1. Biological concepts in human sodium channel epilepsies and their relevance in clinical practice.
- Author
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Brunklaus A, Du J, Steckler F, Ghanty II, Johannesen KM, Fenger CD, Schorge S, Baez-Nieto D, Wang HR, Allen A, Pan JQ, Lerche H, Heyne H, Symonds JD, Zuberi SM, Sanders S, Sheidley BR, Craiu D, Olson HE, Weckhuysen S, DeJonge P, Helbig I, Van Esch H, Busa T, Milh M, Isidor B, Depienne C, Poduri A, Campbell AJ, Dimidschstein J, Møller RS, and Lal D
- Subjects
- Age of Onset, Autism Spectrum Disorder genetics, Autism Spectrum Disorder physiopathology, Child, Child, Preschool, Codon, Nonsense, DNA Copy Number Variations, Electroencephalography, Epileptic Syndromes drug therapy, Epileptic Syndromes physiopathology, Female, Gain of Function Mutation, Gene Deletion, Gene Duplication, Gene Expression, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Genotype, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Loss of Function Mutation, Male, Mutation, Missense, NAV1.1 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel metabolism, NAV1.2 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel metabolism, NAV1.3 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel metabolism, NAV1.6 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel metabolism, Neurodevelopmental Disorders genetics, Neurodevelopmental Disorders physiopathology, Phenotype, Sodium Channel Blockers therapeutic use, Sodium Channels metabolism, Epileptic Syndromes genetics, NAV1.1 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel genetics, NAV1.2 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel genetics, NAV1.3 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel genetics, NAV1.6 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel genetics, Sodium Channels genetics
- Abstract
Objective: Voltage-gated sodium channels (SCNs) share similar amino acid sequence, structure, and function. Genetic variants in the four human brain-expressed SCN genes SCN1A/2A/3A/8A have been associated with heterogeneous epilepsy phenotypes and neurodevelopmental disorders. To better understand the biology of seizure susceptibility in SCN-related epilepsies, our aim was to determine similarities and differences between sodium channel disorders, allowing us to develop a broader perspective on precision treatment than on an individual gene level alone., Methods: We analyzed genotype-phenotype correlations in large SCN-patient cohorts and applied variant constraint analysis to identify severe sodium channel disease. We examined temporal patterns of human SCN expression and correlated functional data from in vitro studies with clinical phenotypes across different sodium channel disorders., Results: Comparing 865 epilepsy patients (504 SCN1A, 140 SCN2A, 171 SCN8A, four SCN3A, 46 copy number variation [CNV] cases) and analysis of 114 functional studies allowed us to identify common patterns of presentation. All four epilepsy-associated SCN genes demonstrated significant constraint in both protein truncating and missense variation when compared to other SCN genes. We observed that age at seizure onset is related to SCN gene expression over time. Individuals with gain-of-function SCN2A/3A/8A missense variants or CNV duplications share similar characteristics, most frequently present with early onset epilepsy (<3 months), and demonstrate good response to sodium channel blockers (SCBs). Direct comparison of corresponding SCN variants across different SCN subtypes illustrates that the functional effects of variants in corresponding channel locations are similar; however, their clinical manifestation differs, depending on their role in different types of neurons in which they are expressed., Significance: Variant function and location within one channel can serve as a surrogate for variant effects across related sodium channels. Taking a broader view on precision treatment suggests that in those patients with a suspected underlying genetic epilepsy presenting with neonatal or early onset seizures (<3 months), SCBs should be considered., (Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2020 International League Against Epilepsy.)
- Published
- 2020
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