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Drawing on psychoanalysis, Atwood’s second novel, Surfacing, masterly depicts the suppression of trauma and the mechanisms that allow it to reconfigure. The article investigates the implications of the protagonist’s abortion for her concept of self, as well as manifests the objectification of a pregnant woman during both labouring and abortive procedures. It scrutinizes what role the relationship between the heroine and her late mother plays in the identity formation and the healing process of the former, emphasizing the importance of intergenerational transmission. En s’appuyant sur la psychanalyse, le deuxième roman d’Atwood, Surfacing, décrit magistralement la suppression du traumatisme et les mécanismes qui permettent de l’accepter. L’article montre comment l’avortement de la protagoniste influence sa vision d’elle-même, ainsi que le fait de traiter une femme enceinte comme un objet pendant les procédures de travail et d’avortement. Il analyse le rôle que joue la relation entre l’héroïne et sa défunte mère dans la formation de l’identité et le processus de guérison de la première, soulignant l’importance de la transmission intergénérationnelle.

This discussion offers a reflection on some of the shifts and developments in the field of queer studies in Canada since the turn of the century. It situates these developments against, and in relation to, a longer history of queer politics in Canada while also emphasizing key moments and critical turns. Also examined here are the ways in which Indigenous studies, decolonial critiques, diaspora studies, and critical race studies have offered key interventions and heralded new horizons within the field. In thinking about these interventions and intersections, we frame our account through an emphasis on returns and revisions rather than a discourse of progress, which is what typically defines Canadian state narratives.

This article focuses on “appropriation of voice” or “cultural appropriation” in the Canadian Studies classroom. It is aimed at instructors who teach Canadian Literature outside Canada, in p...

It is recognized that racialized youth are significantly over-represented in the Canadian Criminal Justice System relative to their population percentages. Research also determined that similar disproportion exists with respect to school discipline. Similar to US research, a number of Canadian studies found that racialized youth are being disproportionately affected by zero-tolerance school disciplinary policies, such as the Ontario Safe Schools Act. Such research also hypothesized about a "school-to-prison pipeline" for minority youth. This MRP explores the link between immigration, policing, and school disciplinary policies in Ontario, Canada. In particular, the MRP investigates the racialization of school disciplinary procedures that largely affect immigrant youth, and the criminalization of certain behaviors that may lead visible minority youth, including immigrant youth, to having disproportionate police contact. The findings suggest that there is a relation between racial disproportion of school suspensions and expulsions and the racial disproportion in the likelihood of youth- police contact.

In this essay I discuss the subject of violence and how toys and sporting equipment were used to teach young boys masculine behaviours that were aligned with the heterosexual ideologies of the first half of the 20th century in Canada.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe how recent immigrants and refugees to Canada (“newcomers”) use the facilities of a large, urban public library. As the library previously surveyed the general user population, the responses to the two surveys can be compared. Design/methodology/approach Questionnaires were administered as patrons were leaving Surrey Libraries Branches to adult public library members who self-identified as newcomers who arrived in Canada within the previous ten years. Findings The pattern of library use by newcomers differed from that of the general population. They visited more frequently and stayed longer. Newcomers were heavier users of library services and used a wider range of services. They used the library branch as a public place. The library provided them with a place to study, read or meet other people. Research limitations/implications The study was exploratory. The small sample size and the data collection process do not allow extrapolation to the underlying population. Practical implications Recent newcomers often have similar informational, psychological and social needs. Public libraries can play a role in assisting newcomers during their adjustment process. Originality/value Researchers worked closely with library management to develop questions based on decision usefulness. An earlier in-house study allowed comparisons to be made between branch use by newcomers and general library users. Canadian studies into government policy, along with immigrant and refugee studies, provide context for the survey results.

This article argues that a queer perspective on Asian Canadian studies can open new inquiries and simultaneously trouble the centrality of family, generation, and community in documenting and examining racialized minority and diasporic groups. By rethinking these analytical concepts through queer possibilities and interventions, research into Asian Canada can become more inclusive and transgressive, and can foreground alternative queer kinships which exceed heteropatriarchal bloodlines, filial relations, and co-ethnic singularities. Putting forth counter-histories of racialized and diasporic sexualities, this article builds upon and complements archival research on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender Asian Canadians, and turns to artists and cultural workers who offer rich historical and contemporary representations of queer Asian Canada. In particular, it examines the 2015 filmIt Runs in the Familyby Joella Cabalu, the 2016 filmRe:Orientationsby Richard Fung, and the 2016 exhibitionNot a Place on a Map: The Desh Pardesh Projectcurated by Anna Malla.

This comprehensive qualitative examination of two groups of Canadian picture books, 57 titles published in 2005 and 120 titles published in 2015, offers comparative data that demonstrate patterns related to authors, illustrators, characterization, genres, audiences, and particular elements of Radical Change. Following book collection, content analysis was conducted with a consideration of Dresang’s notion that books for children are evolving with respect to forms and formats, perspectives, and boundaries. Our process for analysis was developed from Berg’s framework of systematic content analysis based on predetermined as well as emerging categories. There is much recent research exploring particular content in children’s literature, supporting the central importance of literature in the classroom and community. Comparative Canadian studies across decades, however, are rare, and are increasingly important as a way to track and describe the changes that are taking place with respect to books for young people. It is interesting that in both 2005 and 2015, picture books tended to feature children as protagonists, with the highest number of books from the 2005 set utilizing the fantasy genre (at 34%) or realistic fiction (at 28%) and the highest number of books from the 2015 set occurring in non-fiction (at 34%, up from 16% in 2005) or fantasy (at 31%). Historical fiction in both years presented comparatively low, at 12% and 3%, respectively.Findings of this study support and extend the notion of Radical Change. The research team noted marked innovations within the 2015 group related to forms and formats, boundaries, and perspectives. Of particular note are the increasing numbers of books that present Indigenous content and perspectives. While many of the changes appearing in Canadian picture books between 2005 and 2015 might be predicted through the standard categories of Radical Change (Dresang, 1999), other findings also emerged that suggest new Radical Change considerations. Continuing to examine children’s literature as artifacts of a culture can illuminate particular aspects of that culture and offer opportunities to engage authors, illustrators, and publishers in filling gaps where particular perspectives or topics are missing. Advocacy is important as children’s literature continues to be a source of tension for what it portrays and presents as well as its missing voices. A knowledge of patterns and trends in relation to available content and resources supports classroom practice as well as encourages classroom research and further explorations of the evolving landscape of children's books.

This paper troubles seductive discourses of Canadian multiculturalism and the centrality of whiteness to national belonging, highlighting how migrant children understand and navigate assimilation. Evolving out of childhood migration stories shared by 12 interviewees in the documentary Twelve, the article addresses the ways ‘childist’ logics are used to separate childhood from the realities of race and racism. In working towards anti-racist praxis, we address how storytelling challenges adult–child power hierarchies, exposing how childhood continues to be framed as a time of innocence, disconnected from the violence, danger and pain involved in migrating to Anglophone Canada.

"various communities within multinational Canada adhere to different understandings of the nation, and, further, these same communities are at differing stages in their negotiation of an ethnic or civic form of nationalism. Multiculturalism emerged in the context of socially and historically determined paradigms of the nation and nationalism; these same forces must figure in its re-evaluation....this paper identifies five “communities” in Canada as fields of comparative literary inquiry. The implicit assumption here is that recognition of the preoccupations of these collectives vis-a-vis the nation will precede any attempt to arrive at what Hayden King referred to as “a cohesive and honest narrative” about the Canadian nation."

In the process of mentoring instructors of writing into the field of writing studies, there is a tension between practical surface of writing instruction and underlying theoretical depth. This paper calls for more systematic thinking about that tension between surface and depth. It emphasizes the important roles that metalanguage plays in mediating that tension and points out the indignities of contract employment that in many ways prevent writing instruction in Canada from becoming the deep and thoroughly researched practice it could be.

