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Different soil tillage practices affect soil on many different ways but predominantly on its physical, chemical and biological aspects. Some of the tillage's most influential impacts are: water content and availability, temperature, aeration, structure, density, compaction, nutrient cycling, organic matter transformation and dynamics, organism population and diversity. Intensity of tillage disturbance of the soil determines many causality relations of all soil compounds and influence levels of soil degradation and adaptability for present and future crop production. In different agroecological regions as in very similar agroecological conditions, exist different and sometime very opposite approaches to philosophy of soil tillage in crop production which consequently result, from year-to-year, in significant variation of average crop yields. In spite of many efforts to be replaced with some less degradable soil tillage systems or technique, mouldboard ploughing still remains as main tillage system in Europe. In same time, in some other world regions situation is much better and ploughing appear only sporadically and rarely (eg. Canada, USA, South America, Australia). Reasons for this variability and sometimes very diversified approach in not simple and one-way explaining. Main reasons could be divided in two main groups: Economic and social development (eg. knowledge, tradition, technics, technology, science) and Agroecological conditions (eg. climate, soil, water, crop, landscape). In last few decades as a factor which needs to be unavoidable included in every serious calculation and / or plan for successful crop production is climate change. Changes of boundaries of some climatic indicators due to climate change (mainly precipitation and temperature), and through its expression, as drought for instance, could drastically affect agricultural production. Regarding this and above-mentioned specifics, today there are different concepts of crop production that exist on global scale. The main concepts that are needed to mention are Conservation agriculture, Sustainable land management and in recent times Climate smart agriculture. Every one of them are cross- connected and includes soil tillage as one of its most important pillars. Today, every advanced approach to crop production necessarily needs to include site- specific principles (based on agroecological conditions) in application of any measures in crop production, including soil tillage. These approaches need to be in way of reduced or conservation soil tillage systems. Main modern principles of soil tillage imply as main excluding mouldboard ploughing as necessary, less soil tillage trafficking, better organic matter (residue) management, prevention to soil degradation (primarily soil erosion), shallow residue incorporation or their leaving on surface.

Conservation soil tillage is known as one of the most adaptive techniques which arise as more effective way to combat primarily negative influence of climatic changes especially in last two decades. Heterogeneous agroecological conditions and unsuitable soil tillage techniques on wide scale influence yield levels from year-to- year. Yields variation primarily depends on climate aberrations but also on variation of extreme meteorological conditions. Most common, and at the same time most dangerous weather conditions are represented with severe water and temperature regime. Both, water and temperature regime, have influence not only on yields but on other aspects which are in physical, chemical and biological domain. Since agriculture is faced with changing climatic conditions and with consequences which already arise, soil tillage plays a major role in soil vulnerability to climatic change and affects many soil quality aspects. According to 15 years of experimental results it can be concluded that conservation soil tillage, as a component of conservation agriculture, represents one of the main technology operations in crop production whose proper application could significantly improve yields. Main studied crops (Maize, Wheat and Soybean), depending on the soil tillage system, has shown different levels of reaction to extreme or severe weather conditions. Besides higher yields, arising side effects are mainly positive (reduction of soil erosion, increase biogenity and quality of soil, less traffic and soil compaction alleviation, nutritional status and quality traits of crops, weed infestation etc.), but are still in the background of wide rang conservation soil tillage adoption. Experiments with main goal of choosing the "best cropping system" or "best solutions" are a process which needs to be elaborated according to site- specific methods and crop- specific responses to mitigate climate threats. In this process, application of conservation soil tillage principles has a unique and specific role which can make a difference from successful and sustainable crop production compared to traditional principles. Since climatic changes do not follow national borders and since agriculture is extremely vulnerable to them, a common action to find adequate and effective measures to face climatic changes is an imperative. Conservation soil tillage is one of the best possible ways to combat primarily negative influence of climatic changes and consequently severe weather conditions.

