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To most conservationists and many parents, it seems obvious that it is a good thing to teach children to value the natural world. Not only does connection with nature support their development and well‐being, but it also supports ongoing efforts by humans to sustain the natural world. However, there are incontrovertible trends towards a diminution of the state of nature as a consequence of human activities. In this context, as a thought experiment, we address a rather grim question: Should we still encourage children to be connected to nature, to care for it and be concerned about it? We first consider the meaning of connection to nature in the Anthropocene, and then turn to a consideration of several ethical dimensions of this problem, including the potential trade‐off between well‐known health benefits of time in nature and the long‐term psychological impacts of loss of nature (e.g., ecological grief and solastalgia). While there is no simple answer to our question, our analysis does highlight underappreciated ethical dilemmas of the Anthropocene as well as the value of the local, urban forms of nature to which children around the world are increasingly exposed and engaging with in unprecedented ways. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

International audience; Direct experiences of nature are increasingly being replaced by technologically-mediated ones, with unclear implications for people's attitudes toward nature and toward environmental conservation. In this essay, we argue that it is useful to think not simply about the extinction of nature-based experience, but about the specific ways in which experiences of nature are being transformed into different types of experience, in order to consider the possible effects. Two important characteristics of these transformed experiences are that they are standardized, and that they encompass less sensory richness; based on research on the positive effects of direct experience, these characteristics suggest a possible reduction in both human wellbeing and support for environmental conservation. Because the transformation of nature experience is unlikely to be reversed, we encourage formal and informal environmental education that mindfully teaches children how to think about the relationship between virtual and real environments, so that one does not completely supplant the other.

As an organization that promotes socially relevant research, SPSSI encourages psychologists to engage in individual behaviors—their research activities—that are connected to issues of social interest. Thus, it can be argued that one of SPSSI's goals is to strengthen the connection between social issues and personal life, broadly defined. Some of the most urgent and salient social issues currently revolve around the natural environment, climate change in particular. This is an issue which many people do not connect to their personal lives. In this article, after briefly explaining why environmental issues should be considered social issues, I discuss the way in which environmental issues relate to personal life, and use environmental issues to explore the connection between social issues and personal life. I argue that the ability to make this connection involves cognitive processes such as systems thinking, and encourage more research in this area.

Despite decades of awareness about the biodiversity crisis, it remains a wicked problem. Besides preservation and restoration strategies, one approach has fo-cused on increasing public concern about biodiversity issues by emphasizing opportunities for people to experience natural environments. In this article, we endeavor to complicate the understanding of these experiences of nature (EoN). Because EoN are embedded in social and cultural contexts, transforma-tive or new EoN are emerging in combination with societal changes in work, home, and technology. Policies that acknowledge and accept a diversity of culturally situated EoN, including negative EoN, could help people reconnect with the complexity and dynamics of biodiversity. A new conceptualization of EoN that encompasses diverse experiences and reflects the sociocultural context could help to stimulate a broader transformation in the relationship between society and nature, one that better integrates the two spheres. Such a transformation is necessary to more effectively address the biodiversity crisis.

Education has been proposed as an important way to increase environmental concern. Beyond providing information, education could also encourage a stable sense of oneself as connected to the natural...

This chapter makes a case for a focus on climate change community resilience—the study of a community’s capability to flexibly and effectively respond to climate change—in order to understand and promote functionally adaptive responses to climate change. While there is considerable research on the role of individual psychological processes in promoting engagement with climate change, much more research on place-based, community-focused dimensions of climate change psychology is needed. We provide an overview of the broader interdisciplinary perspective on community resilience and highlight psychology’s potential role to contribute further in this literature. Looking forward, we explicate key ways in which both community resilience and psychological research would benefit from their integration, and identify ways of advancing theory and research in this domain.

