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In this paper, I examine a Chinese family’s oral history, which revolves around their tumultuous life transformations under the impact of China’s communist movement between 1940 and 1977. Using interviews with four siblings who have distinctive personalities and life narratives, I focus on how they apply fatalistic thinking—a phenomenon popular among ordinary Chinese but is rarely analyzed by scholars—to make sense of the vicissitudes of the fates of the family members. I position the Chinese family’s oral history in macro and micro contexts. In the macro context, since the land reform in 1940s, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) had attempted to replace peasants’ fatalistic thinking with class analysis to explain the roots of hardships in their lives. As the communist movement and class struggle receded, fatalistic thinking—which has never been eradicated—revived. In the micro context, fatalistic thinking is expressed through distinctive memories and narratives, which are linked to personalities and identities. I argue that fatalistic thinking is a mean of self-construction that people consciously or unconsciously resort to when facing absurdity. By using fatalistic thinking, people develop narratives about the self and create a sense of mental balance.

Informal workers in Africa are very often portrayed as primarily self-employed entrepreneurs and unemployed individuals largely excluded from capitalism, and thus insulated from class analysis and ...

This article provides a theoretical discussion on the possibilities of conjunction of gender analysis and class analysis for the sociological study of mobility and social reproduction. Reviewing a tradition that has resulted in the separation of those fields and the lack of consideration of gender as a relevant factor in classical studies of social mobility, it presents the possibilities for a conceptual net capable of supporting empirical studies that articulate gender and social origin as explanatory sources of social inequality. That, moreover, has been fuelled by the proliferation in recent decades in Europe and Latin America of researches on mobility that, when including both men and women, convey that conclusions about social reproduction become more complex.

Under klassanalysens storhetstid 1970–1985 var alla klassbegrepp förankrade i Marx’ värdeteori. Det gjordes dock efter hand olika tolkningar av värdeteorin och därmed uppstod två huvudspår i utvecklingen av klassbegreppet. De som företrädde den tolkning som kallades arbetsvärdeteorin övergav efterhand värdeteorin och utvecklade ett klassbegrepp med fokus på det människor har, inte på vad de gör. Det har kommit att bli den dominerande definitionen av klassbegreppet. I sin artikel vill Mikael Stigendal istället visa på bruksvärdet av det andra huvudspårets klassbegrepp, det som håller fast vid Marx’ värdeteori men utifrån en annan tolkning. Bara ett sådant klassbegrepp kan tillgodose det stora behov som finns av en klassanalys som inte bara kategoriserar människor utan därigenom också säger något om samhällets ekonomiska drivkrafter, vad människor kan förväntas göra och vad detta kan förväntas göra med dem, och då utifrån en fokusering på vad människor gör, särskilt i förhållande till produktionen och tillägnandet av mervärdet. During the heydays of class analysis in 1970-85, all class concepts were rooted in Marx's value theory. Gradually, however, different interpretations of the value theory were made and on that basis, two main tracks emerged in the development of the class concept. Those who represented the interpretation called the labour theory of value gradually abandoned value theory and developed a class concept focusing on what people have, not on what they do. That has become the dominant definition of class. In contrast, this article wants to highlight the use-value of a class concept drawing on the second main track, that which adheres to Marx's value theory but from a different interpretation. Only such a class concept can meet the great need for a class analysis that not only categorizes people but thereby also says something about society's economic driving forces, what people can be expected to do and what this can be expected to do to them, based on a focus on what they do, particularly in relation to the production and appropriation of surplus value.

This article presents an exercise in ‘cognitive class analysis’ by tackling the question of when young children first develop the ability to perceive and judge stereotypical representation of class identity. With the aid of a specifically designed visual methodology, 82 children aged 5 to 12, were asked to combine a series of figures into a set of ‘class families’, to assign different amounts of money to these families, to attribute an occupational status to the parents of each family and to indicate their most and least likeable family. Results show that children prove capable of perceiving and judging class stereotypes at a younger age than previous studies have suggested. A considerable number of 5- and 6-year-olds already demonstrate the ability to classify people on the basis of differences in dress and appearance and effectively recognize these classifications as based on differences in class position. In addition, visible markers of class-status also appear to play a role in shaping children’s preferences for different types of families and playmates.

