates dentro de Solanum, clasificación que hemos adoptado aquí. Se discute acerca del conflicto de los objetivos de las clasificaciones basados en la predicción 0 la estabilidad, una continua controversia en sistemática. Fil: Peralta, Iris Edith. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; Argentina Fil: Spooner, David M.. University of Wisconsin; Estados Unidos

Published
2000

30. Species delimitations in plants: lessons learned from potato taxonomy by a practicing taxonomist.

Author

Spooner, David M.

Subjects
*PHYLOGENY, *SOLANUM, *POTATOES, *PLANT classification, *PLANT species
Abstract

Solanum section Petota has been the subject of intensive taxonomic work since the description of the cultivated potato in 1753. In total, there are 494 epithets for wild taxa and 626 epithets for cultivated taxa. Different taxonomists applied various taxonomic philosophies and species concepts to the section. Hypotheses of the number of species and their interrelationships have differed greatly among authors. A taxonomic treatment of section Petota by Jack Hawkes in 1990 recognized 228 wild species and seven cultivated species, divided into 21 taxonomic series. In 2014 Spooner and collaborators more than halved this number to 107 wild species and four cultivated species, partitioned into four clades; not using series. The purpose of this paper is to provide a retrospective of the methods and philosophies that have resulted in this drastic decrease in the number of species and their infrasectional classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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31. Solanum clarum and S. morelliforme as Novel Model Species for Studies of Epiphytism.

Author

Jansky, Shelley H., Roble, Jacob, Spooner, David M., Roschzttardtz, Hannetz, and Guodong Liu

Subjects
EPIPHYTES, SOLANUM, PLANT assimilation, PLANT anatomy, VEGETATIVE propagation
Abstract

The natural history of epiphytic plant species has been extensively studied. However, little is known about the physiology and genetics of epiphytism. This is due to difficulties associated with growing epiphytic plants and the lack of tools for genomics studies and genetic manipulations. In this study, tubers were generated from 223 accessions of 42 wild potato Solanum species, including the epiphytic species S. morelliforme and its sister species S. clarum. Lyophilized samples were analyzed for 12 minerals using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Mineral levels in tubers of S. morelliforme and S. clarum were among the highest for 10 out of the 12 elements evaluated. These two wild potato relatives are native to southern Mexico and Central America and live as epiphytes or in epiphytic-like conditions. We propose the use of S. morelliforme and S. clarum as model organisms for the study of mineral uptake efficiency. They have a short life cycle, can be propagated vegetatively via tubers or cuttings, and can be easily grown in controlled environments. In addition, genome sequence data are available for potato. Transgenic manipulations and somatic fusions will allow the movement of genes from these epiphytes to cultivated potato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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32. Linking the potato genome to the conserved ortholog set (COS) markers.

Author

Lindqvist-Kreuze, Hannele, Kwangsoo Cho, Portal, Leticia, Rodríguez, Flor, Simon, Reinhard, Mueller, Lukas A., Spooner, David M., and Bonierbale, Merideth

Subjects
LINKAGE (Genetics), PLANT genetics, POTATO genetics, BIOMARKERS, PLANTS, NATURAL selection, PLANT phylogeny
Abstract

Background: Conserved ortholog set (COS) markers are an important functional genomics resource that has greatly improved orthology detection in Asterid species. A comprehensive list of these markers is available at Sol Genomics Network (http://solgenomics.net/) and many of these have been placed on the genetic maps of a number of solanaceous species. Results: We amplified over 300 COS markers from eight potato accessions involving two diploid landraces of Solanum tuberosum Andigenum group (formerly classified as S. goniocalyx, S. phureja), and a dihaploid clone derived from a modern tetraploid cultivar of S. tuberosum and the wild species S. berthaultii, S. chomatophilum, and S. paucissectum. By BLASTn (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool of the NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information) algorithm we mapped the DNA sequences of these markers into the potato genome sequence. Additionally, we mapped a subset of these markers genetically in potato and present a comparison between the physical and genetic locations of these markers in potato and in comparison with the genetic location in tomato. We found that most of the COS markers are single-copy in the reference genome of potato and that the genetic location in tomato and physical location in potato sequence are mostly in agreement. However, we did find some COS markers that are present in multiple copies and those that map in unexpected locations. Sequence comparisons between species show that some of these markers may be paralogs. Conclusions: The sequence-based physical map becomes helpful in identification of markers for traits of interest thereby reducing the number of markers to be tested for applications like marker assisted selection, diversity, and phylogenetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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33. Single copy nuclear gene analysis of polyploidy in wild potatoes (Solanum section Petota).