This article examines the process of identity construction and the institutionalization of Canada s regions. The historiography, insofar as it produces both a scientific and identity-based discourse, may serve to support this analysis of three of Canada s regions: the West, the Maritimes, and Quebec. The analysis presents differing interpretations of the type, the importance, and the strategic choice of the regional approach in the context of nation building. Furthermore, the institutionalization of regions is an ongoing process that changes over time, especially, in the case of western Canada, due to the involvement of certain protagonists. Finally, the case of Quebec differs from the rest of the country in that the regional studies produced by both historians and sociologists have opted for the intraprovincial scale rather than the inter-provincial one. Thus, all these factors contribute to bringing to light the importance of geographical scales in the production of regional identities in Canada.

This article analyzes a selection of travel accounts by nine British authors who journeyed across Canada between 1900 and 1914. The monographs, all published in London, purported to present authentic and up-to-date observations of Canada, the eldest Dominion in the Imperial “family,” to British and Canadian audiences. Additional goals of their narratives, and less clearly acknowledged, were to convince English Canadians of the value of strengthening a British–Canadian identity and remaining within the British Empire. To that end, the narratives explore strikingly similar themes, including anxieties surrounding immigration and the United States threat to Canada, while reinforcing notions of Empire as an indissoluble family. The article illustrates how travel narratives reflect psychological as well as physical journeys and are thus valuable windows on complex cultural encounters among the British and Canadians in this period.

At the heart of the emergence and development of the Digital Humanities has been the potential to move beyond the out-dated epistemological and metaphysical dichotomies of the later 20th century including quantitative-qualitative, pure-applied, and campus-community. Despite significant steps forward, this potential has been only partially realized as illustrated by DH pioneer Edward L. Ayers’ recent question, ‘Does Digital Scholarship have a future?’ As a way to think through current challenges and opportunities, this paper reflects on the building and initial use of the Canadian Century Research Infrastructure (CCRI). As one of the largest projects in the history of the social sciences and humanities, CCRI enables research on the making of modern Canada by offering complex databases that cover the first half of the twentieth century. Built by scholars from multiple disciplines from coast-to-coast and in collaboration with government agencies and the private sector, CCRI team members came to grips with key DH questions especially those faced by interdisciplinary, multi-institutional, cross-sectoral and internationally-connected initiatives. Thinking through this experience does not generate simple recipes or lessons-learned but does offer promising practices as well as new questions for future scholarly consideration.

SINCE ITS EMERGENCE IN THE 1980s AND 1890s, Asian Canadian Studies has gained recognition as a field of inquiry that could mount a wide-ranging and radical critique of mainstream Canadian history, society, and culture. Originally inspired by the rights-based movements of the 1960s and 1970s, Asian Canadian Studies grew out of community level activism against race and class oppression (Lai 1). Its principal modality has been to construct a "collective self," or Asian Canadian identity, through which to challenge the representation of Asians as perpetual outsiders or aliens and to rewrite existing Canadian history to acknowledge such racist state policies as the Chinese Exclusion Act, the Japanese Canadian Internment, and the Komagata Maru Incident (Chao 18). In this way, the field has historically unfolded within a nationalist framework, locating the nation-state as the primary interlocutor of the Asian/alien body in Canada and taking up a kind of "strategic essentialism" (Lai 5). Nonetheless, as the field increasingly becomes drawn into the academy, critics have noted some possible limitations of this framework. One such limitation is that the focus on domestic identity politics, and the promotion of citizenship and national belonging as political goals, runs the risk of reinforcing a reductive pluralism which cannot "shake up the systemic historical conditions and ... ideologies of normativity that have produced racialized subjects and minoritized cultures" (Kamboureli 64). In exploring ways to expand on the Canadian national frame, Lily Cho has posited that Asian Canadian Studies could be situated more clearly within a postcolonial, diasporic paradigm. Such a paradigm, she contends, could generate insights into how the construction of Asian-ness in Canada is deeply connected to Asian-ness elsewhere (188). Indeed, Cho points out that there is a need to "think about the formation of the Canadian state through imperialism and colonialism" and to see Asian Canadian history within a wider, global context of capital and labour migration (188). Focusing specifically on Chinese Canadian communities, Cho illustrates how a "diasporic perspective" can highlight the links between Chinese migration and British imperialism (186). That is, a diasporic perspective can consider how early Chinese immigrants to Canada came from South China, where the Opium Wars "had disrupted the local economy [and] provid[ed] much of the push for emigration" (Stanley 56). Furthermore, it can stress how many of these immigrants were indentured workers, imported via the coolie trade which burgeoned in British Hong Kong after the Atlantic slave trade went into decline (Peter Li 20). Importantly, then, a postcolonial, diasporic paradigm can productively complicate the history of Asian Canadians by acknowledging that this history is not only shaped in the Canadian context; rather, it is part of a larger history of imperialism, colonialism, and capitalism. If Cho's arguments gesture to the benefits of a global, historical, and comparative framework, Larissa Lai's book, Slanting I, Imagining We, emphasizes the perils of relying too heavily on a fixed notion of Asian Canadian identity. Lai argues that the tactic of strategic essentialism has become seriously problematic due to the pressures of "state incorporation" currently informing Asian Canadian Studies (6). Underlying these pressures is an investment in liberal multiculturalism that reinforces static notions of racial and national difference and works to "recirculate the logic of colonialism in newly embodied forms" (23). This logic becomes all the more insidious in a post-9/11 Canada, where narratives of citizenship, nationalism, and security have become intertwined in ways that reproduce Orientalist images of Others as unassimilable and anti-democratic foreigners. As Lai points out, the 2010 Maclean's article entitled "Too Asian" suggests that "the trope of the 'yellow peril'" has been reinvigorated in the national imaginary (Lai 17). …

This paper draws on Judith Butler’s notions of vulnerability, precarity, and grievability to examine two filmic texts: the Canadian Last Night (Don McKellar, 1998) and the American The Mist (Frank Darabont, 2007). Both primary sources feature the apocalypse as their principal narrative and thematic concern –a trope virtually unexplored from the standpoint of the production of vulnerability and the bodily dimensions of political and ethical life. In the present contribution I conduct a close analysis of both films so as to identify and evaluate the significantly contrasting modes of vulnerability produced in these two narrations. I argue that these conflicting worldviews originate from the differentiated episodes of (de)valuation, legitimization, and recognition experienced by and in bodies in the face of the ultimate phenomenon of vulnerability: the apocalypse. My structuring argument is that Last Night complies with the notion of vulnerability as a locus of ethical cohabitation and affective engagement while constructing a heterogeneous sense of Canadianness. The Mist, on the other hand, deploys vulnerability as a discursive mechanism that causes individual and social bodies to be subjected to a range of violence-prone asymmetries and processes of dehumanization, rearticulating key rhetoric and imagery from American cultural history, Este artículo profundiza en las nociones de Judith Butler sobre vulnerabilidad, precariedad y duelo para examinar dos textos cinematográficos: la canadiense “La última noche” (Don McKellar, 1998) y la americana “La niebla” (Frank Darabont, 2007). Ambas fuentes cuentan con el apocalipsis como su principal narrativa y centro argumental (una temática apenas explorada desde el punto de vista de la vulnerabilidad y las dimensiones corpóreas de una vida política ética). En esta contribución dirijo un análisis exhaustivo de ambas películas, al igual que la identificación y evaluación de las formas significativamente distintas de vulnerabilidad recreadas en estas dos narraciones. Sostengo que estas visiones del mundo conflictivas se originan a raíz de diferentes episodios de devaluación, legitimización, y reconocimiento experimentadas ante el fenómeno definitivo de vulnerabilidad: el apocalipsis. Mi estructura argumental consiste en que “La última noche” cumple con la noción de vulnerabilidad como un lugar de convivencia ética y compromiso afectivo mientras se construye un sentido heterogéneo de ser canadiense. “La niebla”, por otro lado, muestra la vulnerabilidad como un mecanismo discursivo que obliga a los individuos a estar sometidos a una serie de asimetrías y procesos de deshumanización propensos a la violencia, rearticulando la retórica e imágenes claves de la historia cultural estadounidense.

This article contests a racialised skills regime in Canada. Canadian studies of the labour market transitions of skilled immigrants are analysed through the lens of critical race theory. The analysis shows that knowledge and skills of recent immigrants in Canada are racialised and materialised on the basis of ethnic and national origins. Skin colour is a central basis of social marking. Through processes of de-skilling and re-skilling, a racialised regime of skill has become a social engineering project for manufacturing normative, white, docile corporate subjects who conform to Canadian norms and workplace cultures. The study demonstrates that skill is not colour-blind; it is coloured. Skill is not only gendered and classed, but it is also racialised. The findings move us beyond the traditional colour-blind, gender- and class-based analyses of skill that fail to account for racial differences in the social construction of skill.

