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In July 2019-July 2020, we conducted a field trial to examine the effects of nitrogen addition (60 kg N·hm -2 ·a -1 ), biochar application (10 t·hm -2 ), and their combination on soil N 2 O emission and the relationship between soil N 2 O emission and environmental factors in a typical Moso bamboo ( Phyllostachys edulis ) plantation in Hangzhou City of Zhejiang Province. Soil N 2 O flux of Moso bamboo plantation was measured by the static chamber-gas chromatography technique. The results showed that nitrogen addition treatment increased the annual cumulative N 2 O emission by 14.6%, while biochar application and the combination treatment reduced it by 20.8% and 10.6%, respectively. Soil N 2 O flux rate was significantly correlated with soil temperature, NO 3 -N concentration, urease and protease activities, and soil NH - -N concentration across all treatments. In conclusion, under the background of nitrogen deposition, the application of biochar would have a significant reduction effect on soil N 4 + -N concentration across all treatments. In conclusion, under the background of nitrogen deposition, the application of biochar would have a significant reduction effect on soil N 2 O fluxes in Moso bamboo plantations.

We conducted a pot experiment to investigate the effects of planting broadleaf tree species (i.e., Cinnamomum camphora , Schima superba , and Quercus glauca ) and Moso bamboo ( Phyllostachys edulis ) on soil carbon mineralization and microbial community structure. The rates of soil carbon mineralization were measured via alkali trapping method. The structural and functional diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and real-time quantitative PCR techniques. The soil planted with Moso bamboo exhibited a significantly higher carbon mineralization rate and labile carbon content than those in the soils planted with broadleaf tree species. The underground biomass of Moso bamboo was higher than that of broadleaf tree species. The soil bacterial communities were more sensitive than fungal communities to the planting of different plant species . Moreover, soil fungal diversity of Moso bamboo was distinctly different from that of broadleaf tree species. Compared to the diversity of soil bacterial communities, the diversity of soil fungal communities was more closely related with soil pH, organic carbon content, and carbon mineralization. In comparison to the broadleaf tree species, the Moso bamboo planting could substantially increase soil organic carbon minera-lization, which was affected mainly by the soil fungal community structure.

We investigated the effects of tea plantation age on soil microbial community structure and diversity with surface and subsurface soil samples (0-20 and 20-40 cm) from tea plantation at different ages (0, 20, 25, 38 and 48 years). We analyzed soil bacterial and fungal communities by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and real-time quantitative PCR techniques. The results showed that soil physicochemical properties changed significantly after planting tea. The contents of soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus increased at first, and gradually decreased with the increases of tea plantation age. The contents of organic carbon and total nitrogen in the topsoil were significantly higher than those in the subsoil. Moreover, soil bacterial community composition varied across tea plantation age. Bacterial diversity index decreased with increasing tea plantation age. The composition and diversity of soil fungal communities did not show a clear relationship with the tea plantation age. Overall, soil bacterial communities was more sensitive to the tea plantation age than fungal communities. With the increases of tea plantation age, the ratio of soil fungi to bacteria showed increasing trend. Soil microbial community in the tea plantation changed from a "bacterial type" with low fungi/bacteria ratio (F/B) to a "fungal type" with high F/B.

Elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration, altered precipitation regime, increased nitrogen deposition, and land cover change have not only changed the physical and chemical properties of forest soils, but also affected plant growth and microbial activity, with concequences on soil carbon and nitrogen cycles, including soil CH 4 uptake. In this study, we summarized the important role of soil CH 4 uptake in forests under global change scenarios. The differences of responses as well as the underlying mechanisms of soil CH 4 uptake in forests to global change were reviewed. Elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration inhibits soil CH 4 uptake. Reduced precipitation tends to promote soil CH 4 uptake. Increased nitrogen input inhibits soil CH 4 uptake in nitrogen-rich forests, but promotes or has no effects on soil CH 4 uptake in nitrogen-poor forests. Conversion of forests to grassland, farmland, or plantations would reduce soil CH 4 uptake, while afforestation increases soil CH 4 uptake. The future research should explore the long-term and multiple effects of global changes on forest soil CH 4 uptake. In addition, molecular biology methods should be developed to explore the microbial mechanism of soil CH 4 uptake.