Author

Cai, Danying, Rodr�guez, Flor, Yuanwen Teng, An�, C�cile, Bonierbale, Meredith, Mueller, Lukas A., and Spooner, David M.

Subjects
POLYPLOIDY in plant chromosomes, SOLANUM, PLANT breeding, POTATOES, BIOLOGICAL evolution, NITRATE reductase, ALLELES
Abstract

Background: Recent genomic studies have drastically altered our knowledge of polyploid evolution. Wild potatoes (Solanum section Petota) are a highly diverse and economically important group of about 100 species widely distributed throughout the Americas. Thirty-six percent of the species in section Petota are polyploid or with diploid and polyploid cytotypes. However, the group is poorly understood at the genomic level and the series is ideal to study polyploid evolution. Two separate studies using the nuclear orthologs GBSSI and nitrate reductase confirmed prior hypotheses of polyploid origins in potato and have shown new origins not proposed before. These studies have been limited, however, by the use of few accessions per polyploid species and by low taxonomic resolution, providing clade-specific, but not species-specific origins within clades. The purpose of the present study is to use six nuclear orthologs, within 54 accessions of 11 polyploid species, 34 accessions of 29 diploid species of section Petota representing their putative progenitors, and two outgroups, to see if phenomena typical of other polyploid groups occur within wild potatoes, to include multiple origins, loss of alleles, or gain of new alleles. Results: Our results increase resolution within clades, giving better ideas of diploid progenitors, and show unexpected complexity of allele sharing within clades. While some species have little diversity among accessions and concur with the GBSSI and nitrate reductase results, such as S. agrimonifolium, S. colombianum, S. hjertingii, and S. moscopanum, the results give much better resolution of species-specific progenitors. Seven other species, however, show variant patterns of allele distributions suggesting multiple origins and allele loss. Complex three-genome origins are supported for S. hougasii, and S. schenckii, and one of the ten accessions of S. stoloniferum. A very unexpected shared presence of alleles occurs within one clade of S. verrucosum from Central America, and S. berthaultii from South America in six polyploid species S. demissum, S. hjertingii, S. hougasii, S. iopetalum, S. schenckii, and S. stoloniferum. Conclusions: Our results document considerable genomic complexity of some wild potato polyploids. These can be explained by multiple hybrid origins and allele losses that provide a clear biological explanation for the taxonomic complexity in wild potato polyploids. These results are of theoretical and practical benefit to potato breeders, and add to a growing body of evidence showing considerable complexity in polyploid plants in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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34. Phylogenetic Relationships of Solanum Series Conicibaccata and Related Species in Solanum Section Petota Inferred from Five Conserved Ortholog Sequences.

Author

Fajardo, Diego and Spooner, David M.

Subjects
*SOLANUM, *PLANT germplasm, *PLANT species, *POTATOES, *PLANT genetics
Abstract

The article discusses a study on the DNA sequences of conserved orthologous nuclear DNA sequences (COSII) that were available in germplasm collections and species from other series to address allopolyploid origins. Total genomic DNA from young leaves of single plants of 72 accessions from 22 species of series Conicibaccata were isolated. The combined COSII indicated that wild petota species from Conicibaccata are a difficult group although its diploid and polyploid members appear to represent section Petota as a whole.

Published
2011
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35. ECOGEOGRAPHY OF PLOIDY VARIATION IN CULTIVATED POTATO (SOLANUM SECT. PETOTA).

