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A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped or occasionally filamentous-shaped bacterial strain, designated 5GH13-10 T , was isolated from greenhouse soil sampled in Yeoju-si, Republic of Korea. Colonies were milky-coloured, round and convex, and catalase- and oxidase-positive. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 5GH13-10 T was related to the genus Arachidicoccus and had highest 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with Arachidicoccus rhizosphaerae Vu-144 T (98.4 %). The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 1 G, iso-C 17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1  ω 6 c and/or C 16 : 1  ω 7 c ). The predominant quinone was menaquinone MK-7, and the polar lipids were composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid, three unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified phospholipid and five unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain 5GH13-10 T was 43.8 mol%. The average nucleotide identity values between strain 5GH13-10 T and the closely related species Arachidicoccus ginsenosidivorans Gsoil 809 T , Arachidicoccus rhizosphaerae Vu-144 T and Archidicoccus soli KIS59-12 T were 74.86, 74.74 and 69.52 %, and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values were 20.0, 19.8 and 18.6 %, respectively. Combined phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic data demonstrated that strain 5GH13-10 T is representative of a novel species of the genus Arachidicoccus , for which we propose the name Arachidicoccus terrestris sp. nov. (type strain 5GH13-10 T =KACC 18014 T =NBRC 113162 T ).

A bacterial strain designated 5GH32-13 T was isolated from greenhouse soil in Yongin-city, Republic of Korea. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, motile rods of two different shapes. The strain was catalase-positive and oxidasenegative. Flexirubin-like pigments were not detected. β-Carotene was produced. The strain grew in the range of 10-37°C (optimum of 28-30°C) and pH 6-8 (optimum of pH 7) and tolerated up to 1% (w/v) NaCl (optimum of 0%). According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison, strain 5GH32-13 T shared a sequence similarity of less than 96.0% with all validly named taxa, having the highest sequence similarity with Pseudoflavitalea soli KIS20-3 T (95.8%), Pseudoflavitalea rhizosphaerae T16R-265 T (95.4%), Flavitalea gansuensis JCN-23 T (95.3%), Pseudobacter ginsenosidimutans Gsoil 221 T (95.3%), and Flavitalea populi HY-50RT (95.2%). A phylogenetic tree showed that strain 5GH32-13 T was not grouped consistently into any specific genus. Its only polyamine was homospermidine, and its major fatty acids (> 10% of total fatty acids) were iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 17:0 3-OH, and iso-C 15:1 G. The strain's only respiratory quinone was MK-7, and its polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, six unidentified aminolipids and four unidentified lipids. Its DNA G + C content was 47.5 mol%. The results from chemotaxonomic, phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that strain 5GH32-13 T represents a novel species of a novel genus of the family Chitinophagaceae, and the name Paraflavitalea soli gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 5GH32-13 T (= KACC 17331 T = JCM 33061 T ).

An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated, rod-shaped or filamentous bacterial strain, T16R-86T, was isolated from rhizosphere of a tomato plant collected from a farm on Buyeo-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea. It grew at the temperature range 10-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C) and pH range 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), and tolerated up to 2 % (w/v) NaCl. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain T16R-86T shared the highest similarity with Chitinophaga barathri YLT18T (96.8 %) and C. pinensis DSM 2588T (96.7 %), forming a subcluster with C. barathri YLT18T, C. cymbidii R156-2T and C. niabensis JS13-10T in the phylogenetic tree. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω5c and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-7. Polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, five unknown aminolipids, an unknown aminophospholipid, one unknown phospholipid and two unknown lipids. The DNA G+C content was 53.6 mol%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data showed that strain T16R-86T represents a novel species of the genus Chitinophaga, for which the name Chitinophaga rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T16R-86T (=KACC 18790T=JCM 31600T).