Chinese cyberspace is vibrant with new expressions created and disseminated by Internet users. Generally light in tone, they have been viewed by numerous media scholars as constituting a playful an...

This essay responds to “Money as Art: The Form, the Material, and Capital” by the Marxist economist Costas Lapavitsas with reference to the triple manifestation of crisis in the United States during the spring months of 2020 By triangulating the role of money in the COVID-19 pandemic, the ensuing mass unemployment, and the historical nationwide revolt in response to the police murder of George Floyd predicated on a counterfeit twenty-dollar bill, Nicholas Huber makes a three-part claim First, that acceptance of the Marxist theory of fetishism forecloses the possibility of conceiving of capitalist money as art in the sense developed by Lapavitsas, insofar as the latter tends toward transhistorical concepts of both art and money Following from this, any aesthetic function of money in the capitalist mode of production is inseparable from its total social function;that is, capitalist money is at once an economic, political, cultural, and aesthetic mediation unlike any other Finally, Huber draws on Louis Marin's typology of the frame in correspondence with Erik Olin Wright's integrated class analytic framework to argue that the question of whether money is art or not leads us to a dead end Huber suggests that a crisis such as the one unfolding in 2020 raises instead the more challenging question of what social system must come into being, such that a theory of capitalist money as art becomes intelligible © 2020 Institute of Aesthetic Studies All rights reserved

Erik Olin Wright’s scholarship is often considered to be formed by two entirely disjoint projects represented by his early work on class analysis and his later writings on “real utopias.” This essay uses Michael Burawoy’s recent formulation of the “two Marxisms” thesis as a foil to argue for the continuities rather than discontinuities in the body of work produced by Wright. More particularly, the critical spirit of the real utopias project infused Wright’s work on class analysis from its inception. It is further argued that the limitations Wright encountered in realizing those critical aims directly seeded the search in his later work for institutional design principles and an explicit articulation of normative values that could undergird alternatives to capitalism.

How do we make sense of the ways in which COVID-19 has developed and been responded to in the United States? How can nondeterminist class analysis help us to understand why the pandemic has impacte...

Las transformaciones del trabajo de las últimas décadas, caracterizadas por la precariedad y la flexibilización, suponen un desafío para el análisis de clase y para el análisis de raíz marxista. El objetivo de este artículo es construir, en debate con Marx, una propuesta de análisis que permita abordar estos cambios sociales. Para ello se revisan el concepto de clase de Marx, complejizándolo, y aproximaciones contemporáneas que hacen uso de esa concepción en el análisis de la sociedad actual. Marx ofrece una concepción de clase interesante y útil pues enmarca el proceso de construcción de la clase social en un marco relacional de lucha política, económica y cultural. Consideramos que los procesos de transformación del trabajo hacen que cobren un mayor interés los análisis de clase centrados en las relaciones sociales de dominación y explotación.

The paper conducts a class analysis of the human experience of migration during the Partition of India using a dataset constructed from 1,000 recently published oral narratives by migrants from acr...

This article contends that the arguments developed within and beyond Development and Globalization: A Marxian Class Analysis are vital to the project of building twenty-first century socialism. My ...

In this rejoinder, I respond to four essays on my book, Development and Globalization: A Marxian Class Analysis, by focusing on the following main themes: the contingency of theory, reading for cla...

Neste trabalho apresentamos a análise de uma aula com enfoque histórico e investigativo na qual buscamos identificar normas e práticas científicas estabelecidas na sala de aula. Essa aula foi desenvolvida em uma turma da primeira série do ensino médio em uma escola de tempo integral da rede estadual do Espírito Santo e teve como foco o desenvolvimento de um debate sobre duas correntes de pensamento sobre o movimento dos corpos (pensamento aristotélico e galileano). Os dados foram produzidos por meio da gravação em áudio e vídeo da aula e anotações em diário de campo. Para análise utilizamos as categorias propostas por Nascimento e Sasseron (2019) que elencam uma série de características da cultura cientifica que podem ser incluídas em um contexto escolar. Os resultados indicam a presença de características importantes, como a argumentação, a receptividade crítica, a realização de perguntas e a construção de explicações. Além disso, foi possível estabelecer a constituição de uma igualdade moderada pela natureza da atividade didática que contemplava maior envolvimento dos estudantes na construção das ideias na sala de aula.

