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The use of historical research methods in modern sociology has been largely conditioned by the relative popularity of the specialty area of (comparative-)historical sociology, despite the relative autonomy of methodological orientation and substantive research themes. Any discussion of historical research, whether in the specialty area of social movements' research or in sociology more generally, must therefore proceed from the place of history in sociology and embark on an always difficult quest, for intellectual and institutional reasons alike, to delineate the boundaries between the scholarly tradition of history, on the one hand, and sociology, on the other (Burke 1980; Tilly 1981). Keywords: American Civil War; cultural history; labor history; religious history; women's history; aggression; army; bureaucracy; capitalism; qualitative methods; Central Africa; France; Germany

The main objective of this research was to demonstrate the integration of international and national strategies in education for sustainable development and global citizenship into initial teacher training. The researchers analyzed the outcomes of a feminist teaching strategy based on family trees, focusing on the usefulness of social science pedagogy in developing critical thinking among pupils. They also attempted to enhance teachers’ digital literacy and make progress in reflecting on its functioning and use. The research used mixed methods, and the research instrument was a questionnaire using Likert-type scales validated by specialists from several universities. It was deployed in the module Didáctica del Conocimiento del Medio Social y Medioambiental (Pedagogy of Knowledge of the Social and Cultural Environment) of the Bachelor’s Degree in Pre-Primary Education at the University of Alicante. Using historical research with a gender perspective, the trainee teachers investigated their family trees, focusing on the women in their families. They also carried out a speculative exercise to aid reflection on their contributions as teachers in support of equal education. The results obtained showed that this was a novel and useful educational activity, which inspired participants to work for a fair and democratic global citizenship based on coeducation.

Digital media have a significant impact on how individuals and groups relate to their own as well as shared memories. Digital and online memorialisation has the potential to connect a greater number of disparate agents across physical place boundaries. Using the case study of an online mapping project recording women’s migration experiences, this article finds that digital media are indeed used to challenge established place narratives and contest an exclusionary sense of place. This online memory mapping is intended to connect personal memories of local areas across group and place boundaries. Thematic tagging serves as a tool to connect local memories globally. However, these attempts are situated within an unequal society, where resources, time and digital skills are not equally available to all. Offline power relations and social location are thus found to be constitutive of the making of online memory maps and to hinder democratised memory-making of place.

Citational practices function as a form of academic gatekeeping. To create a more inclusive scholarship, authors must consciously commit to embracing the contributions of all researchers, including...

This essay offers a reflection on conducting historical research relating to First Nations women’s lives and cross-cultural relationships in ways that are ethical and informed by feminist sensibili...

Photography, not only by imperial men but also by imperial women, has played a significant role in portraying the Muslim woman as the apolitical exotic of orientalist fantasies. The legacy of colonial photography by European women travelers continues to haunt the media of the global North even today. Such imperial feminist discourse on women in Egypt was blatant in Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s December 2011 announcement of the National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security at Georgetown University, as well as in the rhetoric of Laura Bush, Cherie Booth, and Condoleezza Rice on the War on Terror and Afghan and Iraqi women. In contrast, this article draws on the photographic counter-narratives, like “the girl in the blue bra,” that transnational feminists circulated through social media during the people’s uprising in Egypt beginning in 2011 to evoke powerful images of women from the global south. It also examines the figure of the pan-Arab feminist Huda Shaarawi, who in 1919 organized the largest women’s anti-British demonstration, and became in 1935 the vice president of the International Alliance of Women for Suffrage and Equal Citizenship, and in 1945 the founding president of the Arab Feminist Union. Bringing these figures into conversation with Angela Davis’s encounter with women in Egypt in her book Women, Culture, and Politics opens up new spaces for cross-border feminisms that cut across imperial legacies that continue to define relationships between women of the global North and the global South.

Alice Kahler Marshall (1923–97) was a journalist, researcher, speechwriter, Pennsylvania state employee, and a collector of women’s history. Marshall’s extensive collection, touted as the most comprehensive women’s history collection in the United States, now resides at Archives and Special Collections in the Penn State Harrisburg Library. This article uses the Alice Marshall Women’s History Collection as a case study to critically examine private collections through the lens of intersectionality. Examining the creation and subsequent use of the collection, it considers the following: In collections compiled by private individuals and donated to public repositories, how do factors such as the collector’s privilege and interests and the context in which materials are acquired affect which historical voices are heard or silenced? Can materials produced using these collections truly be “objective”? This article also investigates possible solutions, such as digital collections and ethical action by archivists.