A bacterial strain, designated T16E-198T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of tomato plant collected from a farm on Buyeo-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea. The strain was aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-flagellated and yellow-pigmented. Strain T16E-198T was mesophilic, catalase- and oxidase-positive and with flexirubin-type pigments. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain T16E-198T formed a lineage with Parafilimonas terrae 5GHs7-2T, sharing highest sequence similarity of 98.4 % with it and less than 93 % with all the other validly published species. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1 G. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unknown aminophospholipid, five unknown aminolipids and five unknown lipids. The DNA G+C content was 41.2 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic data presented, strain T16E-198T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Parafilimonas, for which the name Parafilimonas rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is T16E-198T (=KACC 18786T=JCM 31601T).

A bacterial strain, designated T20R-70T, was isolated from tomato rhizosphere soil collected in Yecheon-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do in South Korea. Growth was observed within the ranges 10-40 °C (optimally at 28-30 °C), pH 7.0-8.0 (optimally at pH 7.0) and 0-1 % NaCl (optimally at 0 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence showed the highest similarities with those of Lysobacter hankyongensis KTCe-2T (98.7 %), Lysobacter brunescens KCTC 12130T (98.0 %), 'Lysobacter daecheongensis' Dae08 (97.2 %) and Lysobacter oligotrophicus 107-E2T (97.1 %). The phylogenetic tree showed that strain T20R-70T formed a clade with Lysobacterhankyongensis KTCe-2T and Lysobacterbrunescens KCTC 12130T. The dominant fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 1ω9c and summed feature 3 (including iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or iso-C16 : 1ω7c). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The major respiratory quinone was Q-8. DNA-DNA hybridization data revealed that strain T20R-70T had a hybridization value of 42±4 % (mean±sd) to the most closely related species of the genus Lysobacter. The DNA G+C content was 63.0 mol%. The physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic data allowed the discrimination of the new isolate from its phylogenetic relatives. Strain T20R-70T is thus considered to be a representative of a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobactersolanacearum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T20R-70T (=KACC 18656T=NBRC 111881T).

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, rod-shaped bacterial strain, KIS55-21(T), was isolated from a soil sample from Chuja Island, Jeju Province, Republic of Korea. Strain KIS55-21(T) grew optimally at pH 7.0, at 28-30°C and in the presence of 0% (w/v) NaCl. Neighbor-joining and maximum-likelihood trees based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain KIS55-21(T) fell within the family Xanthomonadaceae and was closely related to Metallibacterium scheffleri DKE(T). Strain KIS55-21(T) exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (92.6%) to that of M. scheffleri DKE(T), with similarities of less than 92.0% to those of the genera Dokdonella, Rhodanobacter, Aquimonas, and Frateuria. Strain KIS55-21(T) contained ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) as the predominant ubiquinone, iso-C17:0, summed feature 9 (iso-C17:1 ω9c and/or C16:0 10-methyl), anteiso-C17:0 and C16:0 as the major fatty acids, and phosphatidylethanolamine, aminophospholipid, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine as the main polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain KIS55-21(T) was 65.9 mol%. Differential phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties and phylogenetic data of strain KIS55-21(T) demonstrated that this strain is distinguishable from closely related genera within the family Xanthomonadaceae. On the basis of the data presented, strain KIS55-21(T) is considered to represent a novel genus and species, for which the name Chujaibacter soli gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KIS55-21(T) (=KACC 16971(T) =DSM 28578(T)).