This review essay highlights David Ruccio’s attention to indeterminacy and subjectivity in his book Development and Globalization: A Marxian Class Analysis. It also applauds the book’s interdiscipl...

This paper discusses the epistemological status and potential scope of the discipline of sociology based on the writings of Ludwig von Mises. More specifically, it presents his epistemological distinction between theory and history, and argues that sociology can be integrated in this framework as a historical discipline. As such, it must be a praxeologically guided study of general or specific social phenomena that already occurred or are likely to occur. Additionally, this paper addresses the general insights provided by Mises to questions of interest to the field of sociology—the division of labor and the evolution of society, the social effects of socialism and capitalism, class analysis, and the role of ideas in social change—in order to infer from it the general tasks that sociology, as a historical discipline, can accomplish in its study of social phenomena.

Purpose While migrant women entrepreneurs (MWE) have been studied extensively through the lenses of gender and ethnicity, social class, as an axis of difference, received scant attention in entrepreneurship and migrant enterprise literature. The purpose of this paper is to make an intersectional analysis on migrant women’s cultural capital development processes on the basis of not only gender and ethnicity, but also class relations. Design/methodology/approach The study draws on empirical insights generated through listening to the life story narratives of 17 women entrepreneurs from Turkey. This is a small, yet diverse group consisting of women who followed their male kin who have migrated to Sweden in the late 1960s as a labour force, and of highly educated political refugee women who have migrated to Sweden following the military coup in Turkey in the 1980s. Findings By linking pre-migration and post-migration lives through Bourdieusian class analysis, the analysis yielded three distinct types of habitus of the women-intersectional identity constructed through interweaving of certain historical and cultural practices and conditions, labelled as women (immigrant) entrepreneurs, migrant (women) entrepreneurs and hybrid entrepreneurs. Life stories demonstrated the ways the MWE relationally defined, and in turn, contested being the right kind of entrepreneur drawing on their type of habitus and forms of cultural capital within the rules of the game in the specific context of entrepreneurship. Originality/value This study shows how MWE generate diverse, yet at times similar, but historically and culturally conditioned responses in actively shaping the relationship between entrepreneurial resources and context-specific structural powers and aspects. This way, the study calls for enriching the extant debate on migrant women entrepreneurship in two ways. First, it suggests that the strategic fit between resources and opportunities does not entail an automatic and arbitrary process. Rather, it takes an effort and contestation carried out by the entrepreneurial actors, among whom the individual entrepreneur is the primary actor. In particular, it draws attention to the conditions of possibilities for agency as a result of struggle and intersectional power relations: social class, ethnicity and gender, which provide a differential degree of powers to the individual entrepreneur.

ElizavetaPolukhina – PhD (kandidat nauk) in Sociology, Associate Professor in Sociology, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russian Federation. Email: epolukhina@hse.ru Alexandrina Vanke – PhD (kandidat nauk) in Sociology, Doctoral researcher at the Department of Sociology of the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Research fellow at the State Academic University for the Humanities; Research fellow at the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation. Email: a.vanke@postrgad.macnhester.ac.uk This article is an examination of working-class identity based on various theories of cultural class analysis and genetic structuralism. Workers at the Uralmash factory, the largest of the Soviet enterprises still functioning in Russia today, were selected as the focus of empirical research. Ethnographic fieldwork was conducted from May to June 2017, when the researchers became temporary residents of the Uralmash district. The example of the Uralmash case shows that contemporary workers in the post-Soviet space bear multiple and fragmented identities that combine Soviet and post-Soviet practices and values. Workers describe themselves as 'ordinary' and 'good' people, reflecting personal traits and values such as honesty, industriousness, sociability, dignity, simplicity, as well as in terms of identity in private life, e. g. a family person, a pensioner, a gardener. Many representatives of elder generations perceive themselves as people 'living in the past', 'Soviet people'. Thus, the Soviet past remains the main resource and a 'universal' prop supporting subjective perception of factory workers of elder generations. 'District-level' patriotism is another significant sense-making resource for the identity of Uralmash workers. However, as our interviews and observation show, workers in the post-Soviet period have become an 'invisible' group in the district due to their tendency to reject new lifestyles offered by new actors such as developers, cultural activists, and representatives of the entertainment industry. Consequently, a factory worker in the post-Soviet period suffers the loss of the class identity typical for the Soviet period. As a result, workers reproduce or re-appropriate other identity types while retaining memories about the Soviet past and trying to find a new foundation for identity in private life.