The campaign for women’s access to higher education in Ireland in the late-nineteenth century was understated, characterised by committees, middle class concerns and wrangling over legislation. The...

Based on oral histories and diaries of women who lived in the Japanese colonial period, this article analyzes the role and transformation of “mothering” in Taiwan, examining how the Han Chinese patriarchal society in Taiwan responded to colonialization and modernization in the early twentieth century. It reveals that most Taiwanese women at that time married in their teens and began to take on the tasks of mothers before the age of twenty. Difference in social class served as a key element affecting mothering practices. Rural and lower-class mothers had no choice but to prioritize productive labor over physical childcare; women of the traditional upper class could afford nannies; the emerging group of “new women” hired lower-class women to help with household tasks and childcare while they developed their professional careers. In addition to the physical care of children, Taiwanese mothers put great emphasis on the education and future development of children, especially sons. However, as the custom of “daughters-in-law-to-be” was quite common, from an early age many girls faced only their “mothers-in-law-to-be” instead of their biological mothers. “Mothering” was thus absent in these women’s lives, complicating the meaning of “motherhood.”

PurposeThis paper uses archival documents to begin to recover a history of women’s leadership in the advertising industry. In particular, this paper aims to identify the leadership styles of the first five presidents of the New York League of Advertising Women’s (NYLAW) club. Their leadership from 1912 to 1926 set the course for and influenced the culture of the New York League. These five women laid the foundations of a social club that would also contribute to the professionalization of women in advertising, building industry networks for women, forging leadership and mentorship links among women, providing advertising education exclusively for women and, finally, bolstering women’s status in all avenues of advertising. The first five presidents were, of course, different characters, but each exhibited the traits associated with “transformational leaders,” leaders who prepare the “demos” for their own leadership roles. The women’s styles converged with their situational context to give birth to a women’s advertising club that, like most clubs, did charity work and hosted social events, but which was developed by the first five presidents to give women the same kinds of professional opportunities as the advertising men’s clubs provided their membership. The first five presidents of the Advertising League had strong prior professional credibility because of the careers they had constructed for themselves among the men who dominated the advertising field in the first decade of the 20th century. As presidents of the NYLAW, they advocated for better jobs, equal rights at work and better pay for women working in the advertising industry.Design/methodology/approachThis paper draws on women’s advertising archival material from the Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe and Wisconsin Historical Society to argue that the five founding mothers of the NYLAW provided what can best be described as transformational feminist leadership, which resulted in building an effective club for their members and setting it on a trajectory of advocacy and education that would benefit women in the advertising industry for the next several decades. These women did not refer to themselves as “leaders,” they probably would not have considered their work in organizing the New York club an exercise in leadership, nor might they have called themselves feminists or seen their club as a haven for feminist work. However, by using modern leadership theories, the study can gain insight into how these women instantiated feminist ideals through a transformational leadership paradigm. Thus, the historical documents provide insight into the leadership roles and styles of some of the first women working in American advertising in the early parts of the 20th century.FindingsArchival documents from the women’s advertising clubs can help us to understand women’s leadership practices and to reconstruct a history of women’s leadership in the advertising industry. Eight years before women in America could vote, the first five presidents shared with the club their wealth of collective experience – over two decades worth – as advertising managers, copywriters and space buyers. The first league presidents oversaw the growth of an organization would benefit both women and the advertising industry when they proclaimed that the women’s clubs would “improve the level of taste, ethics and knowledge throughout the communications industry by example, education and dissemination of information” (Dignam, 1952, p. 9). In addition, the club structure gave ad-women a collective voice which emerged through its members’ participation in building the club and through the rallying efforts of transformational leaders.Social implicationsHistorically, the advertising industry in the USA has been “pioneered” by male industry leaders such as Claude Hopkins, Albert Lasker and David Ogilvy. However, when the authors look to archival documents, it was found that women have played leadership roles in the industry too. Drawing on historical methodology, this study reconstructs a history of women’s leadership in the advertising and marketing industries.Originality/valueThis paper helps to understand how women participated in leadership roles in the advertising industry, which, in turn, enabled other women to build careers in the industry.