A Gram-stain-negative, variably shaped, non-flagellated, yellow-pigmented, aerobic bacterium, designated strain SGM2-10(T), was isolated from a paddy soil sample from the Suwon region, South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate was related most closely to Parasegetibacter luojiensis RHYL-37(T). Strain SGM2-10(T) showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to P. luojiensis RHYL-37(T) (95.1 %), Flavitalea populi HY-50R(T) (95.0 %) and Flavitalea gansuensis JCN-23(T) (94.4 %). No other species in the family Chitinophagaceae shared more than 94.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with strain SGM2-10(T). The major fatty acids of strain SGM2-10(T) were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The only menaquinone was MK-7. The polar lipids comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, seven unknown lipids and ten unknown aminolipids. The G+C content of the DNA of strain SGM2-10(T) was 46.7 mol%. On the basis of the results of the polyphasic characterization presented in this study, it is concluded that strain SGM2-10(T) represents a novel species of the genus Parasegetibacter, for which the name Parasegetibacter terrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SGM2-10(T) ( = KACC 17341(T) = JCM 19942(T)). The description of the genus Parasegetibacter has also been emended., (© 2015 IUMS.)

During an investigation of the fungal diversity of Korean soils, four Penicillium strains could not be assigned to any described species. The strains formed monoverticillate conidiophores with occasionally a divaricate branch. The conidia were smooth or finely rough-walled, globose to broadly ellipsoidal and 2.5-3.5 × 2.0-3.0 μm in size. Their taxonomic novelty was determined using partial β-tubulin gene sequences and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates belonged to section Lanata- Divaricata and were most closely related to Penicillium raperi. Phenotypically, the strains differed from P. raperi in having longer and thicker stipes and thicker phialides. Strain KACC 47721(T) from bamboo field soil was designated as the type strain of the new species, and the species was named Penicillium koreense sp. nov., as it was isolated from various regions in Korea.

A bacterial strain, designated RHs22(T), was isolated from a soil sample cultivated with rice in the Suwon region of South Korea. The cells were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated rods or occasionally filaments. The strain grew at 10-37 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C), at pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum, 7.0) and in the presence of 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetically, the strain was closely related to members of the genus Spirosoma, as its 16S rRNA gene sequence had similarity of 90.3-92.1 % with respect to those of members of the genus Spirosoma, showing the highest sequence similarity with Spirosoma panaciterrae DSM 21099(T). Strain RHs22(T) revealed relatively low sequence similarities of less than 90 % with all the other species with validly published names. It contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), C16 : 1ω5c, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the main fatty acids. The polar lipids of strain RHs22(T) were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unknown aminolipid, two unknown aminophospholipids, one unknown phospholipid and five unknown lipids. The DNA G+C content was 57.0 mol%. Phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data obtained in this study indicate that strain RHs22(T) represents a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma oryzae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RHs22(T) ( = KACC 17324(T) = DSM 28354(T)). An emended description of the genus Spirosoma is also proposed., (© 2014 IUMS.)

A novel strain, designated 5GHs31-2(T), was isolated from a greenhouse soil sample collected from Yongin city, South Korea. Cells of strain 5GHs31-2(T) were Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, polar flagellated and yellow-pigmented. The isolate was aerobic, catalase-negative and oxidase-positive and grew optimally at 28-30 °C and pH 7.0. Strain 5GHs31-2(T) revealed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Fulvimonas soli LMG 19981(T) (97.6%), Dyella thiooxydans ATSB10(T) (97.5%) and Frateuria terrea VA24(T) (97.4%). Furthermore, the neighbour-joining tree showed that strain 5GHs31-2(T) was a representative of a member of the genus Fulvimonas. Strain 5GHs31-2(T) contained iso-C(16 : 0), summed feature 9 (iso-C(17 : 1)ω9c and/or C(16 : 0) 10-methyl), iso-C(15 : 0) and iso-C(17 : 0) as the major fatty acids, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and an aminolipid as the main polar lipids and Q-8 as the predominant quinone. The genomic DNA G+C content of 5GHs31-2(T) was 73.0 mol%. According to DNA-DNA hybridization experiments, DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain 5GHs31-2(T) and its closest phylogenetic neighbours were below 70%. Based on the taxonomic data, strain 5GHs31-2(T) represents a novel species of the genus Fulvimonas, for which the name Fulvimonas yonginensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 5GHs31-2(T) ( = KACC 16952(T) = DSM 28344(T))., (© 2014 IUMS.)