In order to elucidate the effects of intensive management on soil carbon pool, nitrogen pool, enzyme activities in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) plantations, we collected soil samples from the soil surface (0-20 cm) and subsurface (20-40 cm) layers in the adjacent Moso bamboo plantations with extensive and intensive managements in Sankou Township, Lin'an City, Zhejiang Province. We determined different forms of C, N and soil invertase, urease, catalase and acid phosphatase activities. The results showed that long-term intensive management of Moso bamboo plantations significantly decreased the content and storage of soil organic carbon (SOC), with the SOC storage in the soil surface and subsurface layers decreased by 13.2% and 18.0%, respectively. After 15 years' intensive management of Masoo bamboo plantations, the contents of soil water soluble carbon (WSOC), hot water soluble carbon (HWSOC), microbial carbon (MBC) and readily oxidizable carbon (ROC) were significantly decreased in the soil surface and subsurface layers. The soil N storage in the soil surface and subsurface layers in intensively managed Moso bamboo plantations increased by 50.8% and 36.6%, respectively. Intensive management significantly increased the contents of nitrate-N (NO 3 - -N), but decreased the contents of water-soluble nitrogen (WSON) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN). After 15 years' intensive management of Masoo bamboo plantations, the soil invertase, urease, catalase and acid phosphatase activities in the soil surface layer were significantly decreased, the soil acid phosphatase activity in the soil subsurface layer were significantly decreased, and other enzyme activities in the soil subsurface layer did not change. In conclusion, long-term intensive management led to a significant decline of soil organic carbon storage, soil labile carbon and microbial activity in Moso bamboo plantations. Therefore, we should consider the use of organic fertilizer in the intensive mana-gement process for the sustainable management of Moso bamboo plantations in the future.4 + -N), but decreased the contents of water-soluble nitrogen (WSON) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN). After 15 years' intensive management of Masoo bamboo plantations, the soil invertase, urease, catalase and acid phosphatase activities in the soil surface layer were significantly decreased, the soil acid phosphatase activity in the soil subsurface layer were significantly decreased, and other enzyme activities in the soil subsurface layer did not change. In conclusion, long-term intensive management led to a significant decline of soil organic carbon storage, soil labile carbon and microbial activity in Moso bamboo plantations. Therefore, we should consider the use of organic fertilizer in the intensive mana-gement process for the sustainable management of Moso bamboo plantations in the future.

Converting natural forests to plantations significantly affects the characteristics of soil organic carbon (C) pools, due to the changes of vegetation cover and management practices. In this paper, to investigate the effects of conversion from evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBF) to Chinese chestnut plantation (CP) on soil organic C pool, the soils from surface (0-20 cm) and subsurface (20-40 cm) layers were sampled from the above two forests (the CP was converted from the EBF and had been intensively managed for 10 years) in Lin'an City, Zhejiang Province. The soil orga-nic C storage, labile organic C pools, and other basic soil properties were determined. The chemical composition of soil organic C was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. Results showed that the soil organic C storage, water soluble organic C (WSOC), hot water soluble organic C (HWSOC), microbial biomass C (MBC) and readily oxidizable C (ROC) concentrations in the surface layer decreased by 19.7%, 34.4%, 25.8%, 30.4% and 25.2%, respectively, after the conversion from EBF to CP. Such values for the subsurface layers decreased by 13.5%, 38.4%, 19.8%, 34.1% and 22.2%, respectively. The O-alkyl C content, aromatic C content and aromaticity of soil organic C in the surface layer decreased signi-ficantly by the land-use conversion, while alkyl C content, carbonyl C content and alkyl C to O-alkyl C (A/O-A) ratio increased signi-ficantly. The O-alkyl C content of soil organic C in the subsurface layer decreased significantly by the land-use conversion, alkyl C content and A/O-A ratio increased significantly, and aromatic C content, carbonyl C content and aromaticity of soil organic C were not changed. In conclusion, conve-rting EBF to CP and subsequent intensive management significantly decreased the soil organic C sto-rage and labile C pool contents and altered the chemical composition of soil organic C.