Purpose. The article presents a brief overview of the 30-year period of the development of Russian gender studies and reviews the state of gender studies in Siberia in the last decade. Results. The authors came to the conclusion that the gender approach in Russia was very successful in the field of historical disciplines, especially in historical feminology and women’s studies. The authors analyze the emergence of various areas within this issue, the key topics and approaches that have been developed in the Russian humanities. The main directions were reflected in the anniversary collection digest on gender history and anthropology “Gender in the focus of anthropology, family ethnography and the social history of everyday life” (2019). Conclusion. The authors describe the current position of Siberian gender studies and conclude that gender issues in Siberia are less active in comparison with the European part of Russia. In recent years, Siberian researchers have increasingly replaced the category of “gender” with neutral categories of “family research”, “female”, “male”, and so on. More often researchers choose “classical” historical problems raised in historical science before the “humanitarian renaissance”, which began in the 1990s in Russia. In modern gender studies in the Siberian region, the capabilities of critical feminist optics and gender methodology are rarely used, and queer-issues are not developed.

Reflecting on arguments proposed in the article “Made in Patriarchy” ( Design Issues 1986), this article proposes that by re-viewing and re-searching design through the lens of women's experiences, we can think again about what design means and who does it to understand the potential of design as a vital component of heterogeneous everyday lives.

This groundbreaking book presents conceptual, theoretical and applied research on women's life histories. The authors fulfill two needs: they provide a collection of essays that grapple with controversial issues in the study of life history, and they present many narratives from women of color, the majority collected and interpreted by women of color. The individual chapters offer a variety of voices linked by a philosophical and political orientation that places women of color at the center of scholarly inquiry rather than at the periphery. Ultimately, readers find in this text innovative ways of reconceptualizing the complexities of women's lives.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to use Soar, Elinor, a 2011 NCSS notable trade book, to teach a short unit on remarkable women in traditionally male dominated fields. Students will research trailblazing women, create a project to teach others about their chosen trailblazer and represent their choice at a trailblazing women banquet. Design/methodology/approach Students will be supported in their research into trailblazing women through reading books about women who struggled to realize their dreams of succeeding in difficult professions. Findings This lesson plan gives students an opportunity to investigate the struggles of women throughout history to enter male dominated professions. Originality/value The value of this lesson plans is to provide students an opportunity to study women who have made a difference through breaking down barriers. Students will be able to learn about a variety of different women, who are not often studied in social studies classes.

This article analyses a complex inter-racial friendship between a British woman and an Indian Muslim in 1870 s London. Maria Russell and Ameer Ali were from similar middle-class backgrounds and bot...

The "woman question" is generally ignored in analyses of the class structure of society. This is so because, on the one hand, classes are generally defined by their relation to the means of production and, on the other hand, women are not supposed to have any unique relation to the means of production. The category seems instead to cut across all classes; one speaks of working-class women, middle-class women, etc. The status of women is clearly inferior to that of men, but analysis of this condition usually falls into discussing socialization, psychology, interpersonal relations, or the role of marriage as a social institution.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

The emergence of a new trend in historical science - the history of women - contributed to a qualitative change in research on the status of women, women's everyday life, the problems of women's self-organization, their participation in the political and public life of different states, performance of various social roles by women and mechanisms of their adaptation to social cataclysms, ethnology of family, gender and sexuality. Despite the fact that the women's history has attracted the attention of researchers of different specialties from different countries, as well as artists, writers and publicists for many years, and a number of significant works have already been created in this field, the book of the holder of an Advanced Doctorate in Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher at the National Museum of History of Moldova Lilia Zabolotnaia, "Moldavian Women in History. Destinies, Politics and Love" has already taken its special place in the scientific historical literature.

This article addresses cultural (artistic) memory’s ability to address past and present injustices by focusing on the artistic-political practices displayed by the professional actresses of Roma descent from the independent theater the Giuvlipen in Bucharest (Romania). The founders of this Romani women-centered theater also have ‘invented’ the word ‘Giuvlipen’ – ‘feminism’ in the Romani language – because there had previously been no word to connote both the forms of oppression and the consciousness raising politics performed by Romani women. By applying the lens of intersectional feminism, the argument this article aims to put forth is that Giuvlipen’s artistic performances can foster the awareness raising of the Romani women’s ‘double jeopardy’ (as women and as members of a discriminated ethnic minority). At the same time, the artistic performances displayed by the Giuvlipen Theater challenge the habits of historical remembering and its politics of oblivion, which can in turn promote experiential forms of knowledge and new structures and archives of feelings.

