Search

Discussed are some sociological theories about instability in black ghettos, the Negro social class structure, and some policy implications derived from such analyses. The point of departure for this document is Norton Long's theory that ghetto unrest is a result of the absence of a black middle class. The consequent lack of Negro middle class leadership results in an unstable lower class community without brokers to act as middle men between whites and blacks. An assessment of this theory raises some questions of its relevance to current conditions--class antagonism within the black community, the urban crisis, economic factors, and the radical search for a different society. (NH)

Reports that social class indicators explain relatively little variance in environmental attitudes accounted for by "class." Education is subordinate to age as a predictor of environmental attitudes and much of the gross effect of education is the result of the generally high educational backgrounds of young adults. (Author/MA)

This article shows the philosophical kinship between Adam Smith and Mary Wollstonecraft on the subject of love. Though the two major 18th century thinkers are not traditionally brought into conversation with each other, Wollstonecraft and Smith share deep moral concerns about the emerging commercial society. As the new middle class continues to grow along with commerce, vanity becomes an ever more common vice among its members. But a vain person is preoccupied with appearance, status, and flattery—things that get in the way of what Smith and Wollstonecraft regard as the deep human connection they variously describe as love, sympathy, and esteem. Commercial society encourages inequality, Smith argues, and Wollstonecraft points out that this inequality is particularly obvious in the relationships between men and women. Men are vain about their wealth, power and status; women about their appearance. Added to this is the fact that most middle class women are both uneducated and encouraged by the conduct literature of their day to be sentimental and irrational. The combined economic and moral considerations of Wollstonecraft and Smith show that there is very little room for love in commercial society as they conceived it.

This article draws on the work of Raymond Williams to argue that under covid-19 the dominant ‘ways of seeing’ the countryside and the city in Britain are working to obscure the structural violence of capitalism. Cultural narratives of ‘exodus’ from the city abound in British media, fuelling a material ‘race for space’ as the middle class rush to buy up rural properties. The ‘cottagecore’ social media aesthetic has proliferated, offering privatized solutions to the crisis through nostalgic imagery of pastoral escape. At the same time, nineteenth-century discourses of dark, diseased cities have been rearticulated, providing ideological support for racist migration policies. Exploited migrant workers in Leicester are framed as ‘modern slaves’ in the city’s ‘dark factories’;their bodies are transcoded as ‘dirt’ which must be ‘rooted out’ of the nation. We argue that these binary narratives and aesthetics of a bountiful, white countryside and an infested, racialized city lead to an ‘unseeing’ of the deep structural causes of inequality. We develop Williams’s analysis to show how these cultural imaginaries also sustain the gendered and racialized division of labour under capitalism, arguing that the country-city distinction, and the material injustices it obscures, ought to become a central focus for cultural studies. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Popular discourse continues to equate ‘good’ motherhood with middle class, heterosexual coupledom and lone motherhood with dysfunctionality, despite ever-increasing diversity in family life. Drawing on interviews with lone mothers in two locations in the north of England, this article introduces the concept of ‘good lone motherhood’ to capture a process whereby women internalise nuclear family ideology while simultaneously resisting stigma and taking pride in their achievements in fulfilling practical and emotional demands of lone parenting. Application of a family practices framework is expanded through insights into what ‘doing’ good lone motherhood entails in everyday life and how it is ‘displayed’ to different audiences. Taking a comparative approach involving women in areas with contrasting socio-economic profiles highlights the contextual nature of display. Analysis of agential reflexivity and structural constraints demonstrates ways in which gender and class disadvantages can undermine capacity to ‘successfully’ convey a positive maternal identity.

Anti-Muslim hostility in Europe operates in a variety of forms and settings. While a rich body of work has highlighted the multifaceted stigmatization of Islam in European societies, little is know...

Stemming essentially from D. L. Sheth and the work embodied in his 1999 essay ‘Secularisation of Caste and Making of New Middle Class’, the article attempts to outline the pathways for an alternative engagement with caste and politics. In perspective is what is termed the ‘triumphalist’ mode of encountering caste identities; and, along this course, the extant possibilities of the constructivist understanding of caste are addressed. The stakes of the exercise are largely theoretical and conceptual, although a further thought is thrown in about the contemporary ground of caste politics in India as well.