Soil CO2 effluxes in natural broad-leaved forest and the conversed Chinese fir plantation in Linglong Mountains Scenic of Zhejiang Province were evaluated by using static closed chamber and gas chromatography method. The results showed that soil CO2 efflux showed consistent seasonal dynamics in natural broad-leaved forest and Chinese fir plantation, with the maximums observed in summer and autumn, the minimums in winter and spring. Soil CO2 effluxes were 20.0-111.3 and 4.1-118.6 mg C . m-2 . h-1 in natural broad-leaved forest and Chinese fir plantation, respectively. The cumulative soil CO2 emission of natural broad-leaved forest (16.46 t CO2 . hm-2 . a-1) was significantly higher than that of Chinese fir plantation (11.99 t CO2 . hm-2 . a-1). Soil moisture did not affect soil CO2 efflux. There was a significant relationship between soil CO2 efflux and soil temperature at 5 cm depth. There was no significant relationship between soil CO2 efflux of natural broad-leaved forest and water soluble organic carbon content, while water soluble organic carbon content affected significantly soil CO2 efflux in Chinese fir plantation. Converting the natural broad-leaved forest to Chinese fir plantation reduced soil CO2 efflux significantly but improved the sensitivity of soil respiration to environmental factors.

Dynamic changes (from April 2013 to March 2014) in soil respiration components were investigated by Li-8100 in the Moso bamboo plantation in Lin' an City, Zhejiang Province. Results showed that the average annual values for the soil total respiration rate, heterotrophic respiration rate, and autotrophic respiration rate in the Moso bamboo plantation were 2.93, 1.92 and 1.01 imol CO2 . m-2 . s-1, respectively. The soil respiration rate and its components exhibited strongly a seasonal dynamic pattern. The maximum appeared in July 2013, and the minimum appeared in January 2014. The annual cumulative CO2 emissions through soil respiration, heterotrophic respiration, and autotrophic respiration were 37.25, 24.61 and 12.64 t CO2 . hm-2 . a-1, respectively. The soil respiration and its components showed a close relation with soil temperature of 5 cm depth, and the corresponding Q10, values at 5 cm depth were 2.05, 1.95 and 2.34, respectively. Both the soil respiration and heterotrophic respiration were correlated to soil water soluble organic C (WSOC) content, but no significant relationship between autotrophic respiration and WSOC was observed. There were no significant relationships between soil respiration components and soil moisture content or microbial biomass C. The seasonal changes in soil respiration components in the Moso bamboo plantation were predominantly controlled by the soil temperature, and the soil WSOC content was an important environmental factor controlling total soil respiration and soil heterotrophic respiration.

CO2, N2O and CH4 are important greenhouse gases, and soils in forest ecosystems are their important sources. Carya cathayensis is a unique tree species with seeds used for high-grade dry fruit and oil production. Understory vegetation management plays an important role in soil greenhouse gases emission of Carya cathayensis stands. A one-year in situ experiment was conducted to study the effects of understory removal on soil CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions in C. cathayensis plantation by closed static chamber technique and gas chromatography method. Soil CO2 flux had a similar seasonal trend in the understory removal and preservation treatments, which was high in summer and autumn, and low in winter and spring. N2O emission occurred mainly in summer, while CH4 emission showed no seasonal trend. Understory removal significantly decreased soil CO, emission, increased N2O emission and CH4 uptake, but had no significant effect on soil water soluble organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon. The global warming potential of soil greenhouse gases emitted in the understory removal. treatment was 15.12 t CO2-e . hm-2 a-1, which was significantly lower than that in understory preservation treatment (17.04 t CO2-e . hm-2 . a-1).

Effect of biochar addition on soil CO2 efflux in a typical Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) plantation in Lin'an, Zhejiang Province, China was investigated from July 2012 to July 2013 by the static closed chamber-GC technique. Soil temperature, soil moisture, WSOC and MBC concentrations were determined as well. Results showed that soil CO2 efflux exhibited a strong sea- sonal pattern. Compared with the control (without biochar application), the biochar treatment increased the soil CO2 efflux only in the first month since application, and then the effect diminished thereafter. There were no significant differences in the annual cumulative value of soil CO2 efflux between the biochar and control treatments. The annual mean value in soil MBC concentration (362 mg · kg(-1)) in the biochar treatment was higher than that (322 mg · kg(-1)) in the control. However, no significant difference in the soil WSOC concentration was found between the biochar and control treatments. Strong exponential relationships between soil temperature and soil CO2 efflux were observed regardless of the treatment and soil layer. The apparent temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil CO2 efflux in the biochar treatment was higher than that in the control. Soil CO2 efflux was related to soil WSOC concentration but not with soil MBC or moisture content. To conclude, the application of bamboo leaf biochar did not affect the annual cumulative CO2 emission in the Chinese chestnut plantation but increased the Q10, and the CO2 efflux was predominantly controlled by the soil temperature and soil WSOC level.