Scholarship has long demonstrated how a focus on women’s roles can reveal vital new elements of broadcasting history, adding critical perspectives on institutional, aesthetic, communicatory, and participatory media narratives. This article asks: What happens if we stop looking at the stories of women in broadcasting as “media history”? What other interpretive lenses and disciplinary traditions might we draw on, and how might we insert media fruitfully within them? The work derives from research on the early years of the International Association of Women in Radio and Television (IAWRT) as read from the correspondence of founder Wilhelmina (Lilian) Posthumus-van der Goot (1897–1989), and builds on IAWRT’s example to develop methodological considerations for writing entangled transnational histories of gender and broadcasting, absorbing insights from studies of international organizations, collective biographies, and reconsiderations of the archive in the digital age. KEYWORDS entanglement, International Association of Women in Radio and Television, international organizations, media history, transnational history

This chapter sets the academic scene for the book around the notion of shifting femininities. The chapter posits connections that this theme establishes with women’s history: and how these connections interact, in turn, to an analysis of education in its broad historical, socio-cultural and political settings. The chapter does not see femininity as an analytical category in itself, but is interested in how it is determined by its entanglement with the paradigms of race, gender, feminism and class. The broader historiographical traditions of the individual chapter topics of the book are also considered as these traditions relate to shifting femininities.

Sandra Jayat es una intelectual francesa de origen manouche que cuenta con una prolífica trayectoria literaria y pictórica consagrada por completo a la reivindicación del reconocimiento del pueblo gitano como un grupo con una herencia antropológica diferente, así como a la elaboración de un relato positivo y dignificador de la cultura de este mismo pueblo. Mediante un análisis del significado político de la producción cultural de la autora, este artículo se propone reconocer algunas de las estrategias empleadas por la mencionada intelectual romaní para la construcción de una identidad gitana transnacional. Sandra Jayat is a French intellectual of Manouche origin who has completely consecrated her prolific career as a painter and writer to the claim for the recognition of Roma people as a group with a differential anthropological heritage, as well as to the development of a dignifying and positive narrative of the culture of this same people. By analysing the political meaning of her cultural production of the author, this paper has the purpose of recognizing certain strategies used by the mentioned Romani intellectual to elaborate a transnational gypsy identity. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación HAR2015-64744-P

The purpose of this study is to explore the multifaceted aspects of the Korean women’s movement of Japanese military “comfort women” from a postcolonial feminist perspective. Based on ethnographic research, over ten years of participant observation as an insider-outsider of the movement, and in-depth interviews, this paper analyzes the ways in which the movement’s activism and its dominant principles shifted within the context of an expanding political space brought on by ongoing negotiations and/or conflict with legacies of Imperial Japan and androcentric nationalism. From the outset, the “comfort women” movement questioned the colonial legacies and androcentric nationalism that doubly oppress colonized women. It has problematized the way in which the elision of “I” represented in repetitive national narratives, actually insists that subaltern “comfort women” cannot speak for themselves. I argue that the most important movement contribution is to lead “comfort women” to speaking out, which exposes the impossibility of nationalism without competitive performativity. Therefore, what we need to do, rather than insisting that the movement is a simple “nationalist one,” is to take responsibility to produce a new space that can offer insight abouUt our past in the present with a transformative recognition of “comfort women.”

The role of women as mineworkers and as household workers has been erased. Here, we challenge the masculinity associated with the mines, taking a longer-term and a global labour history perspective. We foreground the importance of women as mineworkers in different parts of the world since the early modern period and analyse the changes introduced in coal mining in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the masculinization and mechanization, and the growing importance of women in contemporary artisanal and small-scale mining. The effect of protective laws and the exclusion of women from underground tasks was to restrict women's work more to the household, which played a pivotal role in mining communities but is insufficiently recognized. This process of “de-labourization” of women's work was closely connected with the distinction between productive and unproductive labour. This introductory article therefore centres on the important work carried out in the household by women and children. Finally, we present the three articles in this Special Theme and discuss how each of them is in dialogue with the topics addressed here. Many thanks also to Marie-José Spreeuwenberg for her invaluable engagement.