International audience; The increasing levels of stress entailed by contemporary urban lifestyles can lead to a greater desire to escape from cities. The restorative sense of ‘being away’ produced by natural environments has been substantially explored in greenspaces but little studied in zoos, which endeavour to immerse visitors in a local or exotic environment through both the visual environment and soundscape. We explore how soundscapes contribute to this sense of immersion through self-reflective interviews with 20 participants in two zoos in Paris (France). The zoo was perceived as a natural or a socially crowded area depending on the auditory context. Interestingly, focusing on the captive exotic animals seemed to make participants more aware of the more common birds around them in the zoo. By highlighting both, zoos could potentially increase awareness and care for urban biodiversity.

Global climate change poses one of the greatest challenges facing humanity in this century. This article, which introduces the American Psychologist special issue on global climate change, follows from the report of the American Psychological Association Task Force on the Interface Between Psychology and Global Climate Change. In this article, we place psychological dimensions of climate change within the broader context of human dimensions of climate change by addressing (a) human causes of, consequences of, and responses (adaptation and mitigation) to climate change and (b) the links between these aspects of climate change and cognitive, affective, motivational, interpersonal, and organizational responses and processes. Characteristics of psychology that cross content domains and that make the field well suited for providing an understanding of climate change and addressing its challenges are highlighted. We also consider ethical imperatives for psychologists' involvement and provide suggestions for ways to increase psychologists' contribution to the science of climate change.

Research on identity has proliferated in recent decades, particularly within environmental psychology; the physical environment has been shown to have strong connections to a sense of self, and identity has proved to be an important mediator of behaviour. The concept of identity has been defined and measured, however, in a wide variety of ways. The goal of this special issue is to present some of the recent work tying identity to place and behaviour. In our opening essay we describe some of the distinctions among approaches to identity at different levels of specificity and scale and suggest some criteria to determine meaningful sources of identity, including impacts on cognitive processing, emotional responses, and behaviour. Although a monolithic framework is neither practical nor desirable, we encourage greater conceptual and methodological integration in future research on the interconnections among place, identity, and behaviour.

This article discusses female husbands as they have been depicted in written narratives from Henry Fielding's use in 1746 up until present day debates. Questions of the cultural issues of gender, transgenderism, and the social construction of lesbianism are considered in the context of female masculinity, of which female husbands are one example.

SUMMARY Librarians often cringe when they hear the word copyright, when it is combined with electronic reserves the immediate impulse is to run away as far and as fast as possible. This paper presents the process used by the Armacost Library staff at the University of Redlands to develop and implement a copyright policy for the electronic reserve collection. The development of the policy, the implementation, and the procedures used for copyright compliance are presented. Other libraries of similar size that are struggling with the copyright issues specific to electronic reserves will hopefully be able to use this example as a model.

Gardening is a popular pastime in the United States, worth investigating because of its potential for important effects on the individual as well as on the ecosystem. The present study was designed to investigate motivations for gardening and their relationship to attitudes toward nature and to gardening practices. Understanding such motivations may inform attempts to promote more sustainable gardening practices. One hundred twenty-six visitors to a garden center completed a survey about benefits from gardening, uses of their yard and concerns underlying their gardening practices. Results suggested that appreciation for nature was a significant motivation for gardening, but that social concerns and uses were also important. Both nature uses and social uses of the yard were associated with satisfaction. In general, respondents did not make a strong connection between their own private yards and the natural environment. Using the yard to appreciate nature, though, was associated with ecological considerations and concerns. A concern with practical issues like cost and ease of maintenance was negatively correlated with using the yard to appreciate nature, and was unconnected with satisfaction. Implications for encouraging sustainable gardening practices are discussed.

Environmental challenges, though daunting, present an important area for psychologists to apply their knowledge. Psychological theories, research methods, and interventions are essential for examining the questions about human impacts, tendencies, and capacities that are integral to constructing effective responses to these challenges. Although a great deal of relevant research has been done, there is scope for psychologists to be more extensively involved. Following a brief review of existing research, we outline some important new directions. We also highlight 2 key divergences, arguing that psychological research needs to expand beyond a traditional, theory-based and decontextualized approach to environmental issues to incorporate a contextualized or "place-based" approach and a willingness to collaborate in interdisciplinary research teams that focus on specific environmental problems. Suggestions for promoting such interdisciplinary collaborations are reviewed. We encourage psychologists to expand their engagement with important environmental issues through multiple research approaches in order to further their understanding of human behavior, contributions to human well-being, and relevance to other disciplines and to society.

