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Vorontsova, MS, Christenhusz, MJM, Kirika, P, Muthoka, P (2010): Three new species of Solanum from Kenya: using herbarium specimens to document environmental change. Systematic Botany 35 (4): 894-906, DOI: 10.1600/036364410X539943

Solanum polhillii Voronts., sp. nov. ���TYPE: KENYA. Masai Province: Narok District, Ewaso Ngiro - Loliondo Road where it crosses the Masan River, 13 Dec 1963, B. Verdcourt 3838 (holotype: EA!; isotypes: K000441234!, K000441243!). Ab aliis speciebus africanis Solani gemmis inflatis et sepalis carinatis differt. A Solano richardii Lam. foliis 2���6 cm tantum (nec 7���22 cm) longis, antheris 4.5���8 mm tantum (nec 8.5��� 11.5 mm) longis differt. Erect woody shrub, 1���2 m, armed, moderately branched; young stems stout, straight, erect, sparsely to densely stellatepubescent; trichomes porrect, translucent, stalked, the stalks up to 0.2 mm, the rays 7���9, 0.1���0.2 mm, the midpoints same length as the rays or shorter, often reduced to globular unicellular glands; prickles 2���3(���6) mm long, 0.5���1.5 mm wide at widest point, straight to slightly curved, perpendicular to the stem or somewhat reflexed, orange-brown to yellow; main branches 1���2 cm in diam at base, glabrescent; bark smooth, grey or brown. Sympodial units difoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple, the blades 2���6 �� 1���4 cm, 1.5��� 2 times longer than wide, ovate, chartaceous, drying discolorous, yellow-green, densely stellate-pubescent on both sides; trichomes porrect, translucent, stalked, the stalks up to 0.2 mm, the rays ca. 8, 0.1���0.3 mm, the midpoints same length as the rays or shorter, adaxially with reduced rays pointed upwards; the blades unarmed; midvein raised abaxially, flat or sunk adaxially, the primary veins 3���4 pairs, spreading at 30���60�� to the midvein, the tertiary venation usually not visible to the naked eye; base cordate, rarely rounded or cuneate, often oblique; margin entire to weakly lobed, the lobes, if present, 1���2 on each side, up to 3 mm long, extending up to 1/4 of the distance to the midvein, broadly rounded; apex rounded or obtuse; petiole 0.3���2.5 cm, 1/3 of the leaf length to as long as the leaf, unusually variable, rarely with 1���2 prickles. Inflorescences usually terminal, sometimes apparently lateral, 2���4.5 cm long, not branched, 1���4-flowered, with 1(���2) flowers open at a time, stellate-pubescent like the young stem, unarmed or with 1���3 small prickles; peduncle 0���5 mm long; rachis 0���2 cm long; pedicels 10���15 mm long, slender at base, inflated towards the sepals, articulated less than 0.5 mm from base, unarmed or with a few prickles; pedicel scars inconspicuous stumps. Buds broad-ovoid or almost globose, conspicuously inflated in living material. Plants andromonoecious, with 1(���2) long-styled flowers at the base of the inflorescence, the flowers 5-merous. Calyx 8���16 mm long, obconical, divided for 3/4���5/6 of its length, the lobes 4.5���12 mm long, 1���1.5 mm wide at base, equal, long-deltoid to thin-oblong, apically long-acuminate, with pronounced keels visible on fresh material, with no venation visible or a raised midvein, densely stellate-pubescent like the young stem, unarmed or more rarely with up to 10 filiform prickles to 1.5 mm long. Corolla 2���4.2 cm in diam, deep purple, drying orange-brown or somewhat pink, stellate, tearing unevenly at anthesis, opening fully or slightly reflexed, lobed for 2/3���3/4 of its length, the lobes 7���15 �� 4.5���10 mm, broad-deltoid to ovate, apically cuspidate, with a clearly visible network of brown veins, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially, the trichomes porrect, orange-translucent, subsessile, the stalks up to 0.1 mm, the rays ca. 8, 0.1���0.25 mm, the midpoints same length as the rays or shorter, slightly longer than rays towards corolla lobe apices, mostly glabrous adaxially, the trichomes variously reduced and irregular. Stamens with the filament tube 2��� 2.5 mm; free portion of the filaments 1.7���2 mm; anthers 4.5��� 8 mm long, 1���2 mm wide, free, equal, tapering, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening into longitudinal slits with age, the anther surface drying papillose, yellow-orange to dark red-brown, often sparsely stellate-pubescent on the dorsal surface. Ovary ca. 2.5 mm diam ovoid-globose, upper part of the ovary usually visible in fully open long-styled flowers, densely stellate-pubescent over its entire surface; style 0.8��� 1.2 cm long on long-styled flowers, slender, curved, exserted 3���5 mm beyond the anthers, stellate-pubescent in the lower 1/4; stigma clavate, papillose. Fruit a globose berry, 1(���2) per infructescence, 13���20 mm in diam, ovoid or spherical during development, becoming spherical at maturity, the pericarp thin, smooth, shiny, the whole surface visibly stellate-pubescent during development, becoming glabrous at maturity, marbled green and white when young, yellow to orange at maturity, dryingyellowtoorange-brown; fruitingpedicels0.8��� 4 cm long, 0.6���1 mm wide at base, becoming woody, pendulous, unarmed or with up to 15 small prickles, the apical 5���10 mm inflated; calyx slightly accrescent, covering 1/3 to all of the mature fruit, usually unarmed, rarely with up to 10 prickles.Seedsca.30���100 perberry, 2.8���3��2���2.5��ca.0.3 mm, flattened-reniform, often somewhat irregular in outline, pale yellow to orange-brown, the surface smooth or with raised outlines of cells or small pits. Figures 2, 5 A-D. Table 3. Distribution and Habitat��� Kenya and Tanzania. Savanna, rocky hillsides, bushland and scrub, on granite, volcanic rocks or red sandy soil, sometimes locally common, 1,800���2,200 m elevation. Figures 1A, 5A. Common Names��� The Masai names include ���Endulelei,��� ���Oliasuria,��� and ���Entenelua-Narok.��� Uses��� Decoction of the roots used as cure for anthrax by rubbing into the abscesses; the Masai attribute strong medicinal powers to the ���Endulelei���. Etymology��� The epithet honours Roger Polhill���s contribution to East African botanical taxonomy as a whole and Solanum in particular. Specimens Examined��� KENYA. Central Province: Lukenya rocks by Nairobi-Mombasa Road., 2 Jun 1980, Gilbert 5961 (EA, K); Ilpartimaro, 26 Nov 1977, Kuchar & Msafiri 8013 (EA). Masai Province: Ngong Hills, Oct 1937, Anonymous 158 (EA); Ngong Hills, 12 May 1960, Archer 76 (EA); Suswa lava flow, near Narok Road, Jun 1960, Archer 117 (EA, K); 22 miles on Kajiado - Namanga Road., 29 Nov 1960, Archer 208 (EA, K); Namanga Hill river valley, 8 Mar 1964, Archer 434 (EA, K); Ngong Escarpment, Jun 1940, Bally 2333 (EA, K); Suswa, 31 Oct 1943, Bally 2922 (EA); Ngong Escarpment, 21 Dec 1947, Bally 4745 (EA, K); Suswa crater near rim, 23 Mar 1963, Bally 12657 (K); Western slopes of Ngong Hills, 12 Dec 1947, Bogdan 1474 (K); near Kenya Marble co, quarry SW of Kajiado, 27 Nov 1977, Gilbert 4933 (EA, K); Makueni: Tsavo West National Park, 13 Aug 1965, Gillett 16842 (EA); Suswa volcanic cave area, 6 Apr 1963, Glover 3605 (EA, K); Mount Suswa, 4 Aug 1963, Glover 3854 (EA); Mount Suswa, 5 Aug 1964, Glover 4570 (EA); Mount Suswa, 14 Feb 1964, Glover & Oledonet 4133 (EA); Mount Suswa, 13 Mar 1964, Glover & Oledonet 4446 (EA); Mount Suswa, 15 Mar 1964, Glover & Oledonet 