The field experiments were carried out near Poljanci, Croatia, during summers 2015 and 2016. Treatments of soil tillage were as follows: MD) one passage with heavy disk harrow and SD) single passage by heavy disk harrow. Sub-treatments of side-dressing were as follows: C) no-sidedressing control ; B) Biological foliar fertilizer (Condi agro), with several aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, including bacteria, actinomycetes, yeasts and mildews ; and M) Mineral foliar fertilizer (EcoTop Folimax) which contains both macro and micro nutrients. Ten sorghum cultivars were used: KSH3723, KSH3724, Lemnos, Leonie, Merlin, Sammos, Santos, Sole, Tarzan and Zerberus. The present study suggests better effects with foliar fertilizers in comparison with control, regardless of used soil tillage preparation. The results indicate several cultivars (Leonie, Lemnos and KSH3724) which can be used as successful summer catch crops after winter barley.

Climatic factors (especially temperature and precipitation) in any significant extent, directly or indirectly, affect crop production. Soil water deficit or over-saturation (water- logging) directly affects on the amount of grain yields, and also many other elements. Adapted tillage systems are among the one of the most important ways to mitigate adverse climatic implications. The paper evaluates different tillage systems in climatically very different years, in the period from 1999-2009 year, and evaluations are based on the amount of average grain yields of maize, winter wheat and soybean. The conclusion is that besides the total annual rainfall, more important is a proper distribution of precipitation (especially in vegetation season). The proper and adapted application of reduced or conservation soil tillage systems can significantly mitigate the negative impact of adverse weather conditions.

As a post-harvest crop grown after winter crops, Niger (Guizotia abyssinica) is a promising crop for oil production, forage, bio- energy plant, honey plant and green manure. Research conducted at three sites in Northeastern Croatia has been conducted as split-plot setup, with three soil tillage treatments (CT-conventional tillage, MDmultidisking, SD-single disking) and seven fertilizations treatments (G0-control, G1-KAN, granulated, G2-foliar Urea, G3-Profert Mara, G4- Profert NGT, G5-Thiofer and G6-EM Aktiv+Terrafert Blatt) in year 2013. There were no differences among soil tillage treatments, whereas G2 showed the highest niger grain yield and biomass yields. Economic comparison pointed out SD-G2 treatment as the highest income treatment.

Post-harvest cropping is one of the solutions to the growing demands both in food and bio- energy. The millet crop (Panicum miliaceum) trials were set up at three sites in northeastern Croatia during the summers of 2009 and 2010. After the harvests of main crops (winter barley, winter wheat or oilseed rape), three soil tillage treatments were applied: CT) mouldboard ploughing (25-30 cm deep), followed by disk harrowing and seedbed preparation ; HDH) two passes by disk harrow (15-20 cm deep), followed by seedbed preparation, and ; LDH) single pass of disk harrow only. Beside the no- side-dressing control (NO), four sidedressing were applied twice: KAN) 100 kg ha-1 KAN (27 % N) in granular form ; UF) 60 kg ha-1 urea (46 % N), applied as 5 % foliar fertilizer ; PM1) 8 l ha-1 of foliar fertilizer "Profert Mara", which contains both macro (N, P, K, Ca) and micro (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn) nutrients, and PM2) double rate of PM1. There were no significant differences among soil tillage treatments (1895, 1932 and 1902 kg ha-1 for CT, HDH and LDH, respectively). In both years, all side- dressing treatments had higher yield than control (1541 kg ha-1).Treatments KAN and UF were not different (1744 and 1848 kg ha-1), but they had lower yield than PM1 (2009 kg ha-1). The highest yield was on PM2 (2408 kg ha-1). Results are suggesting better effects of foliar than granular fertilizers for post-harvest sown millet, either in drought (year 2009) or over wet (year 2010)conditions.