Over the past decade, in Canada and the United States, blogs have become a popular and important space for fat women and their allies to create and further develop discursive strategies to contest the gendered anti-fat discourses perpetuated by the media, governments and the field of medicine and institutions of public health (e.g., Elliot, C. (2007). Journal of Canadian Studies, 41, 134–149. Gimlin, D. (2002). Body work: Beauty and self-image in American culture. Berkeley: University of California Press; Herdon, A. M. (2006). Social Semiotics, 15, 127–141. Rice, C. (2007). Women's Studies International Forum, 30, 158–174. Currently, popular discourses pertaining to fat people, particularly women, tend to range from larger bodies implicating a ‘moral deficit’ to a ‘risky behaviour’ to ‘political discrimination’ where elements from each discourse shape how fat women's bodies are read within the broader culture (Fikkan, J. L., & Rothblum, E. D. (2011). Sex Roles, 66, 575–592. Kwan, S. (2009). Sociological I...

Canadian studies has long served as a meeting place for disciplinary approaches. As this theme issue of the Journal of Canadian Studies demonstrates, Canadian studies continues to offer tremendous potential for interdisciplinary connection and co-operation. The essays assembled here were originally presented as papers at a conference jointly organized by the Centre for Canadian Studies at Mount Allison University and the Gorsebrook Research Institute at Saint Mary's University in September 2013. "Meeting Places: An International Canadian Studies Conference/Lieux de rencontre: Colloque international en etudes canadiennes" brought together academics, artists, and authors interested in placebased cultures and in creative and scholarly collaboration and production; they came from across Canada and around the world. As a special feature of the conference, participants travelled from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to Sackville, New Brunswick, crossing the Cobequid Pass and tracing the movements of Indigenous peoples through the millennia. In recognition, we broke the journey at the Glooscap Heritage Centre (now known as the Millbrook Cultural and Heritage Centre) in Millbrook, Nova Scotia, where the authors of The Language of This Land, Trudy Sable and Bernie Francis, introduced Mi'kma'ki as "a fluid and living landscape filled with networks of reciprocal relationships and moral obligations" (2012, 25). Crossing the Cobequid a little later that day became the occasion for reflecting on how the land is deeply embedded in Indigenous knowledge and society. As participants travelled from one "place" to another, from Halifax to Sackville, across the Cobequid Pass and the provincial border between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, sharing their knowledge and learning from each other, ideas took shape and the interdisciplinary essays published here are the result.In addition to academic sessions and to keynotes by Andrea Bear Nicholas, Cole Harris, Tania Martin, and Graeme Wynn, the Meeting Places Exhibition featured work and performances by artists Alison Creba, Ray Fenwick, Eryn Foster, Frank Shebageget, Tom Sherman, Aaron Weldon, and Mitchell Wiebe, curated by Gemey Kelley at the Owens Art Gallery. The creative writers who gave public readings at the conference are similarly engaged in reimagining place. Poems and films by Hermenegilde Chiasson and stories by Alexander MacLeod are embedded in real and imagined places. Aritha van Herk's Mavericks: An Incorrigible History of Alberta (2002) and Michael Crummey's pictorial elegy Newfoundland: Journey into a Lost Nation (2004), written in collaboration with Greg Locke, meditate on the authors' relationship to the places where they live. Each of their readings, like the artworks on display, enacted the generative role of place in Canadian arts and culture.This theme issue shares some of the highlights of the gathering with readers everywhere. Since the emergence of Canadian Studies in the 1960s, place has served as both a marker of identity and an object of study. Understanding Canada as a place and understanding place(s) within Canada have been integral to the development of Canadian Studies, from Northrop Frye's inquiry "where is here?" in the Literary History of Canada (1965, 826), to the "situatedness" Smaro Kamboureli considers "formative" in Canadian literary culture (2014, 7), and to the critical readings of displacement, movement, and belonging produced from various inter- and transdisciplinary perspectives. Studies of region and regionalism in literature, from Laurie Ricou's influential Vertical Man, Horizontal World (1973) and Frank Davey's cultural critique in From There to Here (1974) to Patrick O'Flaherty's The Rock Observed (1979), proliferated in the 1970s.Although early studies of region may seem dated in an era when, under the pressure of globalization, national identities seem to dissolve with their borders, these readings of local and regional cultures in Canada shaped the emerging field of Canadian Studies, often creating their own object of study as well as new cultural expressions and products. …

Canada is the essence of not being. Not English, not American, it is the mathematic of not being. And a subtle flavour--we're more like celery as a flavour. --Mike Myers, Canadian Actor and Screenwriter If Mike Myers is correct that Canada is as 'subtle' as celery, it might seem an academic conference focused on the theme of Canadian citizenship would be a gathering around the bland. In actuality, the 23rd conference of the Canadian Ethnic Studies Association (CESA), and the fourth one sponsored jointly with the Association for Canadian Studies (ACS), demonstrated otherwise. Held at the University of Alberta in Edmonton from October 24-26, 2013, the conference was devoted to the theme of "Transforming Citizenship: Ethnicity, Transnationalism and Belonging in Canada." The papers, formal presentations, and informal discussions (some continuing long after the conference ended) reflected on the dynamism of Canada and Canadian citizenship in the twenty-first century. They also reflected on the riveting questions that can arise from a consideration of migration, belonging and political community "across the pond," "north of the 49th parallel," in none other than Canada. This special issue of Canadian Ethnic Studies contains articles originally presented as papers at the 2013 joint ACS-CESA conference. As a package these articles underscore the many ways in which "transforming citizenship" in Canada cuts into longstanding issues, as well as contemporary discussions of citizenship in relation to power, policy, and identity. Each issue will be discussed in turn. POWER That a focus on Canadian citizenship is far from subtle when it comes to social power should not be surprising. By merely replacing one word in one stanza of the English version of the national anthem, Indigenous activists have powerfully reminded settlers that Canada is not merely a "home and native land," but a "home on native land." These different phrasings point to the history of Canada's foundation and evolution as a settler-colony and by extension, the complex and shifting power relations which result from contestations over power, as well as discussions of 'home' and belonging in Canada. Since the foundation of the modern state in 1867, social relations of power in Canada include a division between indigenous peoples and settlers; a division between two (unequal) European groups (articulated sometimes as the hegemony of 'English' over 'French'); a racialized division between 'whiteness' and 'non-whiteness'; a division between the foreign-born and the native-born; and a division between those who hold legal citizenship and those who do not (Abu-Laban 2014a). Important inequities relating to institutional and cultural power as well as socioeconomic status continue to shape Indigenous struggles for land and rights (Coulthard 2014), the marginalized labour market position and discrimination experienced by recent immigrants as well as racialized minorities (Galabuzi 2011), the precarity of growing numbers of non-citizens entering the country as temporary foreign workers (Goldring and Landolt 2013) along with lingering uncertainties regarding the political status of the province of Quebec, and inequalities experienced by francophones--especially francophone immigrants outside of Quebec (Noel 2010; Abu-Laban and Couture 2010). POLICY The country's reliance on successive waves of immigrants and refugees, as well as shifting admission criteria have been regulated by immigration and citizenship policies. Historically, legislation at municipal, provincial and federal levels, such as that relating to the franchise, worked to deny Canadian citizenship to specific collectivities already in the country--including women, those without property and indigenous people (Strong-Boag 2002, 40-41). For example, owing to The Indian Act of 1876, until 1960 one could not simultaneously maintain state recognition of 'Indian' status and citizen status with voting rights in national elections. …

Magali Sperling Beck holds a Doctoral Degree in English from the University of Alberta, Canada. She is an Adjunct Professor of Literatures in English at the Modern Languages Department and at the Graduate Program in English, both at Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Her research interests include Canadian and American literature, travel writing, inter-American crossings. Her recent publication includes articles on travel writing by women in the Americas. E-mail: magalisperling@gmail.com** Rubelise da Cunha is Associate Professor of English and Vice-Coordinator of the Center for Canadian Studies at the Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Brazil. She developed research on genre theory and Indigenous theatre as a Visiting Scholar at Laurentian University (Sudbury, Canada, 2008-2009). Her research was financed by CAPES. She is a member of ANPOLL in the research group on Transculturality, Language and Education. Her research fields include postmodern and postcolonial literatures, comparative studies (Brazil-Canada) and Indigenous literatures. E-mail: rubelise@hotmail.com

This paper explores the sexual regulation and the social construction of sexual norms for men and women in the period of 1880 to 1920 in Canada. At this time, sexuality was closely tied with reputation, character, and morality, which required strict regulation of behaviour. With the growth of urban centers, social norms were tested, resulting in what I call an "early dating culture," which was mistaken as "occasional prostitution." I argue that as “proper” societal norms were tested by the effects of urbanization, there emerged an early dating culture that challenged notions of morality in relation to acceptable and unacceptable public displays of heterosexuality.