We discuss the ideas presented by Renner and Moore. We agree that it is a mistake to justify affirmative action solely in terms of diversity, and we think it is vital to note the continuing disparities in the educational opportunities afforded to White students and to other students. We believe that the views expressed by Renner and Moore present an opportunity to think critically about a number of issues related to affirmative action.

Provides insight into one university library's experience in delivering library instruction to off‐campus students in the School of Business and the School of Education while also exploring such issues as library instruction for graduate students, face‐to‐face instruction at off‐campus centers, uses of technology, faculty interaction, student needs, and librarian logistics. Examines the literature on this topic, to: review the current services offered to off‐campus students, review how the off‐campus library instruction takes place, discuss developments for the future, and present recommendations for improving the service. Finds that, at the University of Redlands, off‐campus library services are experiencing a time of growth. A goal of the library and the University to provide personalized library instruction to graduate students is gradually being realized. The off‐campus students are beginning to receive services equal to library services received by on‐campus students. Proposes that this study could be used to assist other colleges and universities in developing a program for library instruction for off‐campus students.

Affirmative action is a controversial policy. Lauded by many, the attempt at social engineering has also been condemned by some as unnecessary and by others as counterproductive to the goal of social equality. As such, affirmative action is ideally situated to benefit from psychological research pertaining to the need for and the effectiveness of the policy. This article discusses both the potential benefits to American society of affirmative action and the potential costs of such a policy. Concluding that affirmative action is useful, we end with a look at ways to make affirmative action programs as effective as possible.

Justice has become important in public and private consideration of the environment, but a number of different ways of operationalizing justice can be seen. Previous literature suggests that principles stressing responsibility and the public good are more common than need and equity in thinking about environmental issues. The results from two questionnaire studies, presented here, confirm that environmental justice—responsibility to other species and to future generations, and the rights of the environment—emerges as the most highly rated consideration in resolving environmental conflicts and that this factor is distinct from traditional procedural and distributive justice factors. Highlighting the individual or the collective makes different justice principles salient but that the effect depends on one's original position.

Because environmental degradation has the potential to negatively affect mental and social well-being, environmental sustainability is highly relevant to psychologists, who have a tradition of interventions designed to change behavior. Although many psychologists are already using psychological knowledge and tools to protect environmental resources, their efforts are neither widely known nor extensively utilized in applied conservation settings. Here, we describe some barriers to effective conservation interventions adopted by psychologists and conservation professionals alike, and provide suggestions to both disciplines for more productive engagement. We also present an illustrative example of psychological science applied to promote environmental conservation in a zoological park setting. Our aim is to raise awareness of the possibilities for such collaboration and to urge conservation professionals and psychologists to work together in order to proactively address pressing environmental challenges. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The natural environment is a topic of increasing importance, and themes of justice are increasingly relevant to that topic. This introduction to the special issue on Green Justice will describe the ways in which justice issues relate to the natural environment. It will discuss some of the overarching questions with regard to justice and the natural environment, as well as suggest some of the ways in which this area can be studied. Finally, it will orient the reader toward the remaining papers in the volume by defining the scheme underlying their order as well as briefly describing each paper.

Arguments over issues with environmental implications are increasingly salient in the public arena, and appeals to justice are made by both those who favor and those who oppose environmental regulations. But can justice really be claimed by each side with equal plausibility? The concept of justice can be defined in different ways, which may tend to favor one side or the other. Although there is a high degree of variability among the arguments presented, the environmental crisis seems most generally to pit justice for the individual, or microjustice, against justice for a larger group, or macrojustice. The present article examines the evidence for this, and reports the results of a study examining appeals to different principles of justice. Subjects were asked to evaluate arguments based on microjustice principles, such as procedural justice, or macrojustice principles, such as equality and responsibility, by each side of the environmental debate. Although pro-environmental arguments received stronger ratings overall, it was also found, as expected, that appeals based on procedural justice were relatively stronger when phrased in terms of an anti-environmental stance, and other arguments were relatively stronger for the pro-environmental position.