4500 (EA); Lower NW slopes of Suswa near the Narok-Kijabe road, 20 Apr 1962, Glover & Samuel 2736 (EA, K); Olenyamu, about 38 miles from Magadi on the road to Nairobi, 30 Jun 1962, Glover & Samuel 2908 (EA, K); Loita, 25 Dec 1984, Hohl 348 (EA); Mount Suswa, 1 Jun 1969, Ivens 2463 (EA); Masai Mara Game Reserve, 24 Sep 1978, Kuchar 9911 (EA); Ilgeri, 26 Feb 1979, Kuchar 10669 (EA); Ewaso Nyiro, 1875, 11 Jan 1981, Kuchar 13858 (EA); Ewaso Nyiro, 11 Jan 1981, Kuchar 13917 (EA); Narok, 1850, 10 Aug 1977, Kuchar & Msafiri 6901 (EA); Ollaro Camp, 11 Feb 2001, Luke & Luke 7317 (EA, K); Ngong escarpment, 9 Jun 1931, Napier, E.R. 1339 (EA, K); Ngong Hills, Dec 1934, Napier 3594 (EA); Rift Valley W of Ngong Hills., 13 Dec 1934, Napier 6723 (K); Ngong Escarpment, Dec 1934, Napier 6724 (K); Mount Suswa, 15 Jul 1985, Parsons & Lambert 3 (EA); 37 miles from Nairobi on Magadi road, 12 Apr 1960, Polhill et al. 2672 (EA, K). Rift Valley Province: Kedong Valley, 1 May 1960, Archer s. n. (EA); Ol Longonot, 10 May 1960, Kerfoot 1860 (EA, K); Ol Longonot Estate, 29 Dec 1961, Kerfoot 3393 (EA, K); Ol Longonot Estate, 28 Jan 1962, Kerfoot 3597 (EA); Ol Longonot Estate, 31 Jul 1962, Kerfoot 4001 (EA, K); Uaso Narok River on Kisima Farm, 40 km Nof Rumuruti, 13 Nov 1977, Stannard & Carter 333 (EA, K). TANZANIA. Lake Province: Moru Kopjes, Serengeti Plains, 31 Dec 1971, Greenway & Turner 14,952 (K); Serengeti Central Plains, 2 miles W of the Eastern Boundary, 30 May 1962, Greenway & Watson 10677 (EA, K); Seronera, Seronera Rest Camp, 25 Apr 1958, Paulo 377 (EA, K). Northern Province: Longido Mt., 1676, 24 May 1967, Carmichael 1404 (EA); Soitayai, 29 Nov 1956, Greenway 9086 (EA, K); Serengeti National Park, 29 Nov 1969, Herlocker 610 (EA); Oldiang���aranger, E. Serengeti, 19 Nov 1962, Newbould 6267 (EA, K); Oldiang���arangar, E. Serengeti, Nov 1962, Oteke 228 (EA, K); Serengeti National Park, Dec 1963, Turner 12900 (EA). Notes��� Solanum polhillii is an attractive erect pubescent shrub with noticeable mauve flowers, broad pubescent leaves and apically inflated pedicels. The wide stamens and broad corollas are similar to those of S. richardii, while the vegetative morphology is reminiscent of S. taitense Vatke and S. setaceum Dammer. Morphology varies with environmental conditions such as aridity, nutrient availability, and herbivory, including leaf size, petiole length and prickliness. Particularly remarkable is the variation in flower size, with the corolla 2���4.2 cm wide and the anthers 4.5���8 mm long, smaller than the more southern S. richardii but larger than most other species in the region. Solanum polhillii is the species designated as Solanum sp. nov. 2 by Polhill (in mss.) and Solanum sp. Gsensu Agnew and Agnew (1994) and Beentje (1994). It does not fit comfortably into any sections accepted by Bitter (1913, 1917, 1921, 1923) or Jaeger (1985), many of which are not monophyletic (Levin et al. 2006; S. Stern, unpubl. data). Polhill (in mss.) placed it in Bitter���s section Ischyracanthum, an unlikely placement as S. polhillii lacks overall similarity to its members and also lacks the curved stem prickles that define that section. In spite of vegetative similarity to members of Bitter���s section Oliganthes, its fruits are yellow rather than orange to red and its flowers are too large to fit comfortably into that group. Perhaps the position of S. polhillii will become clearer with further molecular phylogenetic studies., Published as part of Vorontsova, MS, Christenhusz, MJM, Kirika, P & Muthoka, P, 2010, Three new species of Solanum from Kenya: using herbarium specimens to document environmental change., pp. 894-906 in Systematic Botany 35 (4) on pages 902-903, DOI: 10.1600/036364410X539943, http://zenodo.org/record/6326031, {"references":["Agnew, A. D. Q. and S. Agnew. 1994. Upland Kenya wildflowers: a flora of the ferns and herbaceous flowering plants of upland Kenya. Second edition. Nairobi: East Africa Natural History Society.","Beentje, H. J. 1994. Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas. Kenya: National Museums of Kenya.","Bitter, G. 1913. Solana Africana I. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 49: 560 - 569.","Bitter, G. 1917. Solana Africana II. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 54: 416 - 506.","Bitter, G. 1921. Solana Africana III. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 57: 248 - 286.","Bitter, G. 1923. Solana Africana. IV. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis. Centralblatt fur Sammlung und Veroffentlichung von Einzeldiagnosen neuer Pflanzen. Beihefte 16: 1 - 320.","Jaeger, P. - M. L. 1985. Systematic studies in the genus Solanum in Africa. Ph. D. thesis. Birmingham, U. K.: University of Birmingham.","Levin, R. A., N. R. Myers, and L. Bohs. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships among the \" spiny solanums \" (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae). American Journal of Botany 93: 157 - 169."]}

Solanum malindiense Voronts., sp. nov. ���TYPE: KENYA. Tana River District: Nairobi Ranch, Ras Wanawali Sabaa, 02��33��� S, 40��37��� E, 5m, 13 July 2006, L. Festo & Q. Luke 2337 (holotype: EA!; isotypes: MO, NHT). Species Solano usaramense Dammer similis sed foliis lobatis (nec subintegris) et 1.5���2plo (nec 2���3) longioribus quam latioribus, baccis flavis (nec aurantiis) et 15mm vel ultra latis (nec 8���9 mm latis), pilis stellatis sparsis (nec densis) cum stipe ad maximum 0.1 mm tantum longis (nec 0.2���0.4 mm longis) differt. Scandent shrub to 2 m, armed, sparsely branched; young stems long, ascendant, densely stellate-pubescent; trichomes porrect, translucent, sessile or stalked, the stalks up to 0.1 mm, the rays 6���8, 0.1���0.2 mm, the midpoints same length as the rays or shorter, often reduced to globular glands; prickles 1��� 3 mm long, 1���1.5 mm wide at widest point, hooked, flattened at the base but conical at the apex, white-yellow to orange-brown; main branches ca. 5 mm in diam at base, glabrescent; bark smooth, greyish. Sympodial units difoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple, the blades 3���6 �� 2.5���4 cm, 1.5��� 2 times longer than wide, ovate, chartaceous, drying discolorous, yellow-green to yellow-orange ordark red-green, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially; trichomes porrect, translucent, subsessile, the stalks less than 0.1 mm, the rays ca. 8, 0.15��� 0.2 mm, the midpoints same length as the rays or shorter, adaxially glabrescent, with reduced rays and midpoints; the blades unarmed or with 1���5 prickles on the abaxial midvein and often 1 prickle on the adaxial midvein; midvein raised abaxially, flat adaxially, the primary veins 3���5 pairs, spreading at 45���60�� to the midvein, the tertiary venation visible on both sides of the leaf; base cordate or sometimes rounded, often oblique; margin subentire to sinuate, the lobes 2���4 on each side, up to 5 mm long, extending up to 1/3 of the distance to the midvein, broadly rounded; apex rounded to obtuse; petiole 1���2 cm, 1/2���1/4 of the leaf length, slender, with 0���4 prickles. Inflorescences apparently terminal or lateral, 2���4 cm long, not branched, 3���10-flowered, with 1���4 flowers open at a time, stellate-pubescent like the young stem, unarmed or with a few small recurved