Linda Hutcheon, University Professor Emeritus of English and Comparative Literature at the University of Toronto, was the University of Konstanz’s choice to give the prestigious Wolfgang Iser lecture in September 2013, which simultaneously opened that year’s annual convention of the German Anglistenverband (organized by Silvia Mergenthal and Reingard M. Nischik). Within this framework, Linda Hutcheon spoke to me about the development of various strands of thought in her impressive body of work—encompassing nine monographs, several collaborative books, and literally hundreds of articles and book chapters. We discussed the importance of crossing borders between disciplines, media, and nations, as well as of positioning oneself as a reader and critic. Other topics included her own intellectual background in comparative literature, in Canadian Studies, and in her more recent interdisciplinary projects on opera; recent developments in and since postmodernism; and the interconnections within her work on various...

The six articles immediately following this introduction are based on papers presented at the 'Canada Abroad' conference held at the Bader International Study Centre, or BISC, at Herstmonceux Castle in Sussex, England, in the summer of 2013. For those who don't know about BISC, it's an interna- tional study centre affiliated with Queen's University - not the Belfast institution, but the Canadian one, based in Kingston, Ontario. It offers an opportunit y for Canadian students, mostly from Queen's but also from other Canadian universities, as well as students from a number of other countries (most notably, but not restricted to, China, Japan, Korea and the United States), to spend one or two terms taking university courses at a little piece of Canada nestling in the Sussex countr yside.At the same time, many of the faculty members are themselves represent- atives of Canada ... abroad. Some are at Herstmonceux more or less permanently - Canadian citizens who have, for var ying reasons, gained employment in more-or-less permanent positions in this educational establishment on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. Other Canadians abroad here are temporar y visitors, from Queen's or other associated institutions, who spend a term at BISC as visiting professors or visiting fellows, contributing to the teaching and/or research profile of the Centre.The Bader International Study Centre is, in other words, a concrete manifestation of the concept of 'Canada Abroad'. It takes Canadian students and faculty, along with students from elsewhere in the world, and sets them down in foreign parts, forcing them to learn at least something about the world outside that in which they have been born, and often comfortably raised, and rarely challenged with respect to their assumptions, their values and their day-to-day behaviours.Hence, when a number of permanent and visiting faculty members sat down with Bruce Stanley, the new Executive Director of BISC, in the Fall of 2011 to talk about a theme and a title for a conference to be held at Herstmonceux in summer 2013, the notion of 'Canada Abroad', in its multiple manifestations and connotations, was quickly approved. After nearly two years of planning, the conference took place in late July (29 July-1 August) 2013. Over two days of active discussion, plus some necessary and productive social time, 35 papers and two plenar y sessions examined multiple perspectives on the central theme of the conference. Paper presenters and panel participants addressed such issues as Canada's participation in the two World Wars; Canada's changing roles as an actor in international relations; Canadian involvement in international sporting events and the uses of sport in international diplomacy; the changing relationship between foreign policy and the use of Canadian studies as an educational objective supported by the Canadian government; the pedagogical and organisational challenges faced by the faculty and adminis- trators of 'Study Abroad' programmes; Canadian writers or artists whose careers were significantly formed or represented by their time abroad; the role of Canadian arts and culture in forming or changing perceptions of Canada in the outside world.The idea of 'Canada Abroad' makes little sense historically until there developed a concept of 'Canada' as an autonomous actor, independent of its status as British colony. That, of course, was a product of Canada's extraor- dinary contribution to Britain's war effort in the First World War. …

In this critical commentary on the political uses of memory in contemporary Canada, the author examines the conscription of the Canadian past by the Harper government since it came to power in 2006. He shows how the conservatives’ reconstruction of the nation’s past serves their broader project of reconstructing the nation tout court. Moreover, he presents the various strategies they have deployed to remake Canada’s history in their own image: the increased emphasis on military history and on the ties that bind Canadians to the monarchy; the endeavour to cast the War of 1812 and the First World War as foundational events in the making of modern Canada; the creation of the Canadian Museum of History. The author also discusses the dismantling of Library and Archives Canada, the main repository of the nation’s memory.

Living Apart Together (LAT) relationships involve two people in a long-term, committed intimate relationship who choose to live in separate households. We present findings from one of the first Canadian studies of this phenomenon, also distinct in its use of an interpretive approach to the phenomenon. Fifty-six mid- to late-life participants (28 couples) were interviewed in-person; data were analyzed through the lens of interpretive inquiry. LAT relationships were constructed by participants as protecting personal independence while mitigating relationship risks associated with cohabitation. Participants further justified their arrangements by drawing on ideas about age and/or gender. Though LAT arrangements may help enact the empowering potential of Giddens’ “pure relationship,” they can represent individual-level solutions to broader gendered inequities in cohabiting relationships.

According to Imre Lakatos, progressive research programs are centred on the notion of an empirical knowledge foundation where new theories and methods lead to novel factual discoveries. Only through advanced but diverse methodologically sound strategies can one hope for a “better” understanding of events. With Lakatosian analysis in mind, this paper examines the state of Canadian foreign policy scholarship. The author has collected 531 peer-reviewed articles pertaining to Canadian foreign policy published between 2002 and 2012 in five leading peer-reviewed publications: Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, International Journal, the Canadian Journal of Political Science, the American Review of Canadian Studies, and Études Internationales. He has differentiated these articles based on five methodological approaches: description, quantitative analysis, comparative study, critical study, and qualitative analysis. The results suggest a disheartening lack of diversity in the methodological approaches guiding Canadian foreign policy scholarship. Moreover, the overwhelming preference for descriptive methods indicates clear signs of a degenerative research program.

Native American and First Nations (herein collectively referred to as Indigenous) women college students are faced with the challenge of balancing their cultural imperatives and the demands of the dominant Western culture in family, school, and work/employment roles. In order to explore these women’s experiences and perspectives, this study analyzed unstructured qualitative interviews of 11 Native American and 9 First Nations female college students. The themes that resulted from the hermeneutic analysis were (a) honoring Indigenous culture and community, (b) living in two worlds, (c) pursuing individual fulfillment and goals, and (d) acknowledging the importance and influence of family.

Paradigms and frameworks for “doing” Canadian studies inherited from 1970s and 1980s Canada continue to resonate, but they also reveal serious limitations. Competing cultural and political frameworks for talking about regionalism, nationalism, diversity, language, North America, and globalization remind us of differences in Canadian and québécois foundational discourses. Indigenous studies significantly call into question the idea of Canada as a bilingual and multicultural nation, addressing the persistence of neo-colonialism. In this article, I use personal reflection on teaching a Quebec course in a Canadian Studies university department, one that uses Canadian and Quebec literatures to revisit these dilemmas. I conclude with a few thoughts, also based on personal experience, about the challenges and opportunities posed by shifting intellectual and fiscal points of reference both at home and abroad.