Two bacterial strains, designated JS4-4(T) and SHS5-24(T), were isolated from forest soil of Jeju Island and fresh water of Seoho lake in Suwon city, respectively, South Korea. Both strains were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile rods. Strains JS4-4(T) and SHS5-24(T) showed high sequence similarities (97.6-95.8 %) and (96.5-95.6 %), respectively, to the members of the genus Undibacterium. The sequence similarity between strains JS4-4(T) and SHS5-24(T) was 97.0 %. A phylogenetic tree showed that these strains fell within the radius of the genus Undibacterium. The main fatty acids of strains JS4-4(T) and SHS5-24(T) were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) (50.1 and 58.7 %, respectively) and C16 : 0 (28.3 and 24.5 %, respectively). Both strains had ubiquinone 8 as the only respiratory quinone, and phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol as the major polar lipids. Strain JS4-4(T) showed <70 % DNA-DNA hybridization with members of the genus Undibacterium. Thus, based on the evidence of a polyphasic study, it is proposed that strains JS4-4(T) and SHS5-24(T) represent two novel species, for which the names Undibacterium jejuense sp. nov. (type strain JS4-4(T) = KACC 12607(T) = NBRC 108922(T)) and Undibacterium seohonense sp. nov. (type strain SHS5-24(T) = KACC 16656(T) = NBRC 108929(T)) are proposed.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated KIS14-15(T), was isolated from forest soil of Baengnyeong Island in the Yellow Sea in Korea and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic study. Strain KIS14-15(T) grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 6.0-7.0 and without NaCl. In the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain KIS14-15(T) formed a cluster with the strains of Reyranella massiliensis with a bootstrap resampling value of 100%. Strain KIS14-15(T) exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.0% to R. massiliensis 521(T) and of less than 89% to the type strains of other taxa. The mean level of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain KIS14-15(T) and R. massiliensis KACC 16548(T) was 21% (reciprocal, 24%). The predominant ubiquinone found in strain KIS14-15(T) and R. massiliensis KACC 16548(T) was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). The predominant fatty acids of strain KIS14-15(T) and R. massiliensis KACC 16548(T) were C(18:1)ω7c, C(18:1) 2-OH and 11-methyl C(18:1)ω7c. Total polar lipids of strain KIS14-15(T) were phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unknown aminolipid and one unknown lipid. Differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, demonstrated that strain KIS14-15(T) is distinguishable from R. massiliensis. On the basis of the data presented, strain KIS14-15(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Reyranella, for which the name Reyranella soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KIS14-15(T) ( = KACC 13034(T) =NBRC 108950(T)).

A white-coloured bacterium, SGM1-15(T), was isolated from a paddy soil sample from Suwon, Republic of Korea. The cells were strictly aerobic, Gram-negative and curved rod-shaped. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SGM1-15(T) was closely related to Curvibacter delicatus LMG 4328(T) (97.6% similarity) and Caenimonas koreensis EMB320(T) (97.5% similarity). The major respiratory quinone system was Q-8 and the predominant cellular fatty acids were C(16:0) (39.9%), summed feature 3 (C(16:1) ω7c and/or iso-C(15:0) 2-OH; 24.3%) and C(17:0) cyclo (22.7%). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major polyamines were 2-hydroxypurescine, purescine and spermidine. The DNA G+C content was 68.7 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic, physiologicl and chemotaxonomic data, stain SGM1-15(T) represents a novel species of the genus Caenimonas, for which the name Caenimonas terrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Caenimonas terrae is SGM1-15(T) (=KACC 13365(T) =NBRC 106341(T)).