The subjective aspects of class, such as class identity, class awareness, or Bourdieu’s “sense of one’s place”, compound the whole cluster of modern class studies. A sufficient amount of empirical data on subjective class issues has allowed Ukrainian scholars to define major class categories that are subjectively salient for Ukrainians, as well as to follow its dynamics throughout the period of Independence. This paper continues the tradition of such studies while using the data from the latest International Social Survey Programme 2019 and previous research. It depicts the current state of subjective stratification as it is viewed and constructed by Ukrainians.We use two methodological approaches here to define and measure classes with which Ukrainians identify themselves: one implies a single-answer multiple-choice survey question and the other is based on an open-ended question. That allows us to compare and verify the results received from the two approaches. Then, we analyze and describe the connection between the dynamics of class self-identification and bigscale changes of the Ukrainian transformation period. The working class and the middle class continue to dominate the landscape of the subjective class structure in Ukraine. These two class identities are the most popular ones whether being chosen by respondents in a multiple-choice question or being mentioned in an open-ended question. However, the dynamics of the two classes differ. While the public request for the middle class increases steadily, the popularity of the working class declines.We suggest addressing these trends, taking into account the conditions of time and place, both from local and global perspectives, and factoring in economic, social, and discursive changes of the period researched., Суб’єктивний соціальний клас як відчуття свого місця в суспільстві, класова ідентичність як складник соціальної ідентичності, класові уявлення – всі ці та інші питання утворюють окремий напрям сучасних класових студій. Наразі напрацьовано значний емпіричний матеріал, який уможливлює дослідження українського суспільства з позицій суб’єктивного класового підходу, визначення основних класових категорій, які є суб’єктивно значущими для українців, їхню питому вагу і динаміку упродовж періоду незалежності. Ця стаття продовжує традицію таких досліджень, спираючись як на попередні, так і на актуальні дані Міжнародної програми соціальних досліджень ISSPтза 2019 рік. У статті описано актуальну картину суб’єктивної стратифікації, як її бачать і конструюють дорослі українці, зафіксовано основні суб’єктивні класові категорії, з якими вони себе ідентифікують. Здійснено порівняльний аналіз частки і динаміки суб’єктивних класів, виявлених за допомогою двох дослідницьких підходів – із використанням відкритого та закритого запитань (клас як суб’єктивно значуща група і клас як ситуативна ідентичність відповідно). Проаналізовано зв’язок між змінами у суб’єктивній класовій структурі та масштабними суспільними змінами в Україні. Робітничий клас та середній клас залишаються найбільш запитаними категоріями класової самоідентифікації дорослих українців, що підтверджують відповіді як на відкрите, так і на закрите запитання щодо класової самоідентифікації. Водночас відбувається певна гармонізація суб’єктивних класових схем, побудованих із застосуванням двох зазначених дослідницьких підходів.Увиразнюються тенденції, зафіксовані попередніми дослідженнями, а саме: висхідна динаміка суб’єктивного середнього класу та низхідна суб’єктивного робітничого. Виявлені тенденції пропонується розглядати в контексті об’єктивних структурних та дискурсивних змін, пояснювати їх через масштабніші процеси як локального, так і глобального характеру.

There has been reference in literature to the concepts of a Transnational Capitalist Class and a Global Middle Class, but there has been little discussion of how education may form any sense of class solidarity for these groups. In national contexts, ruling class socialisation has been achieved through elite private schooling. But the notion of global classes presents a fundamentally different problem for class socialisation and solidarity since the educational mechanisms for creating solidarity are unclear. This question has achieved prominence through the political discourse identifying and attacking an international, liberal elite who are ‘Citizens of Anywhere’ and ‘Nowhere’. We focus on the role of the elite, traditional ‘International School’, delivering the International Baccalaureate programmes specifically designed to promote ‘international mindedness’ (IM), in the educational trajectories of this echelon of society. We argue that IM offers a class constructed platform in providing an element of global social solidarity.

Ideologies are constructed and propagated through the subtle use of language. Textbooks are designed deftly to propagate a desired version of social realities to the target reader ship. The present research decodes critically the religious contents present in PTB and OUP primary Urdu textbooks taught at Punjab Pakistan during 2021-2022. The data for the present research has been collected purposively from the chapters containing religious contents in different shad from the selected primary Urdu textbooks. The present research employs an integrated research approach by drawing upon Fairclough (2003, 2012) research models. The levels of analysis include representation, lexicalization, metaphor, rhyme scheme, in/ exclusion and normative critique of language. The findings of the research reveal that representation of religion in the selected data is polarized. The role of economy and class difference contribute a lot in the propagation of religious ideology to middle and elite classes. Besides, it contents that the frequency of occurrence of religious contents is higher in PTB, (book which is 26%) as compared to OUP book where this frequency is 12%. This is how the present study confirms that inclination of middle class towards religion is higher as compared to its counterpart.