This review dossier focuses on Multiculturalism within a Bilingual Framework: Language, Race, and Belonging in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012) by Eve Haque, an associate professor of Applied Linguistics in the Departments of Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics at York University. It began as an "Author Meets Critics" session at the Association of Canadian Studies and Canadian Ethnic Studies Association joint annual conference in October 2012. The session provoked some heated debate about the nature of Canadian and Quebecois nationalisms, Canada-Indigenous relations, and racism and forms of belonging under settler colonialism. The many unfinished conversations ultimately led us to collaborate on this dossier of critical commentaries in order to reflect further on Multiculturalism in a Bilingual Framework's many broad themes. We are pleased that Canadian Ethnic Studies/Etudes ethniques au Canada has provided us with a venue to continue these important discussions. Eve Haque's scholarship has coalesced around four intersecting and overlapping research clusters over the years. First, she focuses on the ways in which the binary framing and institutionalization of "multiculturalism within a bilingual framework" effectively obscure racial hierarchies and secure white settler colonialism (Haque 2010). Second, she explores language rights, and the ways in which language policy and planning territorializes identity (Patrick and Haque 2010). Third, she grapples with the role that language plays in the formation of social and national identities, ethnolinguistic nationalisms, and cosmopolitanisms (Haque 2007). Fourth and finally, she considers the roles that teacher education and language training play in the socialization of newcomers (Haque et al. 2007). There are traces of each of these diverse research clusters in her first published monograph, which makes for a rich interdisciplinary tapestry of data and analysis. Haque's book is among the most authoritative studies of multiculturalism and bilingualism in Canada and, arguably, among the most important scholarly contributions on royal commissions or commissions of inquiry. The book takes as its point of departure two formulations--"two founding races" and "multiculturalism within a bilingual framework"--that emerged out of the final report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (B and B Commission). "Canadian commissions of inquiry in some measure mirror the concerns of history; and part of the national story is found in the reports ... [such as] bilingualism and biculturalism" (Muldoon et al. 1979, 1-2). In her path-breaking genealogy of the B and B Commission, Haque deftly traces how this particular royal commission not only mirrored historical concerns; it, like other commissions, produced history and, indeed, constituted hegemonic national narratives. Whether in her attention to the minute details of Book IV of the B and B Commission (The Cultural Contribution of the Other Ethnic Groups) or in her meticulous treatment of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's triumphant announcement of "multiculturalism within a Bilingual Framework," Haque sustains her passion for detailed archival research with careful erudition. The government of Liberal Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson established the B and B Commission in 1963 to "inquire into and report upon the existing state of bilingualism and biculturalism in Canada and to recommend what steps should be taken to develop the Canadian Confederation on the basis of an equal partnership between the two founding races, taking into account the contribution made by the other ethnic groups to the cultural enrichment of Canada and the measures that should be taken to safeguard that contribution" (Haque 2012, 5). The Commission itself evolved during a post-World War II era in which biological racism "had become verboten" (Haque, this dossier) and the spectre of Quebecois state-based nationalisms evoked trepidation throughout the rest of Canada. …

This essay provides extracts of an interview conducted by the author with Canadian gay liberation activist Chris Bearchell in 1996. It covers topics including the relationship between gay liberation, the women's movement and the autonomous lesbian movement during the 1970s and 1980s, the emergence of a backlash against the gay rights movement, the emergence of pro-family rhetoric in lesbian and gay politics in the 1980s and 1990s, and the divisions over violence against women and pornography among feminists in the 1980s and 1990s.Le present article fournit des extraits d'une entrevue realisee par l'auteure en 1996 avec Chris Bearchell, activiste canadienne du mouvement de liberation des gais et lesbiennes. Les sujets discutes comprennent les liens entre le mouvement de liberation des gais et lesbiennes, le mouvement feministe et le mouvement lesbien autonome au cours des annees 1970 et 1980, l'emergence d'un contrecoup contre le mouvement defendant les droits des gais et lesbiennes, l'emergence de discours pro-famille dans la politique gaie-lesbienne au cours des annees 1980 et 1990 ainsi que les divergences d'opinions concernant la violence faite aux femmes et la pornographie chez les feministes dans les annees 1980 et 1990.Copyright © Journal of Canadian Studies. All rights reserved.Copyright © Revue d'etudes canadiennes. Tous droits reserves.The "We Demand" conference was held in part to bring together scholars and com- munity members who wanted to reflect on the history of contemporary queer activism in Canada. Although I did not attend the conference, I was asked by the orga- nizers of this theme issue if I wished to contribute an essay. Although I did not have any new material, I did have a trove of interviews with gay liberation activists from the 1970s. Of these, I felt that the interview with Chris Bearchell might be most relevant for this theme issue of the Journal of Canadian Studies, which indirectly commemo- rates Canada's first gay liberation demonstration, on Parliament Hill in August 1971.Chris Bearchell (1953-2007) was a leading activist in the gay liberation movement from the 1970s to the 1990s in Toronto. She wrote regularly for the Body Politic, Can- ada's leading gay liberation newspaper, and was a long-time member of its collective. She was a leader of the gay liberation group Gay Alliance Toward Equality (Toronto), served as the first chairperson of the Committee to Defend John Damien (a jockey who had been fired for being gay), helped found the Coalition for Gay Rights in Ontario (as it was named at the time) in 1975, and participated in a number of important lesbian organizations in the 1970s and 1980s, such as Lesbians Against the Right (LAR) and the Lesbian Organization of Toronto (LOOT). She was also a leader of the demonstra- tions against the bathhouse raids in 1981 and of the campaign to defend the Body Politic against criminal charges in 1978. Chris was a key player in the long-standing campaign to amend the Ontario Human Rights Code to include sexual orientation as a prohibited ground of discrimination and was involved in campaigns against censor- ship and in activism around HIV/AIDS in the 1980s. Her activism is referenced in many of the key historical works on the Canadian lesbian and gay liberation move- ments, notably Becki Ross's 1995 study of LOOT, The House That Jill Built, activist Tom Warner's Never Going Back (2002), and Nancy Nicol's Stand Together (2002), a film on the history of the Coalition for Lesbian and Gay Rights in Ontario (CLGRO).1 In addition, Nicol also created a short video on Bearchell's activism and life, based in part on her own interviews with Chris (Nicol 2007; for a biography of Bearchell, see CLGA 2013).I conducted this interview, along with many others, when doing research for the project that would become my book Lesbian and Gay Rights in Canada: Social Move- ments and Equality-Seeking, 1971-1995 (Smith 1999). The project was not a history of the gay liberation movement; rather, the purpose of the research was to evaluate the impact of the entrenchment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms on politics and social movement activism in Canada, using lesbian and gay rights as a case study. …

This first ever multidisciplinary, day-long colloquium highlighting the reflections on the resilience and the diversity in the experiences of the first and second-generation Somali-Canadians and beyond was organized in 2017 by Carleton University in Ottawa. This colloquium was designed to create a dialogue between Somali students, academics, and the community and was supported by community partners, the Migration and Diaspora Studies (MDS) Initiative, School of Social Work and School of Indigenous & Canadian Studies at Carleton University. In this paper, I will be presenting notes from this day long colloquium covering topics such as mental health, education, the multiple identities of Somali Canadian youth and the relationship of Somali-Canadians to other communities such as Indigenous nations and other black diasporic communities.