Research on the influence of the soil tillage systems (CT - moldboard ploughing, MD – multi discharrowing, SD - single discharrowing) on emergence of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.), millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense L.) crops was done on eutric brown soil at site Široko Polje (Croatia) after winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) had been harvested in July 2009. The formation of soil surface crust after planting on treatments CT and MD significantly reduced the emergence of all three crops. The soil crust at the CT treatment showed the thickest (2.3 cm) and hardest to break (used crust breaking pressure was 1.9 MPa), the MD's crust was significantly thinner (0.9 cm) and easier to break (1.1 MPa), whereas, due to the large soil surface coverage by harvest residues (>80%), the crust was not even formed at SD treatment

The experiment with three summer crops, sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanese (Piper) Hitch), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.) and millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) has been planted in Northeastern Croatia, near Djakovo, at the beginning of July 2009. Three different soil tillage systems (MP - mouldboard ploughing up to 25-30 cm ; MD - multiple diskharrowing at 20-25 cm depth ; and SD - single diskharrowing at 20-25 cm depth) have been applied after previous crop, winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). All three summer crops were treated twice with the same five side-dressing systems: Z - no side-dressing ; AN - side-dressings by granulated fertilizer KAN ; UR - foliar side- dressings by 5% urea solution ; M1 - side- dressing by reccomended amount of multi- nutrient foliar fertilizer "Profert Mara" ; and M2 - side-dressing by double reccomendation of M1. The MP treatment had very poor crop stand for all three crops, due to soil crust formation, whereas MD and SD, due to previous crop left-overs coverage, had lesser problems with crusting. The lack of precipitation and soil moisture was present, affecting more MP treatment than MD and SD soil tillage systems. For all three crops, foliar side-dressings showed higher biomass and grain yields than treatments Z and KAN. Therefore, shallower soil tillage, with the presence of soil surface coverage, in combination with foliar fertilization, should be the reccomendation for the summer crops production in given agro- environment.

Jedan od najvažnijih agrotehničkih zahvata u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji je obrada tla od samih početaka bavljenja poljoprivredom. Obrada tla predstavlja svaki mehanički zahvat u pedosferi s ciljem formiranja antropogenog (kulturnog) sloja, uništavanja biljnog pokrivača, popravljanje fizikalnih, kemijskih i bioloških svojstava tla, formiranje povoljnih vodozračnih odnosa, itd. Tri su osnovna sustava obrade tla: konvencionalna, reducirana obrada i konzervacijska obrada. U ovom radu opisan je konzervacijski sustav obrade tla u nešto nepovoljnim uvjetima i na specifičnim tlima kao što je to u tropskom klimatskom području. Konzervacijska poljoprivreda podrazumijeva sustav obrade gdje površina mora imati pokrivenost biljkama i/ili biljnim ostatcima sa najmanje 30%. Temelji se na 3 postulata: minimalno narušavanje tla obradom, permanentna pokrivenost tla biljkama i/ili biljnim ostacima i rotacija usjeva. Tropska tla su jako isprana kišom, niske pH reakcije, siromašna mineralnim i organskim tvarima i sklona erozijama. Upravo zbog takvih svojstava tala na tom području uvedena je konzervacijska poljoprivreda radi popravljanja strukture tla i mogućnost uzgoja biljaka na tim područjima., One of the most important agrotechnical interventions in agricultural production is the soil tillage from the very beginning of farming. Soil tillage represents every mechanical agronomical practice regarding pedosphere with the aim of creating cultural layer, eliminating weed growth or native vegetation, improving soil physical, chemical and biological characteristic, forming favorable water –air conditions etc. There are three basic systems of soil tillage: conventional, reduced tillage and conservation tillage, This paper describes a conservation system for soil tillage in somewhat unfavorable conditions and on specific soil types such as in the tropical climate. Conservation agriculture is a farming system that promotes the minimum soil covering of 30%. It is based on 3 principles: minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover with live mulches or crop residues and crop rotation. Tropical soils are heavily flushed with rain, low pH reactions, poor in mineral and organic matter and prone to erosion. Because of such soil conditions conservation agriculture has been introduces in that areas to improve soil structure and farming possibilities.