Two aerobic, Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterial strains, 5YN10-14(T) and GR21-5(T), were isolated from the Yongneup wetland and ginseng soil in Korea, respectively. The two strains formed ellipsoidal or oval spores positioned centrally or paracentrally in swollen sporangia. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, these strains were related to members of the genus Cohnella. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strains 5YN10-14(T) and GR21-5(T) was 95.9 %. Strains 5YN10-14(T) and GR21-5(T) showed, respectively, 94.3 and 95.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Cohnella thermotolerans CCUG 47242(T), 94.6 and 94.4 % to Cohnella hongkongensis HKU3(T), 94.7 and 94.7 % to Cohnella laeviribosi RI-39(T), and 95.4 and 94.8 % to Cohnella phaseoli GSPC1(T). The major fatty acids of strain 5YN10-14(T) were anteiso-C(15 : 0) (51.1 %), iso-C(16 : 0) (18.5 %) and C(16 : 0) (13.2 %), and the major fatty acids of strain GR21-5(T) were anteiso-C(15 : 0 ) (48.9 %), iso-C(16 : 0) (15.0 %) and iso-C(15 : 0) (12.2 %). The two strains contained menaquinone with seven isoprene units (MK-7) as the predominant quinone, and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids; however, strain 5YN10-14(T) also contained lysylphosphatidylglycerol as a major polar lipid, whereas strain GR21-5(T) had an unknown aminophospholipid as another major polar lipid. The DNA G+C contents of strains 5YN10-14(T) and GR21-5(T) were 58.8 and 61.3 mol%, respectively. Based on the results of the phylogenetic and phenotypic data presented, it was concluded that the two strains represent two novel species of the genus Cohnella , for which the names Cohnella yongneupensis sp. nov. (type strain 5YN10-14(T)=KACC 11768(T)=DSM 18998(T)) and Cohnella ginsengisoli sp. nov. (type strain GR21-5(T)=KACC 11771(T)=DSM 18997(T)) are proposed.

A yellow-pigmented, Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, strain KIS3-4T, was isolated from soil collected on Daechung Island in the West Sea of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence placed strain KIS3-4T in a distinct lineage in the family Xanthomonadaceae. Strain KIS3-4T shared 87.3-93.7% sequence similarity with members of the family Xanthomonadaceae, and was related most closely to the genera Dyella and Dokdonella. In its biochemical characteristics, strain KIS3-4T was clearly separable from other genera within the family Xanthomonadaceae on the basis of the hydrolysis of cellulose and urea, high G+C content (64 mol%) and fatty acid profile. Major fatty acids (>10% of the total fatty acids) were iso-C17:1omega9c (32.8%), iso-C17:0 (18.0%) and iso-C16:0 (12.7%). Q-8 was the predominant respiratory quinone. Phosphatidylethanolamine and several unidentified aminophospholipids and phospholipids were present. Based on its unique phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic features, strain KIS3-4T represents a novel genus and species, for which the name Rudaea cellulosilytica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Rudaea cellulosilytica is KIS3-4T (=KACC 12734T=JCM 15422T).

An aerobic, Gram-negative, yellow-coloured, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated KIS28-6T, was isolated from soil from Ulleung, an island located in the East Sea of Korea. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain KIS28-6T was a member of the genus Dokdonella, having 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 98.1 and 96.9% with respect to Dokdonella fugitiva CIP 108692T and Dokdonella koreensis DSM 17203T, respectively. Strain KIS28-6T showed DNA-DNA hybridization values of 38 and 32% with respect to D. fugitiva CIP 108692T and D. koreensis DSM 17203T, respectively. The major fatty acids (>10%) were iso-C17:1omega9c (35.7%), iso-C17:0 (26.9%) and iso-C15:0 (11.7%), the major respiratory quinone was Q-8 and the DNA G+C content was 73.0 mol%. On the basis of the results obtained in this polyphasic taxonomic analysis, strain KIS28-6T represents a novel species of the genus Dokdonella, for which the name Dokdonella soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KIS28-6T (=KACC 12741T =JCM 15421T).