This article addresses polemically, perhaps, the most prominent class analyses today – the occupational and stratification approaches (OSAs) developed by various sociologists and economists. Strongly opposed to the “big class” of conventional Weberian and Marxian typologies, the stratification and occupational models have, unsurprisingly, claimed more realistic grounds. By contrast, key dimensions of social relations such as domination, exploitation and oppression are purposely overlooked. Moreover, the lack of theorization – even marginally regarded, does not take into consideration the qualitative explanatory strength for the analysis of social structure. Alternatively, the underlying optimistic market-oriented belief of the “realistic” class framework overestimates the role of institutions and economics. Thus, this “Smithian” background unveils a market fetishism as well as a functionalist and naturalized vision of class structure.

Social scientists generally agree that all individuals structure their cultural attitudes in the same unidimensional fashion. However, various populist radical right parties remarkably combine moral progressiveness with conservatism regarding immigration-related issues. This suggests that the structuring of cultural attitudes among the electorate may also be more complex than typically assumed. Applying Correlational Class Analysis to representative survey data, we uncover three cultural belief systems. For individuals adhering to an integrated one, all cultural attitudes are interdependent, as typically assumed. However, we also uncover two alternative belief systems: intermediate and partitioned. In the latter, positions on one cultural attitude (e.g., ethnocentrism) are barely related to positions on others (e.g., rejecting Islam or opposing homosexuality). The existence of multiple cultural belief systems challenges the widely-held assumption that all people organize their cultural attitudes similarly. Both political party agenda’s and individuals’ education level and religion appear key to understanding variation in belief systems.

The article represents an analytical review of the axiomatics of sociological approaches to class analysis, taking into account gender diferentiation since the 1940s till nowadays. Te problems of primary units selection of the class analysis, conceptual grounds for determining the class position of women and the features of their social status, conditioned by this position, ways of normalizing gender inequality in conventional approaches and criticizing their legitimacy have been considered in the research. It has been found that within the framework of the structural and functional approach of T. Parsons, the class status of the individual is ascetic, the main mechanism for its acquisition and transmission is kinship, while gender inequality is regarded as condition for maintaining the stability of the social system. Te changing structure of employment and women’s emancipation has led to the revision of the conventional approach foundations by problem consideration of families as the primary units of class analysis. Subsequently, the dominant approach of J. Goldthorpe eliminates the gender inequality aspect, linking the class position of the household with the position of the partner who plays a leading role in its economic provision. E.O. Wright’s approach, representing an infuential neo-Marxist alternative model of class analysis, presupposes the existence of an individual actor as the initial element of class analysis. At the same time, the author emphasizes the existence of exploitation relations in the family, as well as the high degree of risk and uncertainty of the social status of a signifcant number of women. Awareness of the role of individualization in social dynamics, changes in the structure of the global economy and the consequences of de-industrialization in the 1990s changed the original axiomatics of class analysis. Te focus of attention has shifed from the disputes about the criteria of class diferentiation to the analysis of real diferences in people’s way of life, generated by social inequality. Modern studies of social inequality take into account the intersection of gender, class, racial and other characteristics of individuals and communities.

In this paper I develop a race-centered, intersectional critique of concerted cultivation. First developed by Annette Lareau inUnequal Childhoodsto describe the dominant middle-class cultural style of parenting, this powerful concept continues to shape scholarship on parenting and the social reproduction of social inequality through culture and class. I critique and reconstruct this concept based upon: 1) Existing research on racial identity and racial socialization, and racialized parenting techniques, and 2) Alternative readings of selected ethnographic material presented inUnequal Childhoods. First, I argue that concerted cultivation is a racialized parenting practice and that families negotiate and navigate a complex race- and-class-based social context of childrearing. Second, I present a re-reading of excerpts fromUnequal Childhoodsto show how families of color, and in particular Black families, cultivate racial knowledge and skills in their children. Third, I make a case for the larger sociological usefulness of a layered race and class analysis of parenting culture, and argue that such a framework adds more depth to core arguments made by Lareau. In the last section, I discuss the social tensions that exist within concerted cultivation and intensive parenting culture. I reflect on possible implications for normative parenting culture that matches well with neoliberal market rationality, exists within racial capitalism, but at the same time connects to anti-racist socialization and rejection of hegemonic cultural ideologies.