prickles; peduncle 1���5 mm long; rachis 0.3���2 cm long; pedicels 5���10 mm long, slender, articulated less than 0.5 mm from base, stellate-pubescent like the young stem, unarmed or with 1���2 prickles; pedicel scars broad flat stumps, spaced 2���4 mm apart. Buds ovoid to ellipsoid. Plants andromonoecious, with 1(���2) long-styled flowers at the base of the inflorescence, the flowers 5-merous. Calyx 5���8 mm long, obconical, divided for 1/3���2/3 of its length, the lobes 3.5���5 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide at base, equal, longdeltoid, apically long-acuminate, with no venation visible or with a raised midvein, densely stellate-pubescent like the young stem, unarmed or with up to 20 thin straight prickles to 2.5 mm long. Corolla 2���3.7 cm in diam, white to pale mauve, drying orange-brown, stellate, tearing unevenly at anthesis, opening fully but not reflexed, lobed for ��-4/5 of its length, the lobes 8���12 �� 4���5 mm, long-deltoid, apically acute, with a dark midvein, stellate-pubescent abaxially, the trichomes porrect, orange-translucent, subsessile, the rays ca. 8, 0.15��� 0.25 mm, undulate, the midpoints shorter than the rays, lengthening towards corolla lobe apices, mostly glabrous adaxially, the trichomes variously reduced and irregular. Stamens with the filament tube 2���2.5 mm; free portion of the filaments ca. 1.5 mm; anthers 8���9.5 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm wide, free, equal, tapering, poricidal at the tips, the pores small, not lengthening into longitudinal slits with age, the anther surface drying smooth to papillose, dark red-brown to orangebrown. Ovary stellate-pubescent in the upper 1/2 only; style 1.3���1.5 cm long on long-styled flowers, curved, the upper 1/3 dark and thick, exserted 3���5 mm beyond the anthers, stellatepubescent in the lower 2/3; stigma clavate, papillose. Fruit a globose berry, 1(���2) per infructescence, ca. 15 mm in diam, spherical throughout development, the pericarp thin, smooth, shiny, sparsely stellate-pubescent in the apical 1/2 during development, becoming glabrous at maturity, marbled green and white when young becoming yellow at maturity, drying orange-brown or dark brown; fruiting pedicels ca. 1.5 cm long, 0.8���1 mm wide at base, herbaceous becoming woody, pendulous, unarmed or with a few straight or curved prickles; calyx accrescent to ca. 10 mm long, covering ca. 1/3 of the mature fruit, with 10���30 straight or curved prickles. Seeds ca. 50���100 perberry, 2.5���3.5 �� 2���2.5 �� ca. 0.3 mm, flattened-reniform, often somewhat irregular in outline, brown, the surface smooth or with raised outlines of cells or small pits. Figures 4, 5 I-L. Table 5. Distribution and Habitat ��� Kenya, Coast province: coastal bush, dunes and sand, often on coral, at low altitudes. Figures 1C, 5I. Etymology��� Solanum malindiense is named after the town of Malindi near the site of its first discovery. Representative Specimens Examined��� KENYA. Coast Province: Watamu, Duchess of Gloucester Girls School, 23 Oct 1967, Anonymous 14 (EA); Watamu, Duchess of Gloucester Girls School, 22 Oct 1967, Anonymous 39 (EA); Manda Island, 5 Aug 1982, Brathay Expedition 107 (EA); Kitwa Pembe Hill and vicinity, 15 Jul 1974, Faden & Faden 74/1072 (EA, K); Kilifi, 28 Nov 1945, Jeffery K415 (EA); Kilifi, 22 Oct 1948, Jeffery K600 (EA); Nairobi Ranch, Ras Wanawali Sabaa, 18 Oct 2004, Luke & Luke 10326K (EA); 4 ml Nof Malindi, 3 Nov 1961, Polhill & Paulo 709 (K); Shela, 20 Oct 1984, Robertson 3776 (EA). Notes��� Solanum malindiense has undulate leaves of consistent shape, long-acuminate calyx lobes, curved prickles covering the calyx from late bud onwards, and a pubescent ovary with stellate trichomes persisting until the developing fruit reaches 1 cm in diameter. Solanum malindiense is the northern continuation of S. usaramense populations in the coastal areas of Mozambique, Tanzania, and southern Kenya, with wider and more lobed leaves, larger yellow berries, and sparse indumentum. The name Solanum monotanthum Dammer has been erroneously applied to populations of Solanum usaramense in coastal Kenya and Tanzania. Type material of S. monotanthum found in Universit��t G��ttingen suggests the name S. monotanthum is actually a synonym of S. zanzibarense Vatke and is not synonymous with either S. usaramense or S. malindiense. The habit and yellowish regularly undulate leaves of S. malindiense are reminiscent of two other species of East African coasts: the sympatric S. zanzibarense and S. litoraneum A. E. Gon��. from coastal Mozambique and Tanzania, although the corollas, anthers and fruit are larger than in either of these species., Published as part of Vorontsova, MS, Christenhusz, MJM, Kirika, P & Muthoka, P, 2010, Three new species of Solanum from Kenya: using herbarium specimens to document environmental change., pp. 894-906 in Systematic Botany 35 (4) on pages 904-905, DOI: 10.1600/036364410X539943, http://zenodo.org/record/6326031

Solanum phoxocarpum Voronts., sp. nov. —TYPE: KENYA. Masai Province: Narok District, Lake Naivasha to the Enesambulai Valley, on the crest of the Western Rift Wall, 2 Nov 1969, P. G. Greenway & Kanuri 13869 (holotype: EA!; isotype: K000441270!). Species Solano aculeastri Dunal similis sed foliis caulium fertilium subintegris (nec lobatis), 6–8 cm tantum (nec 8–15 cm) longis et 2.5plo (nec 1.5–2plo) longioribus quam latioribus, floribus lilaciniis (nec plerumque albidiis), baccis conicis (nec plerumque globosis neque ellipsoideis) et duplo (nec minus quam duplo) longioribus quam latioribus differt. Erect shrub to small tree, 1–3(–6) m, armed, much branched at base; young stems long and slender, densely stellatepubescent; trichomes multangulate, white-translucent, irregular and densely matted, sessile, the rays 11–16, 0.1–0.2 mm, the midpoints same length as the rays or up to 0.8 mm long; prickles 6–15 mm long, 2–7 mm wide at the widest point, straight or curved, rounded to flattened, orange-brown; main branches up to 20 cm in diam at base, glabrous to glabrescent in patches; bark smooth red-brown to almost white. Sympodial units appearing plurifoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple, the blades on fertile branches 6–8 × 2.5–4 cm (larger on vegetative branches), ca. 2.5 times longer than wide, elliptic, chartaceous, drying strongly discolorous, reddish-green above, white-grey underneath, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially; trichomes porrect to multangulate, white-translucent, a mixture of sessile and stalked, the stalks ca. 0.1(–0.2) mm, the rays 11–16, 0.15–0.3 mm, the midpoints same length as the rays or up to 0.8 mm long, adaxially almost glabrous; the blades unarmed, sometimes with 1–2 straight prickles up to 5 mm long; midvein raised abaxially, sunk adaxially, the primary veins (4–)5–6 pairs, spreading at 30–45° to the midvein, the tertiary venation visible on both sides of the leaf; base cuneate, usually equal; margin subentire to weekly lobed, the lobes 1–2(–3) on each side, up to 0.5(–1.5) cm long, extending up to 1/3 of the distance to the midvein (larger on vegetativebranches), broadly rounded; apexacute; petiole 0.5– 0.9 cm, ca. 1/6orlessof theleaflength, unarmed.Inflorescences apparently terminal or lateral, 3–5.5 cm long, not branched, 