Carbon (C) occluded in phytolith (PhytOC) is highly stable at millennium scale and its accumulation in soils can help increase long-term C sequestration. Here, we report that soil PhytOC storage significantly increased with increasing duration under intensive management (mulching and fertilization) in Lei bamboo (Phyllostachys praecox) plantations. The PhytOC storage in 0-40 cm soil layer in bamboo plantations increased by 217 Mg C ha(-1), 20 years after being converted from paddy fields. The PhytOC accumulated at 79 kg C ha(-1) yr(-1), a rate far exceeding the global mean long-term soil C accumulation rate of 24 kg C ha(-1) yr(-1) reported in the literature. Approximately 86% of the increased PhytOC came from the large amount of mulch applied. Our data clearly demonstrate the decadal scale management effect on PhytOC accumulation, suggesting that heavy mulching is a potential method for increasing long-term organic C storage in soils for mitigating global climate change.

In June 2011-June 2012, a fertilization experiment was conducted in a typical Castanea mollissima stand in Lin' an of Zhejiang Province, East China to study the effects of inorganic and organic fertilization on the soil CO2 flux and the relationships between the soil CO2 flux and environmental factors. Four treatments were installed, i. e., no fertilization (CK), inorganic fertilization (IF), organic fertilization (OF), half organic plus half inorganic fertilization (OIF). The soil CO2 emission rate was determined by the method of static closed chamber/GC technique, and the soil temperature, soil moisture content, and soil water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) concentration were determined by routine methods. The soil CO2 emission exhibited a strong seasonal pattern, with the highest rate in July or August and the lowest rate in February. The annual accumulative soil CO2 emission in CK was 27.7 t CO2 x hm(-2) x a(-1), and that in treatments IF, OF, and OIF was 29.5%, 47.0%, and 50.7% higher than the CK, respectively. The soil WSOC concentration in treatment IF (105.1 mg kg(-1)) was significantly higher than that in CK (76.6 mg x kg(-1)), but was obviously lower than that in treatments OF (133.0 mg x kg(-1)) and OIF (121.2 mg x kg(-1)). The temperature sensitivity of respiration (Q10) in treatments CK, IF, OF, and OIF was 1.47, 1.75, 1.49, and 1.57, respectively. The soil CO2 emission rate had significant positive correlations with the soil temperature at the depth of 5 cm and the soil WSOC concentration, but no significant correlation with soil moisture content. The increase of the soil WSOC concentration caused by fertilization was probably one of the reasons for the increase of soil CO2 emission from the C. mollissima stand.

To investigate the effects of the conversion from native shrub forest (NF) to Chinese chestnut plantation (CP) on the soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools, soil samples were collected from the adjacent NF and CP in Anji County of Zhejiang Province, with their water-soluble organic C (WSOC), microbial biomass C (MBC), readily oxidizable C (ROC), water-soluble organic N (WSON), and microbial biomass N (MBN) determined. The spectral characteristics of soil organic C were also determined by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. After the conversion from NF to CP, the soil alkalyzable N, available phosphorus, and available potassium contents increased significantly, while the soil WSOC, MBC, ROC, WSON, and MBN were in adverse. The soil organic C in both NF and CP was dominated by alkyl C and O-alkyl C, but the proportions of O-alkyl C and carbonyl C in soil organic C decreased while the proportions of alkyl C and aromatic C as well as the alkyl C/O-alkyl C ratio and the aromaticity of soil organic C all increased significantly after the conversion from NF to CP, indicating that this conversion increased the stability of soil organic C pool significantly. In conclusion, the conversion from NF to CP and the intensive management of CP decreased the contents of soil labile C and soil N but increased the stability of soil C pool significantly.