Author(s): Mutua, Athena D. | Abstract: This essay chronicles the development of ClassCrits, an organization of US legal scholars that seeks to ground economic analyses in progressive legal jurisprudence. Today, ClassCrits ideas may resonate with a broader audience. I attribute this institutional success partly to ClassCrits’ commitment to: an interdisciplinary “big tent” openness, safe and responsive space, and praxis and collaboration. I then explore three key topics in a selection of ClassCrits writings on class and law: (1) neoliberal entrenchment and preservation; (2) class oppression; and (3) the intersecting oppression of class and race. I argue that ClassCrits scholarship on law and neoliberalism is productively viewed through and anticipates Wendy Brown’s recent work, and that Erik Olin Wright’s approach to class analysis may add more theoretical cohesion to ClassCrits work on law and class. Finally, I suggest that Cedric Robinson’s theory of racial capitalism holds promise for ClassCrits scholarship on the intersection of race and class.

Este artículo se propone discutir la pertinencia de los esquemas habitualmente utilizados en el análisis de clase y movilidad social, a partir de resultados de investigación cualitativa en la temática. Se seleccionaron, de un conjunto más amplio, once relatos de vida familiares de individuos residentes en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, con los cuales se reconstruyeron sus trayectorias de clase social, es decir, los itinerarios entre posiciones en el espacio social de las generaciones precedentes y de los propios entrevistados. Mediante el examen de la información disponible en los relatos de vida sobre ocupaciones, educación y otros indicadores de distintas especies de capital, se está en condiciones de establecer lo fundamental de estas trayectorias de (in)movilidad social, los recorridos entre posiciones de la estructura social. Sin embargo, los resultados de este análisis no concuerdan con las clasificaciones que la misma información conduciría a efectuar si se trabajara con el esquema de clases más utilizado en la investigación estándar en la temática. A partir de esta discordancia, se reflexiona sobre lo que las clasificaciones de clases sociales implican, lo que revelan y lo que ocultan., This article discusses, based on qualitative research results, the relevance of the stablished class schemes in class analysis and social mobility. We selected, from a broader set, eleven family life stories of individuals residing in the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area, and we reconstructed their social class trajectories, that is, the itineraries between positions across the social space of precedent generations and the interviewees themselves. By examining the information available in the life stories on occupations, education and other indicators of different capital species, it is possible to establish the essentials of these trajectories of social (in) mobility, the itineraries between positions in the Social structure. However, the results of this analysis do not agree with the classifications that the same information would lead to make if one worked with the class scheme most used in standard research on the subject. From this disagreement, one reflects on what the classifications of social classes imply, what they reveal and what they hide., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

In this article, we propose a model to analyze the class structure of hybrid post-socialist societies in South-East Europe (SEE), using the case of Serbia. We argue that, in such hybrid societies, social inequalities are generated by several mechanisms of similar strength: exploitative market mechanisms (based on economic capital) and different types of social closure mechanisms (based on political and social capital). Their influences are intertwined and cannot be analytically isolated or reduced to a common foundation. Therefore, occupational class analysis in these societies can have only limited explanatory power. In an attempt to overcome these challenges, we were forced to modify the instruments of several established approaches to class analysis. These modifications included (1) a reconceptualization of Bourdieusian notions of political, social, and cultural capital, (2) a different operationalization of social space, (3) identification of specific mechanisms of generating social inequalities, (4) paying attention to both practical and discursive classifications of lifestyles in the establishment of symbolic boundaries, and (5) relying on differential association analysis for identifying class boundaries. Our analysis's final result is a model that enables studying general social inequality, that is, generalized social advantage/disadvantage, in SEE post-socialist societies.