1–7-flowered, with 1 flower open at a time, densely stellatepubescent, the trichomes often with elongated midpoints, unarmed; peduncle 0–0.6 cm long; rachis 0–0.3 cm long; pedicels 1.8–3 cm on long-styled flowers, 0.8–1.2 cm on shortstyled flowers, slender, articulated less than 0.5 mm from base, stellate-pubescent in patches, the trichomes often with elongated midpoints, sometimes with 1–2 prickles on long-styled flower pedicels; pedicel scars broad dark stumps, spaced 1– 2 mm apart. Buds ovoid to ellipsoid. Plants andromonoecious, with 1(–3) long-styled flowers at the base of the inflorescence, the flowers 5(–6)-merous. Calyx ca. 15 mm long on long-styled flowers, ca. 7 mm long on short-styled flowers, long-cupular, divided for ca. 2/3 of its length on long-styled flowers, for ca. 1/2 of its length on short-styled flowers, the lobes 7–10 × 2–3 mm in long-styled flowers, ca. 4 × 2 mm in short-styled flowers, mostly equal, sometimes with one lobe much longer than the others, long-deltoid, apically acute to apiculate, with no venation visible or a faint raised midvein, densely stellate-pubescent, unarmed or with up to 15 prickles to 5 mm long in long-styled flowers, unarmed in short-styled flowers. Corolla ca. 3 cm diam in long-styled flowers, ca. 1.7 cm diam in short-styled flowers, blue-mauve, drying orange-brown, slightly reflexed, stellate, lobed for 1/2–2/3 of its length, the lobes 10–15 × 4–5 mm in long-styled flowers, 6 × 3–4 mm in short-styled flowers, deltoid, with a dark midvein, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially, the trichomes porrect, irregular, orange-translucent, sessile, the rays 8–15, 0.1– 0.3 mm, undulate, the midpoints shorter than the rays, lengthening towards corolla lobe apices, mostly glabrous adaxially, the trichomes variously reduced and irregular. Stamens with the filament tube ca. 2 mm; free portion of the filaments ca. 1.2 mm; anthers 3.5–4 mm, free, equal, tapering, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening into longitudinal slits with age, the anther surface drying orange to red-brown. Ovary ca. 2.5 mm in diam, broad-ovoid, densely stellate-pubescent in the upper 1/5; style ca. 7 mm long on long-styled flowers, thick, dark brown, straight or almost straight, stellate-pubescent in the lower 1/3, exserted 3–4 mm beyond the anthers; stigma clavate, papillose. Fruit a conical berry, 1(–3) per infructescence, 2.8–3.7 × 1.8–2.2 cm, ca. two times longer than wide, apically pointed, retaining the same elongated pointed shape throughout development, the pericarp thin, usually smooth, sometimes warty, shiny, glabrous, with afewstellatetrichomes near the apex on immature fruit, evenly green when young, yellow at maturity, drying almost black when young and drying orange-brown at maturity; fruiting pedicels 2.5–4 cm long, 1.2–1.8 mm wide at base, woody, held erect becoming pendulous as the pedicel dries, usually with 2–10 prickles up to 7 mm long in the apical part; calyx sometimes accrescent to 2.5 cm long, covering 1/6–1/4(–1/2) of the mature fruit, not reflexed, with 0–10 prickles ca. 5 mm long. Seeds ca. 30 perberry, 4–4.5 × 3–4 × ca. 0.3 mm, flattened-reniform, almost round, often somewhat irregular in outline, brown to almost black, the surface smooth or with raised outlines of cells or small pits. Figures 3, 5 E-H. Table 4. Distribution and Habitat— Endemic to the East African Rift Valley, including the Rift Valley Province, Central Province, and Masai Province in Kenya and Northern Province in Tanzania. Damp forest understorey or secondary scrub at 2,100–3,000 m altitude. Figures 1B, 5E. Common Names— Masai vernacular names are “Osigawai” and “Sigawet.” Uses— The plants are used for hedges and the fruit is eaten. Roots are boiled in water and the liquid is then mixed with broth and taken as a remedy for gonorrhoea. The ripe dry fruits are roasted and then ground to powder and mixed with butter to give to babies. Etymology— Solanum phoxocarpum means “pointy-fruited solanum”, derived from the Greek “phoxos” meaning pointed or peaked and “karpos” meaning fruit. Specimens Examined— KENYA.Central Province:Mount Kenya,10 Sep 1970, Archer 639 (EA); Limoru, 30 Aug 1939, Bally 7438 (EA, K); Aberdare National Park, 23 Jun 1978, Campbell s. n. (EA); Mount Kenya, 22 Oct 1981, Cheseny 61 (EA); Aberdare National Park, 1 Jan 1922, Fries 632 (EA); Aberdare National Park, 7 Apr 1975, Hepper & Field 4910 (K); Mount Kenya, 15 Sep 1970, Kokwaro & Mathenge 2340 (EA); Chogoria, 26 Oct 1987, Luke 681 (EA); Aberdare National Park, 4 km from Muringa to bridge towards the mooreland, 13 Mar 2007, Mbale et al. NMK844 (K); Limoru, 4 Jul 1909, Scheffler 306 (K); Mount Kenya, Naro Moru Track, Verdcourt, B. 3725 (EA, K); Mount Kenya, mountain lodge near Nyeri, 6 Dec 1974, Williams 63 (EA, K).Masai Province:Oldonyo Orok, 6 Dec 1944, Bally 4141 (EA, K); Molo, 22 Feb 1951, Gillett 43,551 (EA); Olokurto, Mau Area, 13 May 1961, Glover et al. 935 (EA, K). Rift Valley Province: Timbora, 25 Jul 1938, Evans & Erens 1468 (K); Kinangop, 11 Jul 1965, Gillett 16,766 (EA, K); Mau Narok, 5 Jul 1976, Gitonga 61 (EA); near Timboroa, 2 km Sof equator, 27 Dec 1986, Robertson 4404 (K); Timboroa, by Londiani turning, Apr 1972, Tweedie 4315 (K). TANZANIA. Northern Province: Ngorongoro Crater, 2,100 m, 16 Aug 1973, Frame 229 (EA, K); Ngorongoro Crater, 21 Jul 1968, Gilbert 2994 (EA); Ngorongoro Crater, 28 Jan 1965, Herlocker 12 (EA); Longido Mt, 2530 m, 8 Jul 1976, Paterson 146 (EA); Embagai, 5 Feb 1932, Saint Claire Thompson 1255 (K). Tanga Province: Gologolo, 9 Jun 1958, Mgaza 172 (EA). Notes— Solanum phoxocarpum is a high-altitude species with unusual long and pointed fruit, subentire leaves, and mauve flowers. It is closely related to the widespread S. aculeastrum but lacks its strongly lobed leaves on fertile branches, the corolla is mauve, and less dissected. Both species are found in the habitat mosaics characteristic of the Kenyan Rift Valley and are found growing together in woodland above 2,100 m. Some populations of S. aculeastrum in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo have long pointed fruit like that of S. phoxocarpum as well as leaves that are less lobed than average, but these leaves are not as long and thin as those of S. phoxocarpum and these plants have denser and longer indumentum. Morphology of S. aculeastrum is reminiscent of typical juvenile Solanum morphology with more leaf lobing and abundant prickles (Roe 1966), while the morphology of S. phoxocarpum is more similar to the typical mature Solanum morphology with more entire leaves and fewer prickles. Solanum phoxocarpum is the species designated as Solanum aculeastrum Dunal var. 1 by Polhill (in mss.), Solanum aculeastrum Dunal subsp. 1 by Jaeger (1985), and Solanum sp. K sensu Agnew and Agnew (1994). Udo Dammer has also recognised the distinctness of these plants and annotated the sheet Scheffler 306 (K) as “ Solanum sepiaceum Dammer var. fructile verrucans spec. nov.” in Dammer’shandwriting, with aprinted label “Brit. Uganda. Station Lamuru. Buschiges Hochland. b. c. 3,000 m”. This name does not seem to have been published and the specimen is not cited in the protologue of S. sepiaceum Dammer (Dammer 1905). “Station Lamuru” most likely refers to Limuru in Kenya, Central Province (Polhill 1988).