Author

SPOONER, DAVID M., GAVRILENKO, TATJANA, JANSKY, SHELLEY H., OVCHINNIKOVA, A., KRYLOVA, E., KNAPP, SANDRA, and SIMON, REINHARD

Subjects
*TAXONOMY, *POTATOES, *CULTIVARS, *SOLANACEAE, *SOLANUM
Abstract

• Premise of the study: The taxonomy of cultivated potatoes has been highly controversial, with estimates of species numbers ranging from 3 to 17. Ploidy level has been one of the most important taxonomic characters to recognize cultivated potato species, containing diploid (2n = 2x = 24), triploid (2n = 3x = 36), tetraploid (2n = 4x = 48), and pentaploid (2n = 5x = 60) cultivars. We tested the environmental associations of different ploidy levels in cultivated potato species that traditionally have been recognized as Linnaean taxa to see whether, in combination with prior morphological, molecular, and crossing data, some of the ploidy variants can be recognized as distinct taxa. • Methods: We summarize 2780 chromosome counts of landrace cultivated potatoes, provide georeferences 2048 of them, and analyze these data for 20 environmental variables at 10-min resolution using the randomForest algorithm to explore associations with taxa and ploidy variants. • Key results: Except for the S. tuberosum Chilotanum Group and extreme northern and southern range extensions of the Andigenum Group, it is impossible to find distinct habitats for the ploidy variants of the S. tuberosum Andigenum Group. • Conclusions: Our distributional and ecological data, in combination with prior results from morphology, microsatellites, and crossing data, provide yet additional data to support a major reclassification of cultivated potato species. A rational, stable, and universally accepted taxonomy of this major crop plant will greatly aid all users of wild and cultivated potatoes from breeders to gene bank managers to ecologists and evolutionary biologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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36. Hybrid origins of cultivated potatoes.

Author

Rodríguez, Flor, Ghislain, Marc, Clausen, Andrea M., Jansky, Shelley H., and Spooner, David M.

Subjects
PLANT breeding, POTATOES, SOLANUM, AGRICULTURAL research, PLANT hybridization, PLANT genetics, NUCLEOTIDE sequence, POLYPLOIDY
Abstract

Solanum section Petota is taxonomically difficult, partly because of interspecific hybridization at both the diploid and polyploid levels. The taxonomy of cultivated potatoes is particularly controversial. Using DNA sequence data of the waxy gene, we here infer relationships among the four species of cultivated potatoes accepted in the latest taxonomic treatment ( S. ajanhuiri, S. curtilobum, S. juzepczukii and S. tuberosum, the latter divided into the Andigenum and Chilotanum Cultivar Groups). The data support prior ideas of hybrid origins of S. ajanhuiri from the S. tuberosum Andigenum Group (2 x = S. stenotomum) × S. megistacrolobum; S. juzepczukii from the S. tuberosum Andigenum Group (2 x = S. stenotomum) × S. acaule; and S. curtilobum from the S. tuberosum Andigenum Group (4 x = S. tuberosum subsp. andigenum) × S. juzepczukii. For the tetraploid cultivar-groups of S. tuberosum, hybrid origins are suggested entirely within much more closely related species, except for two of three examined accessions of the S. tuberosum Chilotanum Group that appear to have hybridized with the wild species S. maglia. Hybrid origins of the crop/weed species S. sucrense are more difficult to support and S. vernei is not supported as a wild species progenitor of the S. tuberosum Andigenum Group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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37. Phylogeny of Solanum series Piurana and related species in Solanum section Petota based on five conserved ortholog sequences.

Author

Ames, Mercedes and Spooner, David M.

Subjects
SOLANUM, PHYLOGENY, TAXONOMY, PLANT species, GENETIC markers
Abstract

Taxonomic complexity in wild potatoes (Solanum L. sect. Petota Dumort.) has led to widely conflicting treatments. Solanum ser. Piurana Hawkes is one of 21 series recognized in S. sect. Petota in the latest comprehensive taxonornic treatment by Hawkes in 1990. They are distributed from southern Colombia south through Ecuador to central Peru. The taxonomic limits of the series and validity of its constituent species were not resolved with previous studies. In the present study, a set of five conserved orthologous DNA markers (cos 11) with 5342 bp of aligned length were used to infer the phylogeny of putative members of Solanum ser. Piurana and outgroups. The results agreed with a three-dade topology shown by previous studies within S. sect. Petota. So/anum ser. Piurana is expanded to include some species formerly included in S. sers. Conicibaccata, Cuneoalata, Ingaefolia, Olmosiana, Simplicissima, Tuberosa and Yungasensa. This expanded group is supported morphologically by the presence of moniliform tubers and coriaceous leaves in most species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010

38. Evolution of chromosome 6 of Solanum species revealed by comparative fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping.