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated strain R2A36-4T, was isolated from greenhouse soil and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic analysis. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the strain represented a novel member of the family Sphingobacteriaceae. Its nearest phylogenetic neighbour was the type strain of [Flexibacter] canadensis CIP 104802T (93.2% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Strain R2A36-4T and [F.] canadensis CIP 104802T fell in a distinct cluster within the family Sphingobacteriaceae. Strain R2A36-4T contained MK-7 as the predominant quinone. Strain R2A36-4T and [F.] canadensis CIP 104802T had iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, summed feature 3 and C15:1omega6c as the major fatty acids. Strain R2A36-4T could be distinguished from [F.] canadensis on the basis of several physiological properties and fatty acid compositions. Based on phenotypic characterization and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain R2A36-4T represents a novel species within a new genus, for which the name Solitalea koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Solitalea koreensis is strain R2A36-4T (=KACC 12953T=DSM 21342T). It is also proposed that [F.] canadensis be transferred to this genus as Solitalea canadensis comb. nov. (type strain UASM 9DT=ATCC 29591T=CIP 104802T=DSM 3403T=NBRC 15130T=JCM 21819T=KACC 13276T=LMG 8368T).

Two novel strains isolated from soils, JS12-10(T) and JS14-6(T), were characterized using a polyphasic approach to determine their taxonomic positions. These isolates were found to be aerobic, Gram-negative, motile with one polar flagellum, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped. Phenotypic and fatty acid data supported the affiliation of JS12-10(T) and JS14-6(T) to the genus Dyella. However, chemotaxonomic data and DNA-DNA relatedness values allowed differentiation of these strains from other Dyella species with validly published names. Strains JS12-10(T) and JS14-6(T) showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Dyella ginsengisoli Gsoil 3046(T) (98.4 %) and Dyella japonica XD53(T) (97.9 %), respectively, and the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between them was 97.1 %. DNA-DNA hybridization values between the novel isolates and strains of other recognized Dyella species were 29-38 %. Therefore, strains JS12-10(T) and JS14-6(T) represent two novel species of the genus Dyella, for which the names Dyella soli sp. nov. (type strain JS12-10(T) =KACC 12747(T) =JCM 15423(T)) and Dyella terrae sp. nov. (type strain JS14-6(T) =KACC 12748(T) =JCM 15424(T)) are proposed.

A Gram-negative, short rod-shaped bacterium, strain GA2-M15(T), was isolated from a sea-sand sample at Homi Cape, Pohang city, Republic of Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that this isolate was unique, showing 95.9 % sequence similarity to the type strain of Thalassobacter stenotrophicus and similarities of 94.0-95.2 % to the type strains of species of the genera Octadecabacter (94.4-95.2 %), Jannaschia (94.0-94.4 %) and Thalassobius (94.0-94.7 %). Chemotaxonomic characteristics (diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine as the major polar lipids and C(18 : 1)omega7c as the predominant fatty acid) and DNA G+C content (56 mol%) were also similar to those of Thalassobacter stenotrophicus. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, physiological properties and some fatty acid components showed that strain GA2-M15(T) could be differentiated from Thalassobacter stenotrophicus. On the basis of these results, strain GA2-M15(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Thalassobacter, for which the name Thalassobacter arenae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GA2-M15(T) (=KACC 12675(T) =DSM 19593(T)).

A bacterial strain, 5YN9-8(T), was isolated from a peat layer in Yongneup, Republic of Korea. It was strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, non-motile, short rod- or coccus-shaped and produced ivory-pigmented colonies. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses indicated a close relationship between this isolate and Kaistia granuli Ko04(T) (97.2 % similarity) and Kaistia adipata Chj404(T) (96.2 % similarity), members of the order Rhizobiales within the Alphaproteobacteria. Predominant cellular fatty acids of strain 5YN9-8(T) were C(18 : 1)omega7c, C(18 : 0), C(19 : 0)omega8c cyclo and C(16 : 0). The DNA G+C content was 67.0 mol%. Phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data accumulated in this study revealed that the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Kaistia, for which the name Kaistia soli sp. nov. is proposed; strain 5YN9-8(T) (=KACC 12605(T) =DSM 19436(T)) is the type strain.