Solanum phoxocarpum Voronts., sp. nov. ���TYPE: KENYA. Masai Province: Narok District, Lake Naivasha to the Enesambulai Valley, on the crest of the Western Rift Wall, 2 Nov 1969, P. G. Greenway & Kanuri 13869 (holotype: EA!; isotype: K000441270!). Species Solano aculeastri Dunal similis sed foliis caulium fertilium subintegris (nec lobatis), 6���8 cm tantum (nec 8���15 cm) longis et 2.5plo (nec 1.5���2plo) longioribus quam latioribus, floribus lilaciniis (nec plerumque albidiis), baccis conicis (nec plerumque globosis neque ellipsoideis) et duplo (nec minus quam duplo) longioribus quam latioribus differt. Erect shrub to small tree, 1���3(���6) m, armed, much branched at base; young stems long and slender, densely stellatepubescent; trichomes multangulate, white-translucent, irregular and densely matted, sessile, the rays 11���16, 0.1���0.2 mm, the midpoints same length as the rays or up to 0.8 mm long; prickles 6���15 mm long, 2���7 mm wide at the widest point, straight or curved, rounded to flattened, orange-brown; main branches up to 20 cm in diam at base, glabrous to glabrescent in patches; bark smooth red-brown to almost white. Sympodial units appearing plurifoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple, the blades on fertile branches 6���8 �� 2.5���4 cm (larger on vegetative branches), ca. 2.5 times longer than wide, elliptic, chartaceous, drying strongly discolorous, reddish-green above, white-grey underneath, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially; trichomes porrect to multangulate, white-translucent, a mixture of sessile and stalked, the stalks ca. 0.1(���0.2) mm, the rays 11���16, 0.15���0.3 mm, the midpoints same length as the rays or up to 0.8 mm long, adaxially almost glabrous; the blades unarmed, sometimes with 1���2 straight prickles up to 5 mm long; midvein raised abaxially, sunk adaxially, the primary veins (4���)5���6 pairs, spreading at 30���45�� to the midvein, the tertiary venation visible on both sides of the leaf; base cuneate, usually equal; margin subentire to weekly lobed, the lobes 1���2(���3) on each side, up to 0.5(���1.5) cm long, extending up to 1/3 of the distance to the midvein (larger on vegetativebranches), broadly rounded; apexacute; petiole 0.5��� 0.9 cm, ca. 1/6orlessof theleaflength, unarmed.Inflorescences apparently terminal or lateral, 3���5.5 cm long, not branched, 1���7-flowered, with 1 flower open at a time, densely stellatepubescent, the trichomes often with elongated midpoints, unarmed; peduncle 0���0.6 cm long; rachis 0���0.3 cm long; pedicels 1.8���3 cm on long-styled flowers, 0.8���1.2 cm on shortstyled flowers, slender, articulated less than 0.5 mm from base, stellate-pubescent in patches, the trichomes often with elongated midpoints, sometimes with 1���2 prickles on long-styled flower pedicels; pedicel scars broad dark stumps, spaced 1��� 2 mm apart. Buds ovoid to ellipsoid. Plants andromonoecious, with 1(���3) long-styled flowers at the base of the inflorescence, the flowers 5(���6)-merous. Calyx ca. 15 mm long on long-styled flowers, ca. 7 mm long on short-styled flowers, long-cupular, divided for ca. 2/3 of its length on long-styled flowers, for ca. 1/2 of its length on short-styled flowers, the lobes 7���10 �� 2���3 mm in long-styled flowers, ca. 4 �� 2 mm in short-styled flowers, mostly equal, sometimes with one lobe much longer than the others, long-deltoid, apically acute to apiculate, with no venation visible or a faint raised midvein, densely stellate-pubescent, unarmed or with up to 15 prickles to 5 mm long in long-styled flowers, unarmed in short-styled flowers. Corolla ca. 3 cm diam in long-styled flowers, ca. 1.7 cm diam in short-styled flowers, blue-mauve, drying orange-brown, slightly reflexed, stellate, lobed for 1/2���2/3 of its length, the lobes 10���15 �� 4���5 mm in long-styled flowers, 6 �� 3���4 mm in short-styled flowers, deltoid, with a dark midvein, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially, the trichomes porrect, irregular, orange-translucent, sessile, the rays 8���15, 0.1��� 0.3 mm, undulate, the midpoints shorter than the rays, lengthening towards corolla lobe apices, mostly glabrous adaxially, the trichomes variously reduced and irregular. Stamens with the filament tube ca. 2 mm; free portion of the filaments ca. 1.2 mm; anthers 3.5���4 mm, free, equal, tapering, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening into longitudinal slits with age, the anther surface drying orange to red-brown. Ovary ca. 2.5 mm in diam, broad-ovoid, densely stellate-pubescent in the upper 1/5; style ca. 7 mm long on long-styled flowers, thick, dark brown, straight or almost straight, stellate-pubescent in the lower 1/3, exserted 3���4 mm beyond the anthers; stigma clavate, papillose. Fruit a conical berry, 1(���3) per infructescence, 2.8���3.7 �� 1.8���2.2 cm, ca. two times longer than wide, apically pointed, retaining the same elongated pointed shape throughout development, the pericarp thin, usually smooth, sometimes warty, shiny, glabrous, with afewstellatetrichomes near the apex on immature fruit, evenly green when young, yellow at maturity, drying almost black when young and drying orange-brown at maturity; fruiting pedicels 2.5���4 cm long, 1.2���1.8 mm wide at base, woody, held erect becoming pendulous as the pedicel dries, usually with 2���10 prickles up to 7 mm long in the apical part; calyx sometimes accrescent to 2.5 cm long, covering 1/6���1/4(���1/2) of the mature fruit, not reflexed, with 0���10 prickles ca. 5 mm long. Seeds ca. 30 perberry, 4���4.5 �� 3���4 �� ca. 0.3 mm, flattened-reniform, almost round, often somewhat irregular in outline, brown to almost black, the surface smooth or with raised outlines of cells or small pits. Figures 3, 5 E-H. Table 4. Distribution and Habitat��� Endemic to the East African Rift Valley, including the Rift Valley Province, Central Province, and Masai Province in Kenya and Northern Province in Tanzania. Damp forest understorey or secondary scrub at 2,100���3,000 m altitude. Figures 1B, 5E. Common Names��� Masai vernacular names are ���Osigawai��� and ���Sigawet.