Author

Qunfeng Lou, Iovene, Marina, Spooner, David M., Buell, C. Robin, and Jiming Jiang

Subjects
GENE mapping, GENETIC markers, IN situ hybridization, PLANT species, SOLANUM
Abstract

Comparative genetic linkage mapping using a common set of DNA markers in related species is an important methodology in plant genome research. Here, we demonstrate a comparative fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping strategy in plants. A set of 13 bacterial artificial chromosome clones spanning the entire length of potato chromosome 6 was used for pachytene chromosome-based FISH mapping in seven distantly related Solanum species including potato, tomato, and eggplant. We discovered one paracentric inversion and one pericentric inversion within specific lineages of these species. The comparative FISH mapping data revealed the ancestral structure of this chromosome. We demonstrate that comparative FISH mapping is an efficient and powerful methodology to study chromosomal evolution among plant species diverged for up to 12 million years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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39. Revision of the Solanum medians Complex (Solanum section Petota).

Author

Spooner, David M., Fajardo, Diego, and Salas, Alberto

Subjects
*SOLANUM, *POTATOES, *CULTIVARS, *PLANT morphology, *PLANT classification, *PLANT species
Abstract

The article focuses on the revision of the Solanum medians Complex (Solanum section Petota) which are widely distributed along the coastal lomas and up the western slopes of the Andes Mountains from central Peru and northern Chile. Research shows that its fertile diploid and sterile triploid cytotypes are common and believed to be associated with morphological variants. It was found that so much overlap of their taxonomy is impractical to use morphology for reliable identifications.

Published
2008
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40. The use and limits of AFLP data in the taxonomy of polyploid wild potato species in Solanum series Conicibaccata.

Author

Jiménez, Jose Pablo, Brenes, Arturo, Fajardo, Diego, Salas, Alberto, and Spooner, David Michael

Subjects
POTATOES, SOLANUM, PLANT species, POLYPLOIDY, CHLOROPLAST DNA, EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA, FLOW cytometry, GERMPLASM conservation, CONSERVATION of natural resources
Abstract

Solanum sect. Petota (tuber-bearing wild and cultivated potatoes) are a group of approximately 190 wild species distributed throughout the Americas from the southwestern United States south to Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. Solanum series Conicibaccata are a group of approximately 40 species within sect. Petota, distributed from central Mexico to central Bolivia, composed of diploids (2n = 2x = 24), tetraploids (2n = 4x = 48) and hexaploids (2n = 6x = 64); the polyploids are thought to be polysomic polyploids. This study initially was designed to address species boundaries of the four Mexican and Central American species of series Conicibaccata with AFLP data with the addition of first germplasm collections of one of these four species, Solanum woodsonii, as a follow-up to prior morphological, chloroplast DNA, and RAPD studies; and additional species of series Conicibaccata from South America. AFLP data from 12 primer combinations (1722 polymorphic bands) are unable to distinguish polyploid species long thought to be distinct. The data suggest a complex reticulate history of the tetraploids or the need for a broad downward reevaluation of the number of species in series Conicibaccata, a trend seen in other series of sect. Petota. Separately, through flow cytometry, we report the first ploidy level of S. woodsonii, as tetraploid (2n = 48). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
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41. Species limits of Solanum berthaultii Hawkes and S. tarijense Hawkes and the implications for species boundaries in Solanum sect. Petota.

Author

Spooner, David M., Fajardo, Diego, and Bryan, Glenn J.

Subjects
SOLANUM, SOLANACEAE, NUCLEIC acids, DNA, DEOXYRIBOSE, BIOMOLECULES
Abstract

Solanum berthaultii and S. tarijense are two wild potato (sect. Petota) species distributed from Bolivia to northern Argentina. All authors have accepted them as good species since their publication in 1944, but they have been hypothesized to hybridize extensively with each other and with other species, despite their classification into different series and superseries by some authors. This study is a molecular counterpart (AFLPs, plastid DNA restriction site data, survey of a plastid DNA deletion) to a prior morphological study of these two species. AFLP data show weak support for separate species status for some accessions, but with many exceptions. In agreement with the morphological results we place S. tarijense into synonymy of S. berihaultii, and use herbarium specimen data for a taxonomic treatment to include a description, synonymy, and mapping of all accessions. We show similar taxonomic problems in sect. Petota and suggest that there will be a continuing trend of reduction of names in wild potatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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42. What Is the Origin of the European Potato? Evidence from Canary Island Landraces.