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterial strain, designated JS12-13(T), was isolated from soil from Halla Mountain on Jeju Island, Korea. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JS12-13(T) revealed that it was a member of the genus Polaromonas, sharing 96.9-98.4 % sequence similarity with type strains of the genus Polaromonas and being most closely related to Polaromonas aquatica CIP 108776(T). The major fatty acids of strain JS12-13(T) were summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH; 38.3 %), C(16 : 0) (28.4 %), C(17 : 0) cyclo (15.9 %) and C(18 : 1)omega7c (9.1 %). The major quinone found was ubiquinone-8. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain JS12-13(T) was 63.7 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain JS12-13(T) represents a novel species of the genus Polaromonas, for which the name Polaromonas jejuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JS12-13(T) (=KACC 12508(T) =DSM 19351(T)).

A Gram-negative, aerobic bacterium, H1-M8(T), was isolated from seashore sand in Korea and then characterized using a polyphasic approach. Cells were short rods (0.7-1.0 x 1.5-2.0 microm) and were motile (each cell having at least one flagellum). Colonies were light-brown, non-pigmented, circular and convex with clear margins. Growth of the strain was observed at 5-35 degrees C, pH 6.0-9.0 and NaCl concentrations up to 8.4 % (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed a clear affiliation between the novel strain and members of the genus Jannaschia. The sequence similarities between H1-M8(T) and type strains of the genus Jannaschia ranged from 97.0 to 97.8 %. However, DNA-DNA hybridizations between the isolate and type strains of other related species produced low values (21-38 %). The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10 and the predominant cellular fatty acids were 18 : 1omega7c (68.2 %) and 18 : 0 (10.5 %). The G+C content of the DNA was 63.6 mol%. On the basis of physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic traits and data from the comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis, strain H1-M8(T) represents a novel species of the genus Jannaschia, for which the name Jannaschia pohangensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H1-M8(T) (=KACC 11609(T) =DSM 19073(T)).

Two bacterial isolates from ginseng fields in Korea, strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T), were characterized using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed a clear affiliation with the Gammaproteobacteria, and showed that the closest phylogenetic relationships were with members of the genus Rhodanobacter. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T) was 97.2 %. Both strains showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 95.2-96.9 % to type strains of recognized Rhodanobacter species. The G+C contents of the DNA of strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T) were 61.0 and 62.5 mol%, respectively. According to the DNA-DNA hydridization tests, the hybridization value between strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T) was 34 %. Strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T) showed less than 32 % DNA-DNA relatedness with Rhodanobacter fulvus KCTC 12098(T) and Rhodanobacter spathiphylli LMG 23181(T). Strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T) were aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and catalase- and oxidase-positive. Major fatty acids of both strains were iso-C(17 : 1)omega9c and iso-C(16 : 0). Based on the data presented, two novel Rhodanobacter species are proposed, with the names Rhodanobacter ginsengisoli sp. nov. (type strain GR17-7(T)=KACC 11762(T)=DSM 18993(T)) and Rhodanobacter terrae sp. nov. (type strain GP18-1(T)=KACC 11761(T)=DSM 19241(T)).

An orange-coloured bacterial strain, designated R2A15-11(T), was isolated from greenhouse soil. The strain was found to be strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and non-flagellated. The cells were short rods (0.7-0.9x1.0-1.5 mum) and produced flexirubin. Growth of the strain was observed at 10-35 degrees C, pH 5.0-8.0 and 0-3 % (w/v) NaCl. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The major fatty acids were iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(15 : 1) G, iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH and/or C(16 : 1)omega7c). The genomic DNA G+C content was 45.0 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain R2A15-11(T) revealed a clear affiliation with the phylum Bacteroidetes, and the highest levels of sequence similarity were found with respect to Terrimonas ferruginea ATCC 13524(T) (91.5 %), Terrimonas lutea DY(T) (90.2 %), Niastella yeongjuensis GR20-13(T) (89.9 %) and Niastella koreensis GR20-10(T) (89.7 %). On the basis of the polyphasic evidence from this study, strain R2A15-11(T) represents a novel genus and species, for which the name Niabella aurantiaca gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Niabella aurantiaca is R2A15-11(T) (=KACC 11698(T)=DSM 17617(T)).