In 1914 a sojourner in Winnipeg commented on the city's "Ukrainian Indians" to underline its seeming lack of European sophistication. (1) Some decades later, however, that pejorative connotation was no longer operational: the notion of a "Ukrainian Indian" living in Canada was now something to be celebrated. This dramatic turnabout came with the release in 2012 of a blockbuster "bio-pic" produced in Ukraine. The film ("Fire Crosser") (2) depicts the career of a Soviet Ukrainian hero-fighter pilot, allegedly killed in action during World War Two, but discovered years later alive and well as the Ukrainian-speaking chief of a band of Iroquois not far from Montreal. The decades that separated these two polarities offered many opportunities for ethno-cultural interaction, primarily on the Prairies where the harsh realities of pioneering forced Ukrainian settlers to borrow survival techniques from nearby Aborigines, who were invariably highly attuned to the vicissitudes of the very wilderness that the Ukrainians had come to conquer. Life stories from this initial period of Ukrainian settlement generally describe such early encounters as positive, amiable experiences. (3) A rare exception is the deadly skirmish imagined by the Canadian poet Yar Slavutych. (4) In some instances, however, their proximity to Ukrainian settlements worked against the Aborigines, who unwittingly became convenient scapegoats for criminal acts and missing children. (5) After World War Two, with the "success" of Canada's Ukrainian pioneering experience firmly acknowledged, a new factor surfaced: a Ukrainian empathy for the perceived stagnation and plight of Canada's Aborigines. In actuality, this awareness had been initiated earlier by sojourning writers from Soviet Ukraine; their stories in Ukrainian dramatized the tragic fate of Canada's downtrodden Aboriginal peoples. (6) With increasing frequency, the "Ukrainian empathy factor" popped up in the art and writings of such prominent figures as William Kurelek, George Ryga, Leo Mol, John Paskievich, Andrew Susknaski, Danny Schur, and others. The same factor highlighted the work of dedicated government bureaucrats and academics; their focus on the plight of Canada's distressed Aboriginal was largely informed by a similar sense of ethno-cultural oppression and victimhood. (7) The reverse process (that is, Aboriginal intakes of Ukrainian culture) awaits serious investigation. (8) While these processes were evolving in Canada, another version of the "Ukrainian empathy factor" had already taken root in Ukraine itself where Canada's "noble savage" titillated the popular imagination, intrigued a coterie of academics, and, as noted earlier, most recently stimulated the production of a cinematic "blockbuster." In other words, while these two versions of the empathy factor are obviously related, the two trends had evolved separately. And there was one important feature that distinguished one from the other: the Ukrainian community in Canada never cultivated the image of "the noble savage"--that transformation was left to distant countrymen in Ukraine itself. (9) As evident from the foregoing, Ukrainian-Aboriginal cultural interrelations in Canada constitute a complex panorama composed of underlying basics, contrasts, and commonalities. These are expressed by the arts alone: political agendas do not play a role in this domain. Today, with the shift in Canada's demographic realities, cultural interaction has joined with biological hybridization to form unions that are neither rare nor unusual. Although such blending is not uncommon, metissage with a Ukrainian flavour marks a phenomenon that still intrudes upon a political environment that remains governed by a fixed and well-established historicized narrative--a drawback that bars its recognition on both sides of the ethno-cultural equation. Further studies are needed and investigations continue. (10) Robert B. Klymasz Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies, University of Manitoba Notes (1. …

The lifecourse perspective examines individual life histories in order to understand how prior events, social and economic conditions, and individual characteristics influence decisions and events over time. The lifecourse approach emphasizes the connection between individuals and the historical context in which their lives take place. This approach has its origins in Thomas and Znaniecki’s pioneering studies (1918–1920) of the migration and adaptation of Polish peasants in Europe and the United States (Thomas and Znaniecki 1958). Their work examined how the lives of Polish peasants changed over time within social, economic, and cultural contexts. In recent years, the lifecourse perspective has been used to study how events earlier in life—such as schooling or teenage experiences—affect later decisions and events, such as childbearing, marriage and divorce, and retirement. In early studies in the 1930s and 1940s, longitudinal studies of individuals followed children or adults only for a few years. Generally, this early work was interested in the sequence of social roles, such as childhood socialization, becoming married, or transition to parenthood—a process that demographers called life cycle studies or the study of key transitions in individual lives. Studies dealing with the life cycle were particularly prominent in family demography (Glick 1988), as evidenced by the large number of publications dealing with family trends, religious and racial intermarriage, social-economic changes and family stability, changes in age at first marriage, and the prevalence of divorce in the 1950s and 1960s. Recent studies in family demography demonstrate the continued usefulness of the life cycle for studying such topics as cohabitation outside marriage, one-parent families, gender preferences in children, nofault divorce, divorce among children of divorce, and stepfamilies. Other researchers, notably at the University of California, Berkeley’s Institute of Human Development in the 1950s, realized that the study of single individuals oversimplified the lives of people, who were interacting with others and were entrenched in a broader historical context. As longitudinal studies developed—in ways discussed below— life cycle theory was expanded to what is now called lifecourse perspective. Although the early use of a lifecourse perspective dealt with migration, very few recent studies of migration have explicitly employed a lifecourse approach. In June 2010, the Committee on Migration and Immigration of the Population Change and Lifecourse Strategic Knowledge Cluster1 organized a workshop at the University of Montreal to explore the value of a lifecourse perspective on immigration. This workshop included ten papers that dealt with a variety of immigration topics. Six papers from that workshop have been revised for publication in this special issue of Canadian Studies in Population.

IN THE NATIONAL INTEREST Canadian Foreign Policy and the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1909-2009 Greg Donaghy and Michael K. Carroll, eds. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2011. 264PP, $34.95 (paper)Books on Canadian foreign relations history cari t avoid the touchstone figure of Lester B. Pearson. But where many books assail or endorse "Pearsonian idealism," In the National Interest makes no bones about it: Pearson was a realist. The point comes through, for instance, in Heather Metcalfe's fascinating essay on Canadian national identity and the Department of External Affairs (now Foreign Affairs and International Trade, or DFAIT). "I carfthelp feeling," she quotes Pearson as writing during the fervent welcome given to King George VI as he toured Canada in 1939, "that all the outburst of Royal and Imperial sentiment which the tour has evoked ... will make it even more difficult for this country to understand the unsentimentally nationalist basis of Canada's external policy" (63-4). Pearson's was hardheaded realism couched in the Canadian national interest. With a few changes, the lament over the pernicious effect of sentimental public opinion on foreign policymaking could have come from George Kennaris classic American Diplomacy or the more recent works of Henry Kissinger. If only public opinion would keep silent and leave foreign policy to the experts, Pearson implied, the tough calls about putting Canada's interests first could be made more easily.This conception of the national interest stands squarely at the centre of this twelve-essay collection. Unlike many edited collections, this one has coherence and a clear argument: Canadian foreign policy has by and large aimed at promoting what were seen as Canada's national interests by political leaders and department officials. There was no "golden age" of idealistic mediation in Canadian foreign policy, indeed, the "golden age" giants were cautious pragmatists working to advance Canada's interests incrementally, judicially, and - by and large - effectively.The volume stems from a conference linked to the 100th anniversary of DFAIT It is part of a welcome development in the writing of Canadian international history, spearheaded by DFAIT historian Greg Donaghy, in which historians and political scientists come together to offer chapters in solidly-edited collections. In the National Interest showcases established and new voices in the field, symbolized by the editorial partnership of Donaghy and Michael Carroll. Although space does not permit a discussion of each essay, all are provocative and well worth a read.Several themes run through the book. DFAIT as carrier of the national interest is one. Norman Hillmer examines the Department of External Affairs' first mandarin, O.D. Skelton, and Galen Perras discusses Skeltoris unsentimental anti-imperialism and the role of the department in moving Canada into the embrace of a continental destiny. Heather Metcalfe demonstrates the limits of efforts by foreign policy intellectuals, some of them linked to the department, to mould public opinion. Whitney Lackenbauer and Peter Kikkert note that the department' s "prudent and practical course" on Arctic sovereignty avoided a confrontation with the United States and argue that this course won long-term benefits in defending Canadian sovereignty. Adam Chapnick shows Canadian diplomats working effectively but quietly to advance Canadian interests in the United Nations - itself an organization whose strength was seen as important to the Canadian interest for many years. Tammy Nemeth points out the importance of diplomats in preparing American counterparts for Canadian policies they would not like. Even when relations were chilly, as under the Chretien government, diplomats kept working relations ticking along, as Stephen Randall describes. Officials might have been most effective on "soft" topics, as outlined by Elizabeth Riddell-Dixon in her essay on the Beijing conference on women. …

This chapter interprets the findings from Chapelle’s research in Canadian and Quebec content in beginning-level French textbooks for improving the teaching of the cultural narrative in foreign language classes. It summarizes the main findings of the study and makes suggestions for teachers and materials developers about Quebec content in French textbooks and extends beyond French to make suggestions for the field of foreign language teaching more broadly based on her study of Quebec content in French textbooks and engagement with Canadian Studies and Quebec Studies. It presents a social-semiotic theory of foreign language materials development that includes the role of materials developers’ knowledge of culture. It articulates the modern challenge of the beginning-level course to the field of foreign language education and asserts the role of textbook analysis in meeting the challenge through research with strong cultural and historical grounding, theoretical and practical relevance, and methodological credibility.