LGBTQ+ youth experience health disparities compared with heterosexual and cisgender youth. Community-based, positive youth development organizations are an important resource to support and affirm LGBTQ+ youth. This study aimed to identify the opportunities and challenges in supporting LGBTQ+ youth within 4-H. The study took place in one state in the United States within a 4-H program and employed qualitative, community-based methods using SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analyses and focus groups of 4-H staff, support staff, volunteers, and youth participants. The majority of participants were White and middle class with direct connections to the 4-H program. Thematic analyses were conducted by multiple analysts until consensus was reached. Challenges and opportunities emerged in 3 themes: (a) organizational climate; (b) policies and procedures; and (c) training, education, and resources. Two additional themes included opportunities only: (a) community engagement and (b) youth-specific resources. This study has important implications for the 4-H program, rural community practice, and research, including strategies to improve LGBTQ+ inclusivity through education, programs and policies, hiring, and community partnerships. Additionally, this study highlights the opportunity and unique positionality of the 4-H program to amplify youth voices in the creation of youth-specific resources.

This article is concerned with examining the relation between gender division of unpaid work and class. Drawing on in-depth interviews with middle-class dual earner heterosexual couples conducted in Russia, I show how the gender division of housework and care could be shaped by processes of accountability not only to sex category (“doing gender”) but also to class category (“doing class”). I discuss how my interviewees perceived various gender contracts that have evolved in post-socialist Russia as profoundly classed. I further show how their resulting understandings of middle-class (in)appropriate ways of doing masculinity and femininity influenced the division of work in their families. Men were not only accountable as breadwinners but also as carers; while women, in addition to their caring roles, were accountable for their career and sex appeal. In several couples, this double gender and class accountability underpinned their comparatively more equal—although not necessarily more egalitarian—gender division of housework and care.

One of the most pressing issues confronting developing countries is their ability to provide affordable housing to middle and lower-income groups. This issue affects Egypt because of its economic challenges as well as the increasing population growth rate, and it manifest primarily in the middle class category, which is the largest segment of the population whose economic capabilities do not reach the material well-being of the upper class to obtain the housing units they desire. The middle class also has more aspirations than the low-income group to obtain adequate housing, and is highly dependent on its income compared to the low-income group that dependents largely on government support. The development of new cities is considered one of the potential solutions to the housing problem in general and to the middle class in particular. This article, accordingly, examines the housing sector at the outset by describing the housing situation in Egypt as well as the gap between the supply and demand in the real estate market. It then identifies the middle class socially and economically and the capabilities and needs of this population group. The article then explores different assessment criteria for the middle housing systems adopted from the Egyptian ministry of housing and utilities in cooperation with the United Nations office in Egypt and apply these indicators to four housing projects in the New Cairo city (the largest city around the larger region of Cairo). These projects represents the main agents responsible for providing housing units in Egypt including the government, private, and cooperative sectors. The assessment indicators were divided into four criteria (schematic and architectural, economic, social, administrative and organizational) and it was found that the proximity rate to the overall average of these criteria did not exceed an average of sixty percent for all the four projects indicating an apparent imbalance in the middle-class housing market. This shortage appears in factors - rather than the quantity of available units - which affects the functioning of the housing market. The article concludes by highlighting the gap between what is implemented on the ground and what is actually needed for the middle class group, and hence the extraction of recommendations to avoid these gaps. تعتبر مشکلة الإسکان واحدة من أهم المشاکل التي تواجه الدول النامية، وذلک من خلال عدم قدرتها علي توفير سکن ميسور التکلفة للفئات متوسطي ومحدودي الدخل، هذه المشکلة تعاني منها مصر نظرا للتحديات الاقتصادية لديها بالإضافة أيضا إلي معدل الزيادة السکنية المتزايد. تلک المشکلة تمس بشکل أساسي الطبقة المتوسطة التي تمثل أکبر شريحة سکانية، هذه الفئة قدراتهم الاقتصادية لا تصل الي الرفاهية المادية للطبقة العليا کما أن الفئة المتوسطة لديها من الطموحات ما يفوق فئة محدودي الدخل في الحصول على سکن ملائم، وتکون معتمدة علي إمکانيتها بشکل کبير، ويعتبر إنشاء المدن الجديدة أحد الحلول لمشکلة الإسکان بصفة عامة وللفئة متوسطة الدخل بشکل خاص. ويقوم البحث بدراسة هذا القطاع الإسکاني بداية بتوصيف الحالة الإسکانية في مصر وأسباب حدوث فجوة بين سوق العرض والطلب للسوق العقاري، ومن ثم التعرف علي الطبقة المتوسطة اجتماعيا واقتصاديا وما هي قدرات واحتياجات هذه الفئة السکانية، ويتبع ذلک دراسة لمؤشرات تقييم أنظمة الإسکان المتوسط وتطبيق هذه المؤشرات علي أربع مشاريع إسکان في أکبر المدن المحيطة بإقليم القاهرة الکبرى الأکثر اکتظاظا وهي مدينة القاهرة الجديدة. وقد تم تقسيم هذه المؤشرات الي أربع معايير: (تخطيطية ومعمارية، اقتصادية، اجتماعية، إدارية وتنظيمية) ووجد أن معدل الاقتراب للمتوسط العام لهذه المعايير هو 60% مما يوضح وجود مواطن خلل في سوق الإسکان للفئة المتوسطة هذا الخلل يتمثل في السعر وأنماط الحيازة ومساحات الوحدات المعروضة – وليس في الکمية – وهذا الذي يؤثر علي أداء سوق الإسکان لوظائفه، واستنتاج المؤشرات التي يوجد بها فجوة بين ما هو منفذ علي ارض الواقع وما هو في الاحتياج الفعلي للطبقة المتوسطة، ومن ثم استخراج توصيات لتفادي هذه الفجوات.