There is a dearth of research that examines the relationship between sport event volunteering and social class. This article contributes to this gap by exploring the social class of volunteers involved in the running of a series of major international field hockey events held between 2015 and 2017 at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, London. The authors draw upon longitudinal research that utilises demographic information and qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with 46 event volunteers. To gauge the social composition of this volunteer pool, the authors first discern the social class categories of the study’s participants.\ud \ud Following analysis of the qualitative data, the authors then examine how the interplay between social class and Pierre Bourdieu’s principal forms of cultural, economic and social capital shapes the volunteer workforce, and how they might operate to inhibit under-represented groups from volunteering. In parallel to the class analysis of the participants, the authors provide novel insights into the organisational amassing of an event volunteer workforce. The article concludes by considering the implications of the nexus between social class, capitals, and inclusion within event volunteering and its management.

Populist attitudes are generally considered to consist of three types of beliefs, viz. people-centrist, anti-elitist, and Manichean beliefs. There is less agreement, however, on how populist attitudes are related to liberal democratic attitudes. Some argue that populist attitudes are incompatible with liberal democratic attitudes (e.g., pluralism and elitism). Others assert that these attitudes are compatible. Starting off from the concept of belief systems, we analyze the different ways in which people interrelate populist, pluralist, and elitist attitudes. Using correlational class analysis, we uncover four belief systems that differ in (a) how consistently people support populist beliefs and (b) the direction of the relationship between populist and pluralist beliefs. We also find that the differences between belief systems are related to people's support for populism. People holding populist beliefs tend to associate populist attitudes with pluralist attitudes, while people who do not hold populist beliefs associate populist attitudes with anti-pluralist attitudes.

Despite the pendulum swing from utopian to dystopian views of the Internet, the direction of the popular and academic literature continues to lean toward its liberatory potential, particularly as a tool for redressing social inequality. At the same time, decades of digital inequality scholarship have shown persistent socioeconomic inequality in Internet access and use. Yet most of this research captures class by individualized income and education variables, rather than a power relational framework. By tracing research on how fear, control, and risk manifest itself with inequalities related to digital content, digital activism, and digital work, I argue that a narrow stratification approach may miss the full cause and effect of digital inequality. Instead, a class analysis based on power relations may contribute to a broader and more precise theoretical lens to understand the digital divide. As a result, technology can reinforce, or even exacerbate, existing patterns of social and economic inequality because of this power differential.

This chapter will briefly explain several basic concepts to use in conducting class analysis. Next, it will explain class and social conflicts among fishermen in Indonesia in general. However, before discussing the class analysis, the following is an explanation in relation to conflict itself.

Татьяна Владимировна Гаврилюк – к. c.н., доцент, старший научный сотрудник Центра перспективных исследований и инновационных разработок, Тюменский индустриальный университет, Тюмень, Россия. Электронная почта: tv_gavrilyuk@mail.ru Владислав Юрьевич Бочаров – к. с.н., доцент кафедры социологии и культурологии, Самарский национальный исследовательский университет, Самара, Россия; ассоциированный научный сотрудник СИ РАН, Санкт-Петербург, Россия. Электронная почта: vlad.bocharov@gmail.com Статья представляет аналитический обзор теоретических и социальных предпосылок, базовых положений и методологических возможностей теории интерсекциональности в её трактовке классового и гендерного неравенства. Долгое время гендер и класс как базовые понятия современной социологии производили два параллельно существующих научных дискурса. С одной стороны, конвенциальный классовый анализ оставался гендерно нечувствительным, вплоть до середины 1980-х гг. защищая собственные предпосылки под натиском феминистской критики. С другой – гендерная теория и women studies игнорировали значение различий, порожденных социальным происхождением и классом. Постмодернистская критика 1990-х гг. и «культуральный поворот» поставили под сомнение релевантность использования данных подходов, подчеркнув их социально сконструированную природу, неустойчивость и фрагментарность. Вместе с тем последствия глобальной капиталистической трансформации, затронувшие большие социальные группы, продемонстрировали концептуальную недостаточность конструктивистского подхода. Одним из ответов на вызов постмодерна, позволившим учитывать как влияние дискурса, производящего социальные различия и барьеры, так и реально существующие властные диспозиции, становится теория интерсекциональности. Данный методологический фрейм концентрируется на изучении того, как социально сконструированные и исторически укорененные системы власти и доминирования оказывают влияние на формирование индивидуальной субъектности. Постулируется и обосновывается, как взаимное наложение нескольких стигматизирующих социальных категорий порождает множественные негативные эффекты для дискриминируемых групп. В статье представлен обзор зарубежных интерсекциональных исследований, рассматривающих способы производства различных версий гендера и сексуальной нормативности, стратегии комбинирования семейных и профессиональных ролей в рамках классовых культур. Приводятся аргументы интерсекционального подхода в отношении того, как пересечение категорий класса и гендера с другими системами подавления производит барьеры между группами и порождает новые формы неравенства на индивидуальном и институциальном уровне, влияя как на повседневную жизнь людей, так и на государственные стратегии в области социальной политики.