��� Uses��� The plants are used for hedges and the fruit is eaten. Roots are boiled in water and the liquid is then mixed with broth and taken as a remedy for gonorrhoea. The ripe dry fruits are roasted and then ground to powder and mixed with butter to give to babies. Etymology��� Solanum phoxocarpum means ���pointy-fruited solanum���, derived from the Greek ���phoxos��� meaning pointed or peaked and ���karpos��� meaning fruit. Specimens Examined��� KENYA.Central Province:Mount Kenya,10 Sep 1970, Archer 639 (EA); Limoru, 30 Aug 1939, Bally 7438 (EA, K); Aberdare National Park, 23 Jun 1978, Campbell s. n. (EA); Mount Kenya, 22 Oct 1981, Cheseny 61 (EA); Aberdare National Park, 1 Jan 1922, Fries 632 (EA); Aberdare National Park, 7 Apr 1975, Hepper & Field 4910 (K); Mount Kenya, 15 Sep 1970, Kokwaro & Mathenge 2340 (EA); Chogoria, 26 Oct 1987, Luke 681 (EA); Aberdare National Park, 4 km from Muringa to bridge towards the mooreland, 13 Mar 2007, Mbale et al. NMK844 (K); Limoru, 4 Jul 1909, Scheffler 306 (K); Mount Kenya, Naro Moru Track, Verdcourt, B. 3725 (EA, K); Mount Kenya, mountain lodge near Nyeri, 6 Dec 1974, Williams 63 (EA, K).Masai Province:Oldonyo Orok, 6 Dec 1944, Bally 4141 (EA, K); Molo, 22 Feb 1951, Gillett 43,551 (EA); Olokurto, Mau Area, 13 May 1961, Glover et al. 935 (EA, K). Rift Valley Province: Timbora, 25 Jul 1938, Evans & Erens 1468 (K); Kinangop, 11 Jul 1965, Gillett 16,766 (EA, K); Mau Narok, 5 Jul 1976, Gitonga 61 (EA); near Timboroa, 2 km Sof equator, 27 Dec 1986, Robertson 4404 (K); Timboroa, by Londiani turning, Apr 1972, Tweedie 4315 (K). TANZANIA. Northern Province: Ngorongoro Crater, 2,100 m, 16 Aug 1973, Frame 229 (EA, K); Ngorongoro Crater, 21 Jul 1968, Gilbert 2994 (EA); Ngorongoro Crater, 28 Jan 1965, Herlocker 12 (EA); Longido Mt, 2530 m, 8 Jul 1976, Paterson 146 (EA); Embagai, 5 Feb 1932, Saint Claire Thompson 1255 (K). Tanga Province: Gologolo, 9 Jun 1958, Mgaza 172 (EA). Notes��� Solanum phoxocarpum is a high-altitude species with unusual long and pointed fruit, subentire leaves, and mauve flowers. It is closely related to the widespread S. aculeastrum but lacks its strongly lobed leaves on fertile branches, the corolla is mauve, and less dissected. Both species are found in the habitat mosaics characteristic of the Kenyan Rift Valley and are found growing together in woodland above 2,100 m. Some populations of S. aculeastrum in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo have long pointed fruit like that of S. phoxocarpum as well as leaves that are less lobed than average, but these leaves are not as long and thin as those of S. phoxocarpum and these plants have denser and longer indumentum. Morphology of S. aculeastrum is reminiscent of typical juvenile Solanum morphology with more leaf lobing and abundant prickles (Roe 1966), while the morphology of S. phoxocarpum is more similar to the typical mature Solanum morphology with more entire leaves and fewer prickles. Solanum phoxocarpum is the species designated as Solanum aculeastrum Dunal var. 1 by Polhill (in mss.), Solanum aculeastrum Dunal subsp. 1 by Jaeger (1985), and Solanum sp. K sensu Agnew and Agnew (1994). Udo Dammer has also recognised the distinctness of these plants and annotated the sheet Scheffler 306 (K) as ��� Solanum sepiaceum Dammer var. fructile verrucans spec. nov.��� in Dammer���shandwriting, with aprinted label ���Brit. Uganda. Station Lamuru. Buschiges Hochland. b. c. 3,000 m���. This name does not seem to have been published and the specimen is not cited in the protologue of S. sepiaceum Dammer (Dammer 1905). ���Station Lamuru��� most likely refers to Limuru in Kenya, Central Province (Polhill 1988)., Published as part of Vorontsova, MS, Christenhusz, MJM, Kirika, P & Muthoka, P, 2010, Three new species of Solanum from Kenya: using herbarium specimens to document environmental change., pp. 894-906 in Systematic Botany 35 (4) on pages 903-904, DOI: 10.1600/036364410X539943, http://zenodo.org/record/6326031, {"references":["Roe, K. E. 1966. Juvenile forms in Solanum mitlense and S. blodgettii (Solanaceae) and their importance in taxonomy. Sida 2: 381 - 385.","Jaeger, P. - M. L. 1985. Systematic studies in the genus Solanum in Africa. Ph. D. thesis. Birmingham, U. K.: University of Birmingham.","Agnew, A. D. Q. and S. Agnew. 1994. Upland Kenya wildflowers: a flora of the ferns and herbaceous flowering plants of upland Kenya. Second edition. Nairobi: East Africa Natural History Society.","Dammer, U. 1905. Solanaceaeafricanae. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 38: 57 - 60.","Polhill, D. 1988. Flora of Tropical East Africa: index of collecting localities. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew."]}

Solanum malindiense Voronts., sp. nov. —TYPE: KENYA. Tana River District: Nairobi Ranch, Ras Wanawali Sabaa, 02°33’ S, 40°37’ E, 5m, 13 July 2006, L. Festo & Q. Luke 2337 (holotype: EA!; isotypes: MO, NHT). Species Solano usaramense Dammer similis sed foliis lobatis (nec subintegris) et 1.5–2plo (nec 2–3) longioribus quam latioribus, baccis flavis (nec aurantiis) et 15mm vel ultra latis (nec 8–9 mm latis), pilis stellatis sparsis (nec densis) cum stipe ad maximum 0.1 mm tantum longis (nec 0.2–0.4 mm longis) differt. Scandent shrub to 2 m, armed, sparsely branched; young stems long, ascendant, densely stellate-pubescent; trichomes porrect, translucent, sessile or stalked, the stalks up to 0.1 mm, the rays 6–8, 0.1–0.2 mm, the midpoints same length as the rays or shorter, often reduced to globular glands; prickles 1– 3 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide at widest point, hooked, flattened at the base but conical at the apex, white-yellow to orange-brown; main branches ca. 5 mm in diam at base, glabrescent; bark smooth, greyish. Sympodial units difoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple, the blades 3–6 × 2.5–4 cm, 1.5– 2 times longer than wide, ovate, chartaceous, drying discolorous, yellow-green to yellow-orange ordark red-green, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially; trichomes porrect, translucent, subsessile, the stalks less than 0.1 mm, the rays ca. 8, 0.15– 0.2 mm, the midpoints same length as the rays or shorter, adaxially glabrescent, with reduced rays and midpoints; the blades unarmed or with 1–5 prickles on the abaxial midvein and often 1 prickle on the adaxial midvein; midvein raised abaxially, flat adaxially, the primary veins 3–5 pairs, spreading at 45–60° to the midvein, the tertiary venation visible on both sides of the leaf; base cordate or sometimes rounded, often oblique; margin subentire to sinuate, the lobes 2–4 on each side, up to 5 mm long, extending up to 1/3 of the distance to the midvein, broadly rounded; apex rounded to obtuse; petiole 1–2 cm, 1/2–1/4 of the leaf length, slender, with 0–4 prickles. Inflorescences apparently terminal or lateral, 2–4 cm long, not branched, 3–10-flowered, with 1–4 flowers open at a time, stellate-pubescent like the young stem, unarmed or with a few small recurved prickles; peduncle 1–5 mm long; rachis 0.3–2 cm long; pedicels 5–10 mm long, slender, articulated less than 0.5 mm from base, stellate-pubescent like the young stem, unarmed or with 1–2 prickles; pedicel scars broad flat stumps, spaced 2–4 mm apart. Buds ovoid to ellipsoid. Plants andromonoecious, with 1(–2) long-styled flowers at the base of the inflorescence, the flowers 5-merous. Calyx 5–8 mm long, obconical, divided for 1/3–2/3 of its length, the lobes 3.5–5 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide at base, equal, longdeltoid, apically long-acuminate, with no venation visible or with a raised midvein, densely stellate-pubescent like the young stem, unarmed or with up to 20 thin straight prickles to 2.5 mm long. Corolla 2–3.7 cm in diam, white to pale mauve, drying orange-brown, stellate, tearing unevenly at anthesis, opening fully but not reflexed, lobed for ¾-4/5 of its length, the