Indian Pentecostalism has been considered a religion of the poor and low caste since its inception in the beginning of the twentieth century. However, over recent decades, middle-class Pentecostalism has established itself as an integral part of the Indian Pentecostal movement. Proceeding from a lived religion perspective, this article explores how women in middle-class churches express and practice their religion in their everyday lives. More precisely, it focuses on four defining features of the women’s lived religion (following God’s plan, tending to the relationship with God, overcoming everyday challenges, and transforming the self). An argument that will run through the article is that the women’s way of “doing religion” is contingent upon what they experience as the actions of God, an agentic interplay that I conceptualize as “collateral agency”. The study is based on six-month-long fieldwork in the North Indian city Gururgam, including, among other things, interviews with 30 women in two middle-class Pentecostal churches.

Este texto discute as engrenagens da pedagogia do esporte em famílias de classes médias dentro do atual contexto das sociedades capitalistas. Inicialmente se recupera a formatação dos estratos médios da sociedade, as chamadas classes médias. Promove a ideia de que a formação esportiva deve ser ampla e estratégica, envolvendo pais/responsáveis e professores/treinadores. A partir de determinantes bioecológicos, os conceitos de ambiente, desenvolvimento, pertencimento/engajamento são problematizados. Nas considerações finais os pressupostos e características da pedagogia do esporte são lançados ao debate como desafio acadêmico e profissional, no sentido de melhorar o que temos e remar por uma estratégia de prazo alargado. This text discusses the gears of sport pedagogy in middle-class families within the current context of capitalist societies. Initially, the formatting of the middle strata of society, the so-called middle classes, is recovered. It promotes the idea that sports training should be broad and strategic, involving parents/guardians and teachers/coaches. Based on bioecological determinants, the concepts of environment, development, belonging/engagement are problematized. In the final considerations, the assumptions and characteristics of sport pedagogy are launched into debate as an academic and professional challenge, in the sense of improving what we have and pursuing a long-term strategy.

Due to structural inequity, White students, those whose parents attained a university degree, and those from upper/middle class households are more likely to attain a doctoral degree. One federal program, the Ronald E. McNair Post-baccalaureate Achievement Program, provides undergraduates with academic and financial support to help marginalized students enroll and succeed in graduate school. However, little research has examined how this program has helped students attain the ultimate goal of a PhD. In this explanatory, embedded case study, 12 participants described how the program provided financial, academic, and social supports from peers, faculty, and staff during their doctoral programs.

Sociological research has shown that marketized educational systems favour middle-class families’ self-segregation strategies through school choice and, consequently, the reproduction of their social advantage over poorer families. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of capitals, habitus and strategy, we analyse quantitative and ethnographic data on parents’ school choice from Chile to introduce nuances to this argument, evincing more extended and complex mechanisms of self-segregation in the Chilean marketized educational system. We found that not only middle-class parents but also parents from different socioeconomic groups displayed self-segregating school choice strategies. We also found that these strategies were performed both vertically (in relation to other social classes) and horizontally (in relation to other groups within the same social class). These findings unwrap a possible stronger effect of the Chilean school choice system over segregation.

The salotto buono is a typically Italian room that plays a central role in contemporary domesticity and epitomizes the permanence of traditional family structures within Italian society. This essay...