The far-right is rewriting women’s history to better serve their ideological guidelines. Through this practice they are creating an alternative history of the roles that women have fulfilled within society in the past and offering examples of what their feminine aims should be in the future. This chapter will attempt to analyse the images of Joan of Arc, Marine Le Pen, Mary Magdalene and the Women’s Ku Klux Klan. This will further seek to understand the why of this transmutation of the feminine and the purpose it serves to the white supremacist cause. This chapter not only determined how and why the far-right and white supremacist groups seek to create alternative histories that better suit their ideology. It is also extremely important for analysis of the manner in which the far-right seeks to create submissive women. It highlights how history can be utilised and adapted for ideological purposes.

The Encyclopedia of Pandemic Activism is intended to be a resource for activists, researchers from any discipline, students, and anyone else interested in activism "before," "during," and the eventual "after" the COVID-19 global pandemic. What are the historical antecedents to different social movements and social justice causes? Scholars have maintained that the COVID pandemic revealed the inequalities in our society. Activists countered that so many of us already knew that the inequalities existed, that COVID and the disparate responses to who catches the virus, whether they receive adequate medical attention. The Encyclopedia of Pandemic Activism explores what activism looks like the face of a global health crisis and major economic collapse.

This article explores the politics of digital archives focused explicitly on women journal- ists and their work. A key question is here the wider implications and value for journal- ism historiography. A qualitative analysis is conducted of the online presence of two illustrative archives, one an oral history project called Women in Journalism and the other a women’s history database called Kvinnsam. The analysis finds that whereas the archives do not lend themselves to participation as agency in co-constructing history, they give access to otherwise nonsearchable, nonvisible, and nonaccessible material of relevance to the history of women journalists and their work. The agency and political power of the archives are dependent on institutions, first, to simply materialize as online archives and, second, to (potentially) affect political matters and express political acts of resistance. For journalism history studies, this means engaging with the archives that exist, what forms they have, and how they are used. For digital journalism, this also implies a discussion of how archival experimenting could develop the field.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to outline the SOURCES framework for teaching with primary sources and document why it is imperative that students utilize a variety of sources, as they become aware of the power of history and become more proficient at discussing, expressing, and persuasively defending opinions about various issues and topics from history. The focus of the inquiry investigations outlined is on the agentic power of women throughout the American history. Design/methodology/approach To initiate and cultivate historical thinking practices and working with primary sources with students at various levels of expertise, it is important to properly scaffold the learning process and allow opportunities for students to successfully build historical thinking skills. The lessons shared will demonstrate how teachers can enable students to interact with children’s literature, other resources, and to examine primary and secondary sources to think critically and historically. Findings Through the use of the SOURCES Framework, students are given the opportunity to learn about historical agents in an authentic manner and can find ways to serve as their own agents of change. Social implications Students need to understand that civic participation is a necessity of our American democracy and that women from the past and today have been and are continuing to encourage the legacy of civic participation. These women deserve to be heard and should be learned about in our social studies classroom today. Framing an inquiry about the agentic powers of women, using the SOURCES Framework, will encourage authentic inquiry, corroboration with different sources before making assertions, and the construction of evidence-based narratives. Ultimately, this will also inspire students to be their own advocates in their world around them and become active members in our greater society. Originality/value This is an original piece that documents how students can think historically, utilize sources, and think about their own agentic abilities. The SOURCES Framework has been utilized in a variety of ways and has been tested in grades K-16.

Questo saggio vuole evidenziare come questa prima fase di “lotta” per l’emancipazione femminile ebbe come elemento centrale la scrittura. A partire dai Galatei, fulcro di questo panel, si procederà ad analizzare le diverse forme di scrittura che le donne italiane della seconda metà del XIX secolo cominciarono a sperimentare in misura sempre crescente e che possono essere lette come forme di educazione a una cittadinanza sempre più ampia. Testi, che se da un lato continuarono a essere iscritti nella “morale sociale” dei manuali di etichetta, cominciarono anche a trattare problematiche “moderne” quali il lavoro e la condizione femminile, come nel caso delle opere della Marchesa Colombi. Aspetto ulteriore che verrà analizzato sono le singole biografie: anche se scrivevano “manuali” conformi alle regole sociali, queste donne della seconda metà del XIX secolo mostrarono nei loro percorsi biografici una chiara volontà di emancipazione e di acquisizione della cittadinanza.