lobes 8–12 × 4–5 mm, long-deltoid, apically acute, with a dark midvein, stellate-pubescent abaxially, the trichomes porrect, orange-translucent, subsessile, the rays ca. 8, 0.15– 0.25 mm, undulate, the midpoints shorter than the rays, lengthening towards corolla lobe apices, mostly glabrous adaxially, the trichomes variously reduced and irregular. Stamens with the filament tube 2–2.5 mm; free portion of the filaments ca. 1.5 mm; anthers 8–9.5 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm wide, free, equal, tapering, poricidal at the tips, the pores small, not lengthening into longitudinal slits with age, the anther surface drying smooth to papillose, dark red-brown to orangebrown. Ovary stellate-pubescent in the upper 1/2 only; style 1.3–1.5 cm long on long-styled flowers, curved, the upper 1/3 dark and thick, exserted 3–5 mm beyond the anthers, stellatepubescent in the lower 2/3; stigma clavate, papillose. Fruit a globose berry, 1(–2) per infructescence, ca. 15 mm in diam, spherical throughout development, the pericarp thin, smooth, shiny, sparsely stellate-pubescent in the apical 1/2 during development, becoming glabrous at maturity, marbled green and white when young becoming yellow at maturity, drying orange-brown or dark brown; fruiting pedicels ca. 1.5 cm long, 0.8–1 mm wide at base, herbaceous becoming woody, pendulous, unarmed or with a few straight or curved prickles; calyx accrescent to ca. 10 mm long, covering ca. 1/3 of the mature fruit, with 10–30 straight or curved prickles. Seeds ca. 50–100 perberry, 2.5–3.5 × 2–2.5 × ca. 0.3 mm, flattened-reniform, often somewhat irregular in outline, brown, the surface smooth or with raised outlines of cells or small pits. Figures 4, 5 I-L. Table 5. Distribution and Habitat — Kenya, Coast province: coastal bush, dunes and sand, often on coral, at low altitudes. Figures 1C, 5I. Etymology— Solanum malindiense is named after the town of Malindi near the site of its first discovery. Representative Specimens Examined— KENYA. Coast Province: Watamu, Duchess of Gloucester Girls School, 23 Oct 1967, Anonymous 14 (EA); Watamu, Duchess of Gloucester Girls School, 22 Oct 1967, Anonymous 39 (EA); Manda Island, 5 Aug 1982, Brathay Expedition 107 (EA); Kitwa Pembe Hill and vicinity, 15 Jul 1974, Faden & Faden 74/1072 (EA, K); Kilifi, 28 Nov 1945, Jeffery K415 (EA); Kilifi, 22 Oct 1948, Jeffery K600 (EA); Nairobi Ranch, Ras Wanawali Sabaa, 18 Oct 2004, Luke & Luke 10326K (EA); 4 ml Nof Malindi, 3 Nov 1961, Polhill & Paulo 709 (K); Shela, 20 Oct 1984, Robertson 3776 (EA). Notes— Solanum malindiense has undulate leaves of consistent shape, long-acuminate calyx lobes, curved prickles covering the calyx from late bud onwards, and a pubescent ovary with stellate trichomes persisting until the developing fruit reaches 1 cm in diameter. Solanum malindiense is the northern continuation of S. usaramense populations in the coastal areas of Mozambique, Tanzania, and southern Kenya, with wider and more lobed leaves, larger yellow berries, and sparse indumentum. The name Solanum monotanthum Dammer has been erroneously applied to populations of Solanum usaramense in coastal Kenya and Tanzania. Type material of S. monotanthum found in Universität Göttingen suggests the name S. monotanthum is actually a synonym of S. zanzibarense Vatke and is not synonymous with either S. usaramense or S. malindiense. The habit and yellowish regularly undulate leaves of S. malindiense are reminiscent of two other species of East African coasts: the sympatric S. zanzibarense and S. litoraneum A. E. Gonç. from coastal Mozambique and Tanzania, although the corollas, anthers and fruit are larger than in either of these species.

Solanum polhillii Voronts., sp. nov. —TYPE: KENYA. Masai Province: Narok District, Ewaso Ngiro - Loliondo Road where it crosses the Masan River, 13 Dec 1963, B. Verdcourt 3838 (holotype: EA!; isotypes: K000441234!, K000441243!). Ab aliis speciebus africanis Solani gemmis inflatis et sepalis carinatis differt. A Solano richardii Lam. foliis 2–6 cm tantum (nec 7–22 cm) longis, antheris 4.5–8 mm tantum (nec 8.5– 11.5 mm) longis differt. Erect woody shrub, 1–2 m, armed, moderately branched; young stems stout, straight, erect, sparsely to densely stellatepubescent; trichomes porrect, translucent, stalked, the stalks up to 0.2 mm, the rays 7–9, 0.1–0.2 mm, the midpoints same length as the rays or shorter, often reduced to globular unicellular glands; prickles 2–3(–6) mm long, 0.5–1.5 mm wide at widest point, straight to slightly curved, perpendicular to the stem or somewhat reflexed, orange-brown to yellow; main branches 1–2 cm in diam at base, glabrescent; bark smooth, grey or brown. Sympodial units difoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple, the blades 2–6 × 1–4 cm, 1.5– 2 times longer than wide, ovate, chartaceous, drying discolorous, yellow-green, densely stellate-pubescent on both sides; trichomes porrect, translucent, stalked, the stalks up to 0.2 mm, the rays ca. 8, 0.1–0.3 mm, the midpoints same length as the rays or shorter, adaxially with reduced rays pointed upwards; the blades unarmed; midvein raised abaxially, flat or sunk adaxially, the primary veins 3–4 pairs, spreading at 30–60° to the midvein, the tertiary venation usually not visible to the naked eye; base cordate, rarely rounded or cuneate, often oblique; margin entire to weakly lobed, the lobes, if present, 1–2 on each side, up to 3 mm long, extending up to 1/4 of the distance to the midvein, broadly rounded; apex rounded or obtuse; petiole 0.3–2.5 cm, 1/3 of the leaf length to as long as the leaf, unusually variable, rarely with 1–2 prickles. Inflorescences usually terminal, sometimes apparently lateral, 2–4.5 cm long, not branched, 1–4-flowered, with 1(–2) flowers open at a time, stellate-pubescent like the young stem, unarmed or with 1–3 small prickles; peduncle 0–5 mm long; rachis 0–2 cm long; pedicels 10–15 mm long, slender at base, inflated towards the sepals, articulated less than 0.5 mm from base, unarmed or with a few prickles; pedicel scars inconspicuous stumps. Buds broad-ovoid or almost globose, conspicuously inflated in living material. Plants andromonoecious, with 1(–2) long-styled flowers at the base of the inflorescence, the flowers 5-merous. Calyx 8–16 mm long, obconical, divided for 3/4–5/6 of its length, the lobes 4.5–12 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide at base, equal, long-deltoid to thin-oblong, apically long-acuminate, with pronounced keels visible on fresh material, with no venation visible or a raised midvein, densely stellate-pubescent like the young stem, unarmed or more rarely with up to 10 filiform prickles to 1.5 mm long. Corolla 2–4.2 cm in diam, deep purple, drying orange-brown or somewhat pink, stellate, tearing unevenly at anthesis, opening fully or slightly reflexed, lobed for 2/3–3/4 of its length, the lobes 7–15 × 4.5–10 mm, broad-deltoid to ovate, apically cuspidate, with a clearly visible network of brown