Up to this point the focus has been on three tasks. The first involved explaining how justice imperatives become a pervasive and important source of human motivation. Our second task was to critically reexamine the evidence for how self-interest appears in people's lives. That reanalysis of available evidence persuasively described how preconscious self-conceited beliefs, rather than self-serving motives, biased judgments of deservingness; that does not negate the common observation that people may, at times, intentionally manipulate rules of fairness or ignore them to justify benefiting themselves. Finally we described, with supporting evidence, how people arrive at judgments of deservingness and justice. The important task now is to understand when and how self-conceited beliefs, and motivations based on self-interest, might interact with the important influence of justice imperatives in order to guide emotional and behavioral responses. We will begin by examining a few experiments that provide examples in which justice imperatives appear along with motivations based on self-conceit and self-interest as alternative and/or conjunctive influences in people's lives. Persistent Influence of Initial Automatic Imperatives One set of studies illustrates the way the preconscious effects of the justice motive can override self-interest. Apparently, when people are highly aroused by the initial recognition of an injustice to themselves or others, they will often ignore or at least be relatively unaffected by the dictates of conventional rules of rational judgment (Simons and Piliavin, 1972). In addition, they may ignore considerations of self-interest, as they automatically engage in emotion-directed justice-restoring reactions.

Most research on justice has aimed to describe abstract, depersonalized models that could apply to anyone. However, much of this research has involved identity, if only implicitly. We argue that justice needs to be contextualized to take into account the powerful effects of identity in determining when justice matters. The complexity and fluidity of identity need to be considered to understand when, why, and how strongly people care about justice, and how people choose among competing models of justice. We review existing research on distributive, procedural, and inclusionary justice and describe their connection to identity. We illustrate the intersection of justice and identity in environmental issues, a context in which these constructs have significant implications for individual, community, and planetary well-being. We conclude with 4 points to stimulate further research on the intersections of identity and justice.

What commonalities appear among the richly diverse set of articles we present? What conclusions about the interface between personal life and social issues can be drawn from the theories and research findings contained in this issue? Some of the authors represented here (e.g., Elms; Stewart & Healy) have presented evidence for a social-personal link, while others (e.g., Crosby & Herek; Tyler & McGraw) have demonstrated a discontinuity between the social and the personal. How can the different types of finding be reconciled? Without obscuring the differences (or, indeed, the disagreements) among the various authors, we find some points of convergence, which we believe hold lessons for our understanding of the connections between personal life and social issues.

Considerable debate has taken place as to the nature of social need and ways in which it can best be identified in individual people, but little attention has focussed on the way assessments of need are used in the process of policy formation. The article takes Jonathan Bradshaw's commonly quoted taxonomy of social need and assesses its strengths and weaknesses for use in a practical policy making setting, that of assessment of need for sheltered housing for elderly people by a district housing authority. Some fundamental problems associated with Bradshaw's approach are then discussed, together with those arising from use of a term such as need in the process of policy formation.

Connections between the facts of people's personal circumstances and their judgments about social and political issues are often murky or invisible. This seems counterintuitive. The nature of social issues is such that most people in a particular society possess some information about them and, if pressed, will be able to offer an opinion concerning them; it would seem reasonable to assume that these opinions reflect the individual's personal circumstances in some way. Similarly, if a set of events is to qualify as a “social issue” it must affect people, even if indirectly; it is thus to be expected that social issues would influence the interpretation of and behavior in people's personal lives. Yet researchers who make these assumptions are frequently surprised. What is the nature of the associations between the events in one's private life and one's attitudes about sociopolitical matters? How often do the abstractions of larger issues remain isolated from the concrete realities of daily existence, and what circumstances bring the abstract and the concrete into alignment?