Konzervacijska obrada tla i utjecaj klimatskih promjena na biljnu proizvodnju su upravo teme koje u današnje vrijeme zaslužuju sve veću pozornost stručnjaka i poljoprivrednih znanstvenika, te postaju neizostavne po pitanjima planiranja i provedbe poljoprivredne biljne proizvodnje. Konzervacijska je poljoprivreda jedna od najboljih rješenja danas zbog smanjenja degradacije tla, a zadržavanja visokih prinosa. Uz rješavanje krucijalnog problema uništavanja i trošenja tla iz godine u godinu, nudi i rješenje za probleme poput erozije tla, korova, smanjenje bolesti, prilagodljivost na klimatske promjene. Žetveni ostaci i pokrovni usjevi idu ''ruku pod ruku'' sa konzervacijskom obradom tla. Pravilnim odabirom pokrovnih usjeva možemo utjecati na poboljšanje svojstava tla, sprječavanje zakorovljenosti i erozije tla. Usprkos višestrukim prednostima koje konzervacijska poljoprivreda nudi, vrlo je sporo usvajanje ovog sustava u cijelom svijetu., Conservation tillage and the impact of climate change on crop production are precisely topics that today deserve increasing attention from experts and agricultural scientists, and are becoming indispensable for the issues of planning and implementing agricultural crop production. Conservation agriculture is one of the best solutions today to reduce soil degradation while maintaining high yields. In addition to solving the crucial problem of destruction and soil wear year after year, it also offers a solution to problems such as soil erosion, weeds, reduced disease, adaption to climate variability. Harvesting residues and cover crops go '' hand in hand '' with conservation tillage. Proper selection of cover crops can help to improve soil properties, prevent weeds and soil erosion. Despite the multiple benefits that conservation agriculture offers, it is very slow to adopt this system worldwide.

Istraživanja u agronomskoj znanosti sve više stavljaju naglasak na provođenje održive poljoprivredne proizvodnje, s ciljem ublažavanja i sprječavanja degradacije tla. Konkretno, mjere održive poljoprivrede uključuju: plodored, integriranu zaštitu, biološku borbu protiv korova, štetnika i bolesti biljaka, konzervacijsku obradu tla, vremenski interpolirane međuusjeve, te sjetvu pokrovnih usjeva. Ovim je radom opisan značaj sideracije i malčiranja na održanje i podizanje kvalitete tla u voćnjacima i vinogradima. Siderati znatno olakšavaju pristup voćkama i vinovoj lozi, amortiziraju učinak zbijanja tla, omogućuju bolju infiltraciju oborina na padinama, sprječavaju gubitak dušika iz tla ispod tratine do kojega bi došlo ispiranjem, a zaoravanjem siderata postiže se obogaćivanje tla kemijskim elementima potrebnim uzgajanim voćkama i vinovoj lozi. Malčiranjem se tlo obogaćuje humusom koji nastaje mineralizacijom organske tbari, pod malčem se aktiviraju mikroorganizmi i fauna tla koji mu postupno popravljaju strukturu. Malčiranjem se sprječava prekomjerno isparavanje vlage iz tla, poboljšava se akumuliranje oborina, smanjuje se erozija tla, unišavaju se korovi, čime se smanjuje potreba obrade tla, a zimi se popravlja toplinski režim tla i štiti korijenje od hladnoće. Pozitivni učinci zelene gnojidbe i malčiranja vidljivi su kod sve većeg broja gospodarstava u Hrvatskoj, pa tako i na OPG-u Miličić iz Antunovca., Agriculture science researches are increasingly focused on the sustainable agricultural production aiming at soil mitigating and degradation prevention. In particular, sustainable agriculture measures include: crops rotation, integrated protection, biological weed, pests and diseases plant control,conservation tillage, time-interpolated catch crops and cover crops sowing. This paper describes importance of green manure and mulching on soil quality maintenanceincrease in orchards and vineyards. Green manure crops considerably facilitate fruit trees and vines access, depreciate soil compaction effect and enable betterinfiltration of rainfall on slopes. They also prevent the loss of nitrogen from the soil beneath the lawn being the result of leaching. Here, green manure crops ploughing in leads to enriching the soil in chemical elements required for the grown fruit trees and vine. Mulchingenriches the soil in humus produced by organic matter mineralization. Microorganisms and soil fauna are activated under mulch and gradually improve its structure. Mulching, also, prevents excessive moisture evaporation from the soil, improves precipitation accumulations,and reduces soil erosion whereas weeds are destroyed. This, in turn, decreases the soil tillage requirement improving the soil thermal regime and root protection in winter. Positive effects of green manure and mulching are evident in the increasing number of both farms in Croatia and the family farm Miličić from Antunovac.