The main task of the author is an attempt to show the specificity of everyday life of the women-prisoners of Akmolinsk camp for the wives of «traitors of the Motherland», emphasizing the ways of survival of the prisoners and forms of overcoming their grief in the camp. Fundamentally in the methodological base of research there are general scientific principles of analysis and synthesis, the method of critical analysis of sources, the methodology of everyday history, as well as the methodology of working with ego-documents. In the article, the author used the anthropocentric approach according to which the main object of study is a person, as well as the gender approach to analyze the actual female dimension of everyday life in camps. Akmolinsk camp differed not only from other correctional labor camps of the GULAG system, but also from similar ones. Women had their own value system there and tried to survive behind barbed wire in a different way. Their daily condemnation was assisted by daily work and faith in the future, namely, the quickest release. And in order to survive the grief from the loss of the family and friends, creativity and friendship with each other helped. This topic in the future can be used to compare the everyday life of women in different periods of the existence of a corrective labor system. In the future, the results of the research may be useful for a more profound analysis of the camp experience of Ukrainian women. In general, the expansion and further analysis of this topic is important for the formation of historical memory in Ukraine and the overcoming of the totalitarian past.

Against all odds, in uncertain and violent times, Colombian women are mobilising for peace. They do so even when they face ongoing violence and personal threats from a variety of armed actors. Despite a well-established tradition of studying women’s social movements in times of conflict, there is a lacuna when it comes to analysing feminism as a mobilisation strategy. This article uses the case study of the League of Displaced Women, the Liga de Mujeres Desplazadas (LMD) to illustrate the utility of Zulver’s High Risk Feminism framework to explain how and why women chose to build the City of Women, despite the real and threatened danger that this implied. The article narrates the history of the LMD, from its foundations in a geography of marginality to its creation of a space of resistance for displaced women and their families. In all, this articles demonstrates how feminist resistance has not only become a way of life for the women of the LMD, but also a strategy for creating pockets of safe places in the midst of a conflict zone.

Even though rarely acknowledged, approximately one fourth of all European Muslims live in the Balkans. These Muslims, as well as women of the Balkans, are seldom in the focus of scientific research on Islam and Europe. This article discusses themes related to the women’s movement and feminism in the Balkans and within Islamic framework from women’s point of view. The research context is located in the Republic of Macedonia and ethnographic material builds on thematic interviews with Albanian Muslim women. Four generally recognized orientations are distinguished (1) atheist or antireligious feminism, (2) secular feminism, (3) gender complementarity as an ideal and (4) Islamic/Muslim feminism(s), and used as analytical tools while ethnographic interview material is tackled. Article sheds light on Albanian-speaking women’s thoughts concerning Islam in the contemporary context, and tendencies of these thoughts to enlarge space that women occupy through personal interpretations of Islamic tradition.

Why do women's economic decision-making and political empowerment vary so widely? What are the main potential determinants of such variations? Over a cross-section of Italian provincial data, we analyze the association between two specific facets of women's empowerment, the percentage of women holding office in local political bodies and the percentage of women in high-ranking jobs, and the religious and cultural conditions which facilitate or hinder women's inclusion. Our hypothesis is that culture, in particular those values embodied by religious culture, plays a central role in shaping norms and beliefs about the role and involvement of women in society. Moreover we suggest that these cultural norms are inherited from the past and therefore have a high degree of inertia. Both OLS and IV results indicate that our measures of women's empowerment are strongly associated with religious culture, as proxied by religious marriages. These results are robust and consistent across specifications.

While the dominant narrative suggests that Morocco is a champion of stability and moderation in the ‘Arab world,’ this article challenges that discourse and argues that the state’s hagiographic narrative on women’s rights and gender equality is problematic. This article also draws attention to the discontinuity between the legal focus on violence against women (VAW) by women’s rights groups on one hand and the views and needs of non-elite Moroccan women on the other. This focus on reforms in the legal space has, concomitantly, left the existing power structures, which lay at the heart of inequality in Morocco, unchallenged. By illustrating these two arguments, the article also highlights a mutually fashioning, albeit asymmetrical, relationship between the government and women’s rights groups, which perpetuates inadequacies in both of their approaches.

Rio de Janeiro, 1845: Inacia, an enslaved woman, gives birth to triplets, attended by a white doctor at the request of her slaveholder. All her babies die during their first night.Havana, 1854: a f...

This paper presents a case study drawn from design-based research (DBR) on a mobile, place-based augmented reality history game. Using DBR methods, the game was developed by the author as a history...