Purpose – This paper aims to serve as an introduction to the scholarly study of L.M. Montgomery through a selection of annotated resources.Design/methodology/approach – Items were located using library catalogs, databases, academic reviews, bibliographies, and online searches. Items were evaluated through inspection and consulting academic reviews.Findings – The body of academic resources and scholarship on Montgomery studies continues to expand. Resources can be found in the form of print bibliographies, biographies, databases, collected essays, edited papers, monographs, periodicals, reference works, and web resources.Originality/value – While other bibliographic lists of works by or about L.M. Montgomery exist, this resource guide provides a starting point for the scholarly study of Montgomery through a selective introduction and explanation of key secondary sources. This guide may also serve as a tool for building academic library collections.

The quest for self-knowledge has been a guiding principle throughout history. Plato acknowledged the duality of self-knowledge as both individual (the Delphic maxim “Know thyself”) and societal. “[I]f a Canadian is to seek self-knowledge that is essential for both health and wisdom, he [sic] must have access to a wider self-knowledge of his historical community and its contemporary circumstances” (Symons 1975:14). Thus began the Canadianization project which saw Canadian artists in all fields recognized; Canadian subject matter and data taught in universities, colleges, and public schools; Canadians hired as faculty at our universities; and Canadian Studies programs flourish. Census data and census making are key means by which we know ourselves as Canadians, both at present and from whence we came in families and collectively. The Census is a unique way of knowing ourselves since it enables collection of data on everyone from the most disadvantaged and hidden members of society to the best known individuals. The Census is the preeminent text for us all, particularly those who are silent or weak, to make claims for recognition. The Census is also an increasingly utilized resource for tracing ancestry, to know ourselves as descendents. In this paper, we rely on Plato’s duality of self-knowledge to explore some examples of the making of claims for recognition by groups past and present that may be lost with the cancellation of the mandatory long-form Census for 2011.

The papers in this special issue of the British Journal of Canadian Studies have their origin in a seminar hosted at the University of Ulster Institute for Research in the Social Sciences, Canadian Studies Research Programme in February, 2011 entitled, Welfare State Restructuring and the Role of the Social Economy and the Voluntary Sector: Canadian Reflections at a Time of Austerity. Earlier versions of three of the papers, by Laforest, Phillips and White, were given at that seminar. The background to the seminar and this special issue is found in the profound changes in welfare states constructed in the post-Second World War period that have occurred since the mid-1980s in many Western democracies as a consequence of the neoliberal turn in politics and economics. This led to a crisis in confidence in the state and a radical shake-up of public administration. Management techniques were imported from the private sector and a period of outsourcing of public services to both private and to voluntary bodies was set in train (Barzelay 2002; Osborne and McLaughlin 2002). The focus of the discussion in this issue is on the changing role of civil society and the relationship between organizations within civil society and the state in this period and on how this is talked about. The Canadian story is interesting as the changes have been particularly profound because of the way in which the institutions of the Canadian welfare state had been integrated into an earlier narrative of nation-building, giving civil society a leading role in promoting strong links between disparate national and ethnic identities into an overarching Canadian civic citizenship. Analysis of what happened after the mid-1980s thus casts a sharply illuminating light on recent Canadian history. The first four articles in this special issue tackle the theme from a variety of perspectives, but they all hone in on the proper role of civil society as a separate sphere of activity to the market and the state in a democratic society and as a contributor to democratic debate and civic integration. A fifth article considers the policy outcomes of a weakening of this role in Canada that has allowed legislation promoting equality of opportunity to minorities in employment to be vitiated through poor enforcement. The renewed scholarly interest in the concept of civil society, particularly as a source of national and democratic renewal, dates back to the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the ending of a number of authoritarian regimes, particularly in South America, both in the late 1980s. Whilst this revival in interest was in part circumstantial, it was also driven by an 'associational revolution' as the number of associations within civil society 'sky-rocketed' across many jurisdictions in the world at a time when traditional forms of political engagement were seen to be in decline (Salamon 1994: 111). Whilst the variety of these associations in both form and function could be bewildering constituting a 'loose and baggy monster' hard to pin down in a single definition (Kendall and Knapp 1996), together they have come to be viewed as a separate sector within society, distinct from the state and the market (Salamon et al. 2003). Despite their variety, their core features include independence from government on the one hand, and on the other the lack of private owners taking profits from their operations, surpluses being directed to the purposes for which they were established (Salamon and Anheier 1998). Two interlinked strands in scholarship have developed from these beginnings. First, there has been a focus on how the world of these associations relates to state structures and programmes in particular jurisdictions (Smith and Gronbjerg 2006; Casey et al. 2010), and we will see in this issue how important this relationship has been in understanding recent Canadian social history. But second, this strand has acquired additional relevance through being filtered through debate on the normative role of civil society in contemporary politics (Edwards 2009; Munck 2006; Anheier 2007; Dekker and Evers 2009). …

This text contains Professor Benoit Pelletier's speech presented as a plenary at the British Association for Canadian Studies 35th Annual Conference, Democracy as a Work in Progress: The Intellectual and Cultural Dynamics of the Canadian Idea, University of Cambridge, 6–8 April 2010. Further updating of the text occurred prior to going to print (December 2010). Benoit Pelletier reminds us that, since its creation in 1867, Canada has provided a part of the answer to one of the major challenges confronting us today, which is the challenge of managing interdependence and enhancing diversity. The author also examines some of the components of Canada's identity. Among these are federalism, constitutional monarchy, parliamentarianism, constitutionalism and the rule of law, the independence of the judiciary, the constitutional and quasi-constitutional protection of human rights and freedoms, a cumbersome constitutional amendment procedure and democracy.

The study unfolds in five sections. First is an overview of Canadian Studies that calls for more unified efforts in the field – most notably, integration of humanities with social sciences. The second section provides an exegesis of Itamir Even-Zohar's (1990) literary system, a mechanism with potential to help bridge the preceding gap. A diagrammatic exposition, linked to Even-Zohar's framework, is used in the third section to tell the story of Alice Munro's early career. The fourth section focuses on the potential value added from that enterprise. Fifth and last are a few general conclusions.

This book consists of an introduction and 11 papers selected from among those presented at a conference organised by the Centre of Canadian Studies at the University of Edinburgh in 2005. The confe...

Reader at Work: An Appreciation of Barbara Godard Barbara Godard, Canadian Literature at the Crossroads of Language and Culture, edited by Smaro Kamboureli (Edmonton: NeWest Press, 2008), 412pp. Paper. $36.95. ISBN 978-1-897126-36-3. What narrative to relate? This is the fundamental question to be addressed by the literary critic faced with a vast body of material, a pluralistic critical scene, a border/line position both inside and outside the critical institution in question, and the limitations of form imposed by the present venue. Godard 2008 [1990]: 83 IN THEIR ORIGINAL CONTEXT these words stage the problematic of composing a critique that at once introduces, surveys and interrogates the discourse about Quebec literature. They also seem appropriate to the job before me here. Which narrative of Barbara Godard should I write, given the range and quantity of her scholarly work and achievements? How should I tell a story that celebrates a career as well as reviewing a new book that re-presents a selection of her essays? What narrative mode should I adopt for this tale of an intellectual whom I think of as a teacher, although I have never formally been her student? To borrow from Godard again, think of what follows as a reader at work, reading again, and reading with the critic who is also 'reading reading' (2008 [1992]: 200). Consider this as an invitation to read on, and beyond, the narratives that I have selected here. Such is the evolving nature of my subject that, even as I speak, [she] slips away from me. Godard 2008 [1987]: 53 Barbara Godard's contribution to Canadian literature and culture has been extensive and multi-faceted. As a prize-winning translator, theorist, editor, collaborator, award-winning teacher (at York University), researcher and recipient of the Award of Merit from the Association for Canadian Studies, Godard has taken up multiple positions within the field of scholarship that we have come to delimit as 'Can. Lit.'. She is a significant intellectual figure whose feminist politics have informed her professional advocacy work, social activism, teaching and scholarship. Creating the tools - bibliographical and theoretical - as well as many primary and secondary texts that have helped to shape the paradigms of feminist Canadian criticism has been a key achievement of Godard's long and distinguished scholarly career. Her accomplishments range from dazzling contributions to feminist translation theory to her practice of 'writing with the text', a style of criticism elaborated among the Tessera collective as 'fiction-theory' (Godard 1994). She has been one of a small handful of scholars responsible for the introduction of several substantial bodies of theory and knowledge to Canadian academic criticism, from semiotics to approaches derived from comparative literature. As well as publishing prolifically across her wide range of interests, Godard has been involved in the production of several innovative Canadian periodicals, labour that, when it is well done, is of course often almost invisible to its readers. Without such labour, however, it is very difficult to sustain intellectual conversations across time and space, and Godard's substantial volume of work on periodicals has been characterised by a strong commitment to introducing to the pages of Canadian journals not only new ideas and experimental writing, but also work by new generations of academic and creative writers. A founding member of Tessera, the feminist journal which brought together work by feminist writers and thinkers from across Canada and in both official languages, Godard has also worked for many years as a contributing editor to Open Letter, and, from 1998 to 2008, as the book reviews editor for Topia, the journal of Canadian cultural studies. Additionally, she was the French editor of Fireweed (1978-80) and has served on the editorial boards of a range of other periodicals. Barbara Godard is a name known to many feminist scholars around the world, especially perhaps to students of translation and followers of Canadian and Quebec women's writing. …