A Gram-negative, obligately aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from greenhouse soil used to cultivate lettuce. The strain, GH2-10T, was characterized on the basis of phenotypic and genotypic data. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the isolate belonged to the genus Devosia, with highest sequence similarity (98.5%) to Devosia riboflavina IFO 13584T. Sequence similarities with other strains tested were below 97.0%. Strain GH2-10T had Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18:1omega7c and C16:0 as the major fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 59.5 mol%. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments (47% relatedness between D. riboflavina DSM 7230T and strain GH2-10T) and physiological and biochemical tests suggested that strain GH2-10T represents a novel species of the genus Devosia, for which the name Devosia soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GH2-10T (=KACC 11509T=DSM 17780T).

Three strains, 4M1T, 4M9 and 4M12, were isolated from cotton waste composts. These strains are Gram-negative, aerobic and non-spore-forming rods. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons demonstrated that these isolates were clustered phylogenetically within the genus Pseudoxanthomonas and 4M1T revealed sequence similarity levels of 96.9-99.0% to six Pseudoxanthomonas species with validly published names. According to DNA-DNA hybridization, relatedness values between 4M1T and six known Pseudoxanthomonas species were in the range of 52-63%. The DNA G + C content of the strains was 66.6-68.4 mol%. For a more detailed characterization of these strains, the physiological, chemotaxonomic and genotypic properties were evaluated. From the results of this study, the name Pseudoxanthomonas suwonensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 4M1T (= KACC 11320T = DSM 17175T).

Phenotypic and genotypic characters of strains of Neosartorya spinosa and related taxa were analysed. N. spinosa, Neosartorya botucatensis and Neosartorya paulistensis had identical partial beta-tubulin and calmodulin gene sequences and could not be differentiated on macro- and micro-morphological characteristics, including by scanning electron microscopy. Based on partial beta-tubulin and calmodulin gene sequences and ascospore morphology, two separate groups are distinguished and are proposed as novel species. Neosartorya laciniosa sp. nov. has microtuberculate ascospores with two bent crests and two distinct equatorial rings of small projections. Neosartorya coreana sp. nov. has rugose to weak reticulate ascospores with two often bent crests, but without the equatorial rings of small projections. The type strain of N. laciniosa is CBS 117721T (=NRRL 35589T=KACC 41657T) and the type strain of N. coreana is CBS 117059T (=NRRL 35590T=KACC 41659T).

Two actinomycete strains, DSA1T and HD9T, were isolated from a potato tuber and soil from a potato-cultivating field in Jeju, Korea, respectively. A comprehensive 16S rDNA analysis revealed that the isolates belong to the genus Kribbella and share 97.7-98.6% sequence similarity to Kribbella species. The strains also contained typical chemotaxonomic markers of the genus Kribbella: ll-diaminopimelic acid, alanine, glycine and glutamic acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan; mannose, glucose, galactose and ribose as whole cell sugars; diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol as characteristic phospholipids; and the major menaquinone MK-9 (H4). DNA-DNA hybridization experiments showed that the isolates represented two distinct genomic species. A number of phenotypic properties can be used to differentiate the two isolates from Kribbella species. On the basis of polyphasic evidence, two novel species are proposed: Kribbella solani sp. nov. for strain DSA1T (=KACC 20196T=JCM 12205T) and Kribbella jejuensis sp. nov. for strain HD9T (=KACC 20266T=JCM 12204T).