Cilj ovog završnog rada je prikazati različite sustave obrade tla. Prikazani su konvencionalni i reducirani sustavi obrade tla, te temeljito obrađen svaki sustav zasebno i svrstan u određenu klimatsku regiju svijeta u kojoj se primjenjuje. Izvršena je podjela klimatskih regija te su iste svrstane u određene dijelove svijeta. Naglasak je stavljen na usporedbu određenih sustava obrade tla koji se primjenjuju u dvije ili više klimatskih regija te utvrđivanje pokazatelja kroz koje vidimo u kojoj regiji postižu najbolje rezultate. Rad prati suvremene trendove i ciljeve poljoprivredne proizvodnje koji kroz obradu tla, kao najvažniju agrotehničku mjeru maksimaliziraju biljnu proizvodnju., The aim of this final work is to present different soil tillage systems. Conventional and reduced soil tillage systems are presented separately and classified in a particular climatic region of the world in which they are applicable. Climate regions have been divided and classified into certain parts of the world. An emphasis is put on comparing certain soil tillage systems applied in two or more climatic regions and identifying indicators by which we can see which soil tillage system gives the best results. The paper follows the modern trends and goals of agricultural production which, through soil treatment as the most important agrotechnical measure., maximizes plant production.

Strategies for sustainable land management must consider long term data weather conditions, soil loss and run-off, physical, chemical and biological parameters of the soil, and contrast this information with the total crop and land management practices including soil tillage, crops selection, nutrient management and other conservation measures. The aim of this study was to analyze the existing systems of permanent monitoring of agricultural land, as well as achievements in the Republic of Croatia. Also, need to draw attention to its importance considering the systematic monitoring of agricultural land as one of the most important preconditions for sustainable land management. Monitoring systems should contained the information's on changing soil parameters and evolution of soil quality in topsoil and subsoil. Without the monitoring systems it is impossible to timely notice negative changes that occur in it, which inevitably lead to the degradation of the most important properties of soil. The permanent monitoring of status of agricultural land aims to permanently keep track of all the changes which occur in agricultural land (physical, chemical and biological, and notably the content of harmful substances). The strategy of sustainable development of agriculture is almost inconceivable without the permanent monitoring of agricultural land and identification of high-risk areas as part of the environmental monitoring, considering the hazard to the soil as a resource that is essential to its primary function, food production. Establishment of the information system of contaminated agricultural land as well as the analysis and recommendations of its fertilization represent the basis for complete protection of agricultural land, which are integral parts of the system monitoring of agricultural land. Sustainable agricultural development has become most important segment, as is increasingly evident the importance of proper management of agricultural land, which is considered the most important source of food. Croatia has a great potential for the development of agriculture based on ecological and sustainable principles. However, this potential is not fully utilized what is also noticeable through the soil monitoring. Although Croatia has designed projects and plan soil monitoring, it still did not become a priority for the sustainable management of agricultural land in Croatia.