SUMMARYRecent interest in the growth of middle classes in Africa (and elsewhere) has been characterised by immense theoretical diversity. While this diversity indicates the complexity (and limitations) of class analysis, it remains important for the latter to be guided by the classic concerns around power, wealth and inequality which characterise radical debate.

Attitude data can reveal culture’s secrets, but only if analysts acknowledge and transcend two problematic forms of heterogeneity. The first, relational heterogeneity, reflects the fact that the meaning of a response to a survey attitude question emerges from its relation to other attitudes: considered singly, the same response may mean different things to different respondents, depending upon the meanings with which they associate it. The second, population heterogeneity, a common problem in survey analysis, reflects the fact that attitudes may be related to one another in systematically different ways for different respondent subsamples. To overcome these challenges, we must use analytic methods that (a) focus on relations among attitude responses rather than on single responses and (b) partition survey samples into subsets based on patterns emergent from those relations. We use two such approaches, Latent Class Analysis and Relational Class Analysis, to examine Americans’ attitudes toward science and religion in the late 20th century, at the onset of a period of acute cultural contention between religious conservatives and secular liberals. Employing an unusually rich data set that enables us to take into account spiritualism (supernatural experience not sanctioned by formal religious institutions), as well as science and religion, we find that both LCA and RCA identify large subsets of respondents for whom science and religion are allied, rather than opposed. Moreover, RCA enables us to examine how the determinants of attitudes toward science, religion, and spiritualism are conditioned upon respondents’ construals of the relationships among them. This diversity of opinion among religious Americans and the presence of a previously overlooked religious constituency of science supporters, has important implications for science policy and science advocacy.

The focus of this study is a study of the theme of the theme presented by the Qur'an about the status and role of women and how to interpret these themes when projected in the frame of gender equality and equality. This research is purely biblical, the data is extracted from books, Tafsir ayat al-Qur'an and al-Hadiś as the main and first source. The analysis used in this study is a gender perspective. To sharpen analysts, social theories are also used, such as; class analysis, cultural analysis and discourse analysis. From the results of the study it was found that the themes displayed by the Qur'an revolved around the theme of the creation of men and women, equality of men and women, leadership, inheritance rights and polygamy. The discussion on the theme of the theme can be understood that the ideal of the Qur'an is actually the upholding of human life that is virtuous and respects universal human values (universal humanism). The universal humanitarian principles are manifested in efforts to uphold justice, equality, togetherness, and respect for the rights of others that are universally applicable.

Family wealth and cross-generational wealth accumulation have recently interested scholars across the social sciences. Debates concerning the economic role of the wealthy now commonly recognise that one dynamic supporting economic inequalities is wealth accumulation across generations. To understand the social dynamics through which dynastic family wealth has managed to persist, this article analyses the social meanings that members of wealthy families attach to their wealth and how these meanings contribute to their class-making. Drawing from 26 in-depth interviews with members of super-rich Finnish families, the article analyses how a dynastic class is actively made and supported by specific social meanings and practices that the inheritors attach to their wealth. By exploring how wealthy heirs produce social meanings and practices that facilitate their wealth accumulation and reproduction as a class, the article contributes to recent interest in elites and social class.

Across the last decade we have witnessed a growing wave of resistance across the globe. In this article we argue that it is critical to utilise class analysis to understand contemporary social movements. We maintain that class analysis begins with understanding class as a series of relations and/or processes that condition both the objective and subjective dimensions of class. Following this, we illustrate how sectors of the contemporary working class are in struggle, yet struggle differently, based on their structural location as well as differing nature of their resistance. In taking this approach to class and social movements, we argue that scholars can begin to unmask the central role of capitalism and the attending regimes of accumulation in the current wave of resistance even when they appear disconnected.