Author

Rios, Domingo, Ghislain, Marc, Rodriguez, Flor, and Spooner, David M.

Subjects
POTATOES, SOLANUM, CULTIVARS, MICROSATELLITE repeats, PLANT genetics, PLANT germplasm, CROP germplasm
Abstract

The modern cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was first recorded in Europe in the Canary Islands in 1567, but its origin has long been in dispute. Two competing hypotheses have proposed an ‘Andean’ area (somewhere from the Andean uplands from Venezuela to northern Argentina) or a lowland south-central ‘Chilean’ area, but the Andean origin hypothesis is today generally accepted. The identity of extant Canary Island potato landraces as exclusively of upland Andean origin is one part of a multicomponent argument that the European potato originated from there, rather than from Chile. We reassess these two competing hypotheses with nuclear microsatellite and chloroplast DNA analyses of 19 Canary Island landraces, 14 Andean landraces, 11 Chilean landraces, and two wild potato species as outgroups, and with chloroplast DNA data of 150 landraces from South America. Our molecular results document a wide variation of Andean- and Chilean-type cultivars on the Canary islands and possible hybrids of the two. Our new data, integrated with historical, molecular, agronomic, and crossing data, support a hypothesis that there were multiple introductions of Andean and Chilean germplasm to the Canary Islands and that the early European potato was selected from Chilean introductions long before the late blight epiphytotics of the 1840s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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43. SUBSPECIES BOUNDARIES OF THE WILD POTATOES SOLANUM BULBOCASTANUM AND S. CARDIOPHYLLUM BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND NUCLEAR RFLP DATA.

Author

Rodríguez, Aarón and Spooner, David M.

Subjects
*MORPHOLOGY, *DNA restriction enzymes, *SOLANUM, *PLANT species, *POTATOES
Abstract

Morphological data and single- to low-copy nuclear DNA restriction enzyme site data were used to test subspecies circumscriptions of Solanum bulbocastanum and S. cardiophyllum. A prior chloroplast DNA analysis showed these species to be part of two main clades: 1. S. bulbocastanum subsp. bulbocastanum, S. bulbocastanum subsp. dolichophyllum, S. bulbocastanum subsp. partitum, S. cardiophyllum subsp. cardiophyllum and S. cardiophyllum subsp. lanceolatum, and 2. S. cardiophyllum subsp. ehrenbergii and other Mexican diploid species. The nuclear DNA and morphological data showed S. cardiophyllum subsp. ehrenbergii to be slightly distinguishable from the other subspecies of S. cardiophyllum, and do not support the distinction of subspecies within either species. These data add to a growing body of evidence that there are too many wild potato taxa recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2002

44. Biogeographic Implications of the Striking Discovery of a 4,000 Kilometer Disjunct Population of the Wild Potato Solanum morelliforme in South America.

Author

Simon, Reinhard, Fuentes, Alfredo F., and Spooner, David M.

Subjects
*SOLANUM, *POTATOES, *ENTROPY, *THERMODYNAMICS
Abstract

The article presents a study that deals with a disjunct population of solanum morelliforme or an epiphytic wild potato in Bolivia. It highlights the importance of the discovery as the first record of this species in South America, and the first species in the section growing in both North and Central America and in South America. It conducted a maxium entropy analysis of 19 climatic variables which matched the occurrence of the South American locality with precision.

Published
2011
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46. A Morphometric Study of Species Boundaries of the Wild Potato Solanum Series Conicibaccata: a Replicated Field Trial in Andean Peru.

Author

Fajardo, Diego, Castillo, Raul, Salas, Alberto, and Spooner, David M.

Subjects
*SOLANUM, *POTATOES, *POLYPLOIDY
Abstract

This article presents a study regarding the wild potato Solanum series Conicibaccata. It discusses that Conicibaccata consists about 40 wild potato species distributed from southern Mexico to central Bolivia, which contains diploids, tetraploids, hexaploids, and some polyploids are likely allopolyploids.

Published
2008
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