Character versus Circumstance in Recent Canadian Historical Biography Honore Jaxon: Prairie Visionary. By Donald B. Smith. Regina: Coteau, 2007. 312 pp. $24.95 (paper) ISBN 978-1-55050-367-8. John A: The Man Who Made Us; The Life and Times of John A. Macdonald. Vol. 1, 1815-1867. By Richard Gwynn. Toronto: Random House, 2007. 560 pp. $23.00 (eBook) ISBN 978-0-307-37135-5. $23.00 (paper) ISBN 978-0-679-31476-9. 528 pp. $37.00 (cloth) ISBN 978-0-679-31475-2. Sir William C. Macdonald: A Biography. By William Fong. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2007. 336 pp. $34.95 (cloth) ISBN 978-0-77353-304-2. Thomas D'Arcy McGee. Vol. 1, Passion, Reason, and Politics, 1825-1857. By David Wilson. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2008. 448 pp. $39.95 (cloth) ISBN 978-0-77353-357-8. The View from Murney Tower: Salem Bland, the Late-Victorian Controversies, and the Search for a New Christianity. Vol. 1. By Richard Allen. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008. 496 pp. $80.00 (cloth) ISBN 978-0-80209-748-4. There it is again, the complaint that Canadan academic historians do not write about the kinds of things that the ordinary history-reading people like to read. This time, the charge is levelled by a popular historian, Dan Francis, in an online forum, HistoryWire (Francis 2008). History as an industry is booming these days, and historians everywhere are writing for an enthusiastic public, except, apparently, in Canada, where the academics remain cloistered in their ivory tower. There may well be some truth to the argument, though when the critics do not actually read books by Canadian academics to make their case (Francis did not), there may also be a dollop of intellectual laziness involved. Still, one might be forgiven for thinking that the structure of Canadian publishing nurtures cloisteredness: because a state subsidy exists only for scholarly books that are not likely to sell in the mass market, publishers hardly dare print large runs or engage in mass-marketing, for fear of losing that crucial bit of subsidy. It is probably easier to get a scholarly book into print in Canada than elsewhere, but possibly harder to reach a general authence. It is also true that academics often use theories and language that non-academics find repellent, but it tends to be truer of books by social scientists than by historians. Perhaps a reasonable comparison could be done by choosing a genre that both academics and professional authors write, such as biography. Most biographers consciously tailor their writing to a nonspecialized authence. Where once biography was in disrepute amongst academics, today historians of all kinds write biographies. A Journal of Historical Biography, published out of the University College of the Fraser Valley with funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, draws scholars, editors, and thoughtful reflections on the act of writing biographies from around the world. Invited by the Journal of Canadian Studies to review five Victorian biographies, I wondered whether this small sample exemplified the kinds of differences to which the pundits object. There are three books by academics and two by professional writers (one of whom has a doctorate). The subjects are a priest, a businessman, and three politicians, stretching that term to include Riel's secretary, Honore Jaxon, ne William Jackson. The book's author describes him as a visionary, and that is a term that could be applied to three of the five subjects, all of whom lived lives on the left, though one of those three migrated to the centre-right. The other two biographees were different: both, named Macdonald, were enormously successful at their chosen field of endeavour (politics and business) and became two of the most powerful men in late- Victorian Canada. Both Macdonalds are portrayed as pragmatists by their authors, who are the two professional writers in the bunch. …

This article examines one aspect of Canada's early cultural diplomacy. During the late 1940s, the Department of External Affairs frequently received requests for Canadian books from foreign libraries. At the same time, many officials were eager to promote Canadian culture abroad. The Annual Book Presentation Programme was inaugurated with the intention of creating “repositories of Canadiana” which might stimulate interest in Canada among foreign readers. Although the budget for the program was always modest, over the years the department's book gifts did fulfill their aim, creating a basis for the later growth of Canadian studies in universities abroad.

In many ways the scholarly study of Canadian foreign policy has become a rich, robust, and rapidly growing field. It is now well over a century old, if one dates its inauguration from the publication of Goldwin Smith's Canada and the Canadian Question in 189 1, a book that understood that Canada's relationship with the United States was properly part of, or even at the centre of, the field.1 From 1945, when many of today's scholars start their scrutiny, to 1995, the detailed bibliographies compiled under the auspices of the Canadian Institute of International Affairs recorded works of all kinds as relevant to the subject. Since then, the explosion of material has been too vast for this careful bibliographic compilation to be published in print, especially as the internet has arrived to help others take on the task in electronic form. Since 1970, courses on Canadian foreign policy have become staples of universities' undergraduate curricula across Canada, accompanied by selective forays into the US and beyond. These courses have been mounted and delivered in the first instance by the doctoral students produced by John Holmes, with some help from James Eayrs, at the University of Toronto over many years. More recently, the 4000-member strong International Studies Association has created a separate Canadian studies section that has been flourishing, expanding, and honouring its senior scholars since its inception. There are now over a dozen articles reviewing the state of the Canadian foreign policy field.2 There are also several reflecting on its connection with, and theoretical inheritance from, international relations as a whole.3 AU signs thus suggest that the study of Canada foreign policy has gone prime time on a global scale.But amidst this proliferating scale, scope, and self- reflection, there remains an unanswered question. Is Canadian foreign policy really a selfcontained scholarly field with an intellectually coherent, progressive research tradition, defined by seminal books of creative inspiration and continuing relevance at its core? There are good reasons to doubt that it is, especially in contrast with the larger field of international relations in which it properly resides. Here foundational works such as those by Thucydides, Hans Morgenthau, Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, John Ruggie, Kenneth Waltz, and Alexander Wendt are used, disputed, or at least recognized and referred to by all. In contrast, the study of Canadian foreign policy has long been an endeavour involving those from many disciplines, starting with history and law. It has also been one to which practitioners from government, the media, research institutes, and the business community contribute a great deal. And it has always had its second solitude of an important French language literature centred in Quebec, which has long enriched only the few who have been able or willing to read it on the other side of Canada's great linguistic divide.To determine whether there is a coherent field of Canadian foreign policy based on broadly recognized, intellectually generative foundational works, this study identifies and justifies the impact of the top io most important books on Canadian foreign policy of all time. It focuses on books rather than journal articles as the probable source of the foundational centrepieces, given the small number of journals, especially peer-refereed ones, focused on the subject over many years. It further aims at works of enduring importance, reducing the "recency bias" that would otherwise propel today's biggest hits, most prolific scholars, curricular fashions, and policy favourites to the top of the list. It thus sets aside the standard mechanical metrics of citation indices and Google hits to probe the content of the "top io" and explore how they shaped thinking, research, and teaching for many years in the past - and probably will for many years to come. This is thus the list of Canadian foreign policy's finest wines that have aged well enough to be continuously copied, adapted, and selectively consumed directly by the dedicated purists in the profession today. …

Faculty members who participated in the International Canadian Studies Institute, an intensive thirteen-day multidisciplinary excursion into western Canada, make sense of their experiences and reflect on how the fellowship will affect their teaching and scholarship. The participants, faculty at universities and colleges in the Pacific Northwest, represent diverse disciplines ranging from anthropology to creative writing to criminal studies. As expected, the personal narratives are as distinct as the collection of fellows. All returned to their home institutions better prepared to infuse Canadian content into their teaching or research, having learned a great deal about Canada.