Šećerna repa je kultura koja u prvoj godini daje zadebljali korijen i list, a u drugoj stablo, cvijet i plod. Razlog proizvodnje ove biljke je zadebljali korijen iz kojeg proizvodimo bijeli konzumni šećer. Šećerna repa ima određene zahtjeve prema toplini, svjetlosti, vodi, relativnoj vlazi zraka i tlu. Šećerna repa zahtjeva dobru osnovnu i predsjetvenu obradu tla, u prvom redu duboku obradu tla, kvalitetnu gnojidbu i prihranu, ranu sjetvu kvalitetnim sjemenom i zaštitu protiv korova, bolesti i štetnika. Vađanje šećerne repe vrši se mehanizacijom koju treba pravilno podesiti kako bi se maksimalno smanjili gubici tokom vađenja. Vrijeme vađenja šećerne repe je za pojedinačnu analizu i određuju ga otkupljivači repe, šećerane. Šećerna repa se može uzgajati na istoj površini svakih 4 – 5 godina, Sugar beet is a plant which gives root and a leaf in the first year and in the second year a tree, flower and fruit. A reason of production this plant is her root, from which we produce white sugar. Sugar beet has some certain demands for heat, sun light, water, relative air moisture and soil. Sugar beet needs good main soil tillage, deep ploughing, intensive fertilization, early sowing and protection from various weeds, diseases and pests. Sugar beet is harvested with the combines, which should be properly adjusted to avoid losses during the harvesting. When to start harvesting sugar beet is a difficult question and determined by the sugar factories. Sugar beet can be produced on the same soil every five to six years.

Cilj ovog rada bio je opisati prilagodbu agrotehničkih mjera koje se primjenjuju u uzgoju suncokreta (Helianthus annuus L.) u uvjetima klimatskih promjena. Opisana su morfološka svojstva suncokreta kao i sve agrotehničke mjere koje su potrebne u uzgoju suncokreta. Kod agrotehničkih mjera koje se koriste u ublažavanju klimatskih promjena naglasak je stavljen na obradu tla. Obrada tla u uvjetima klimatskih promjena mora biti u funkciji ublažavanja posljedica koje ekstremne vremenske prilike mogu uzrokovati u proizvodnji suncokreta. Opisana je obrada tla koja pridonosi održanju i povećanju količine organske tvari u tlu, značaj žetvenih ostataka, te ublažavanje i uklanjanje zbijenosti tla., The aim of this study was to describe the adaptation of agrotechnical measures applied in the cultivation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in the climate change conditions. The paper describes morphological characteristics of sunflower as well as all agrotechnical procedures reguired in the sunflower cultivation. With the agrotechnical measures that are used to mitigate climate change emphasis is placed on soil tillage. Soil tillage under different climate change conditions must be in function of mitigation of various extreme weather conditions that could have a different influence on sunflower production. Contribution of soil tillage to maintaining and even increasing the amount of organic matter content in the soil was described, as well as the importance of crop residues and reducing and removing the soil compaction.

Provedena su istraživanja različitih sustava biljne proizvodnje za kamelinu (Camelina sativaL.) u skladu sa zakonom o ekološkoj poljoprivredi. Pokus je postavljen u Vraneševcima (Virovitičko-podravska županija) 2014. godine po split-plot dizajnu, s tri razine glavnog tretmana obrade tla (CT-oranje, MD-dvostruko tanjuranje, te SD-jednostruko tanjuranje) i pet razina podtretmana gnojidbe (G0-bez gnojidbe, G1-Profert NGT, G2-Thiofer, G3-EM Aktiv i G4-Slavol). Dobiveni prinosi zrna kameline kretali su se od 400 kg/ha ostvarenih na tretmanu CT-G0 pa do čak 808 kg/ha ostvarenih na tretmanu SD-G3. Prinosi biomase kameline bili su u rasponu od 1972 kg/ha ostvarenih na tretmanu CT-G2 pa do 3475 kg/ha ostvarenih na tretmanu SD-G3., This research included analysis of different systems of crop production for camelina (Camelina sativa L.) in accordance with the organic farming law. The experiment was set in Vraneševci (Virovitica) in 2014 as split-plot design, with three levels of the main treatments of Soil tillage (CT-plowing, disking MD-double diskharrowing, and SD-single diskharrowing) and five levels of subtreatment fertilization (G0 –without fertilization, G1-Profert NGT, G2-Thiofer, G3-EM Aktiv and G4-Slavol). The resulting yield of camelina ranged from 400 kg/ha achieved in the treatment of CT-G0 and up to 808 kg/ha achieved in the treatment of SD-G3. The lowest camelina biomass yield of 1972 kg/ha has been collected at CT-G2, whereas the highest biomass yield of 3475 kg/ha has been collected at SD-G3.