veins, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially, the trichomes porrect, orange-translucent, subsessile, the stalks up to 0.1 mm, the rays ca. 8, 0.1–0.25 mm, the midpoints same length as the rays or shorter, slightly longer than rays towards corolla lobe apices, mostly glabrous adaxially, the trichomes variously reduced and irregular. Stamens with the filament tube 2– 2.5 mm; free portion of the filaments 1.7–2 mm; anthers 4.5– 8 mm long, 1–2 mm wide, free, equal, tapering, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening into longitudinal slits with age, the anther surface drying papillose, yellow-orange to dark red-brown, often sparsely stellate-pubescent on the dorsal surface. Ovary ca. 2.5 mm diam ovoid-globose, upper part of the ovary usually visible in fully open long-styled flowers, densely stellate-pubescent over its entire surface; style 0.8– 1.2 cm long on long-styled flowers, slender, curved, exserted 3–5 mm beyond the anthers, stellate-pubescent in the lower 1/4; stigma clavate, papillose. Fruit a globose berry, 1(–2) per infructescence, 13–20 mm in diam, ovoid or spherical during development, becoming spherical at maturity, the pericarp thin, smooth, shiny, the whole surface visibly stellate-pubescent during development, becoming glabrous at maturity, marbled green and white when young, yellow to orange at maturity, dryingyellowtoorange-brown; fruitingpedicels0.8– 4 cm long, 0.6–1 mm wide at base, becoming woody, pendulous, unarmed or with up to 15 small prickles, the apical 5–10 mm inflated; calyx slightly accrescent, covering 1/3 to all of the mature fruit, usually unarmed, rarely with up to 10 prickles.Seedsca.30–100 perberry, 2.8–3×2–2.5×ca.0.3 mm, flattened-reniform, often somewhat irregular in outline, pale yellow to orange-brown, the surface smooth or with raised outlines of cells or small pits. Figures 2, 5 A-D. Table 3. Distribution and Habitat— Kenya and Tanzania. Savanna, rocky hillsides, bushland and scrub, on granite, volcanic rocks or red sandy soil, sometimes locally common, 1,800–2,200 m elevation. Figures 1A, 5A. Common Names— The Masai names include “Endulelei,” “Oliasuria,” and “Entenelua-Narok.” Uses— Decoction of the roots used as cure for anthrax by rubbing into the abscesses; the Masai attribute strong medicinal powers to the “Endulelei”. Etymology— The epithet honours Roger Polhill’s contribution to East African botanical taxonomy as a whole and Solanum in particular. Specimens Examined— KENYA. Central Province: Lukenya rocks by Nairobi-Mombasa Road., 2 Jun 1980, Gilbert 5961 (EA, K); Ilpartimaro, 26 Nov 1977, Kuchar & Msafiri 8013 (EA). Masai Province: Ngong Hills, Oct 1937, Anonymous 158 (EA); Ngong Hills, 12 May 1960, Archer 76 (EA); Suswa lava flow, near Narok Road, Jun 1960, Archer 117 (EA, K); 22 miles on Kajiado - Namanga Road., 29 Nov 1960, Archer 208 (EA, K); Namanga Hill river valley, 8 Mar 1964, Archer 434 (EA, K); Ngong Escarpment, Jun 1940, Bally 2333 (EA, K); Suswa, 31 Oct 1943, Bally 2922 (EA); Ngong Escarpment, 21 Dec 1947, Bally 4745 (EA, K); Suswa crater near rim, 23 Mar 1963, Bally 12657 (K); Western slopes of Ngong Hills, 12 Dec 1947, Bogdan 1474 (K); near Kenya Marble co, quarry SW of Kajiado, 27 Nov 1977, Gilbert 4933 (EA, K); Makueni: Tsavo West National Park, 13 Aug 1965, Gillett 16842 (EA); Suswa volcanic cave area, 6 Apr 1963, Glover 3605 (EA, K); Mount Suswa, 4 Aug 1963, Glover 3854 (EA); Mount Suswa, 5 Aug 1964, Glover 4570 (EA); Mount Suswa, 14 Feb 1964, Glover & Oledonet 4133 (EA); Mount Suswa, 13 Mar 1964, Glover & Oledonet 4446 (EA); Mount Suswa, 15 Mar 1964, Glover & Oledonet 4500 (EA); Lower NW slopes of Suswa near the Narok-Kijabe road, 20 Apr 1962, Glover & Samuel 2736 (EA, K); Olenyamu, about 38 miles from Magadi on the road to Nairobi, 30 Jun 1962, Glover & Samuel 2908 (EA, K); Loita, 25 Dec 1984, Hohl 348 (EA); Mount Suswa, 1 Jun 1969, Ivens 2463 (EA); Masai Mara Game Reserve, 24 Sep 1978, Kuchar 9911 (EA); Ilgeri, 26 Feb 1979, Kuchar 10669 (EA); Ewaso Nyiro, 1875, 11 Jan 1981, Kuchar 13858 (EA); Ewaso Nyiro, 11 Jan 1981, Kuchar 13917 (EA); Narok, 1850, 10 Aug 1977, Kuchar & Msafiri 6901 (EA); Ollaro Camp, 11 Feb 2001, Luke & Luke 7317 (EA, K); Ngong escarpment, 9 Jun 1931, Napier, E.R. 1339 (EA, K); Ngong Hills, Dec 1934, Napier 3594 (EA); Rift Valley W of Ngong Hills., 13 Dec 1934, Napier 6723 (K); Ngong Escarpment, Dec 1934, Napier 6724 (K); Mount Suswa, 15 Jul 1985, Parsons & Lambert 3 (EA); 37 miles from Nairobi on Magadi road, 12 Apr 1960, Polhill et al. 2672 (EA, K). Rift Valley Province: Kedong Valley, 1 May 1960, Archer s. n. (EA); Ol Longonot, 10 May 1960, Kerfoot 1860 (EA, K); Ol Longonot Estate, 29 Dec 1961, Kerfoot 3393 (EA, K); Ol Longonot Estate, 28 Jan 1962, Kerfoot 3597 (EA); Ol Longonot Estate, 31 Jul 1962, Kerfoot 4001 (EA, K); Uaso Narok River on Kisima Farm, 40 km Nof Rumuruti, 13 Nov 1977, Stannard & Carter 333 (EA, K). TANZANIA. Lake Province: Moru Kopjes, Serengeti Plains, 31 Dec 1971, Greenway & Turner 14,952 (K); Serengeti Central Plains, 2 miles W of the Eastern Boundary, 30 May 1962, Greenway & Watson 10677 (EA, K); Seronera, Seronera Rest Camp, 25 Apr 1958, Paulo 377 (EA, K). Northern Province: Longido Mt., 1676, 24 May 1967, Carmichael 1404 (EA); Soitayai, 29 Nov 1956, Greenway 9086 (EA, K); Serengeti National Park, 29 Nov 1969, Herlocker 610 (EA); Oldiang’aranger, E. Serengeti, 19 Nov 1962, Newbould 6267 (EA, K); Oldiang’arangar, E. Serengeti, Nov 1962, Oteke 228 (EA, K); Serengeti National Park, Dec 1963, Turner 12900 (EA). Notes— Solanum polhillii is an attractive erect pubescent shrub with noticeable mauve flowers, broad pubescent leaves and apically inflated pedicels. The wide stamens and broad corollas are similar to those of S. richardii, while the vegetative morphology is reminiscent of S. taitense Vatke and S. setaceum Dammer. Morphology varies with environmental conditions such as aridity, nutrient availability, and herbivory, including leaf size, petiole length and prickliness. Particularly remarkable is the variation in flower size, with the corolla 2–4.2 cm wide and the anthers 4.5–8 mm long, smaller than the more southern S. richardii but larger than most other species in the region. Solanum polhillii is the species designated as Solanum sp. nov. 2 by Polhill (in mss.) and Solanum sp. Gsensu Agnew and Agnew (1994) and Beentje (1994). It does not fit comfortably into any sections accepted by Bitter (1913, 1917, 1921, 1923) or Jaeger (1985), many of which are not monophyletic (Levin et al. 2006; S. Stern, unpubl. data). Polhill (in mss.) placed it in Bitter’s section Ischyracanthum, an unlikely placement as S. polhillii lacks overall similarity to its members and also lacks the curved stem prickles that define that section. In spite of vegetative similarity to members of Bitter’s section Oliganthes, its fruits are yellow rather than orange to red and its flowers are too large to fit comfortably into that group. Perhaps the position of S. polhillii will become clearer with further molecular phylogenetic studies.