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The purpose of the article is to identify the essence of the concept of “freedom” in the cognitive-semantic fi eld of I. Franko’s verse “Still not lost!”. In the framework of the defi ned goal, the following tasks have been solved: the features of the verbal representation of the concept of “freedom” in poetic discourse of the poetry by Ivan Franko have been clarifi ed; its compliance with the linguistic and cultural profi le of the Ukrainian language has been substantiated. I t is established that the linguistic design of the text of the poem is an example of the discursive confi guration of the concept, which refl ected the individual and author’s understanding of the world and himself in it. The concept of “freedom” is culturally relevant, which manifests itself on the lexical, phraseological and syntactical levels, in various means of objectification, in syntagmatic fullness, peculiarities of metaphorical comprehension and paremic interpretation. The concept is a mental entity that is scattered among the signs of the language and can be implemented by a number of verbal / nonverbal means. In the author’s mind there is a certain individual associative relationship between the concept and the sign, which is based on their own life experience, due to the physical, psychological, emotional state, the purpose of discourse, etc. Conclusions: socio-cultural dynamics of the national language allows changes in the artistic and poetic conceptualization of the concept of “freedom”. In this sense, the writer and his work, as well as the linguistic means of the discourse are the transfer-transmitter of the concept and its signifi cance in the bonds of generations, epochs,cultures, etc. The valorative scope of the concept of “freedom” in the text of the verse is determined by its author’s discourse as the value of the existence of man and nation, which corresponds to the philosophical and mental guidelines of the Ukrainian linguistic and cultural community. Prospects for further research are the study of the conceptosphere of other latest poems by Ivan Franko.

Introduction. This article focuses on the axiologically tinged notional implications which are characteristic of English romantic poets’ cognitive style. These implications are revealed via a comprehensive analysis of aesthetic evaluation which is verbalized in poetic texts and by modeling the conceptual space of aesthetic evaluation THE BEAUTIFUL / THE UGLY.Purpose. The paper aims at revealing the axiologically marked meanings specific to the cognitive style of the English romantic poets by modeling the conceptual space of aesthetic evaluation THE BEAUTIFUL / THE UGLY in English romantic lyrics.Methods. The poliparadigmatic methodology of the research combines three approaches: linguocultural, linguopoetic and cognitive.Results. The paper suggests the identification of axiologically charged literary concepts, the construction of the conceptual space of aesthetic evaluation THE BEAUTIFUL / THE UGLY as a two-layer model (notionally-evaluative and figuratively-evaluative). Each layer is modelledin a particular way (as a frame, as a notional field or in terms of conceptual metaphor), which has made it possible to determine the notional implications characteristic of the all-human, ethnocultural and poets’ evaluative worldviews as embodied in English romantic lyrics.Conclusion. The aesthetic priorities of the English romantic poets – fear, God, life – and their close interconnection and interdependence are revealed, which makes it possible to determine the quintessence of the romantic poetic worldview: human life, in which the fear, determined by the will of God, prevails. The ambivalence in the evaluative attitude of romantic poets to life, as well as their understanding of God and fear as its determinants, is based on the moral norms of mankind and the culture of the English nation. The overall gloomy coloring of the author's evaluative worldview is determined by a sharp negative social aesthetic assessment,but the unconventional interpretation of life as good, a strong faith in the bright future, peace and progress testifies to the difference of poets’ world evaluation from the societal aesthetic assessment of the era of global transformation.

By analysing the influence of situational factors, this paper aims to determine if all face-threatening acts indeed have an impolite effect. Two types of peninsular Spanish speech corpora (formal and informal) were examined, each with different situational features. The theoretical maxims applied to this study are based on Briz (2004), who distinguishes between codified (im)politeness and an interpreted (im)politeness. The initial findings reveal that the features of the communicative situation may neutralise the codified impoliteness in certain speech acts. These features include the relation of solidarity between the interlocutors, the subject or topic of the speech, the purpose and the social and common proximity among the speakers, among other things. Such features seem to influence to some extent the interpretation of those acts that conventionally could be considered as impolite. Thus, contrary to the principles generally accepted in Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness (1987), the findings of this analysis indicate that certain situational factors may, on occasion, lead the speakers to be less concerned about minimizing face offences even though this lack of concern does not actually involve damage to the other.

HAS HE APOLOGIZED OR NOT?: A CROSS-CULTURAL MISUNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE UK AND JAPAN ON THE OCCASION OF THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF VJ DAY IN BRITAIN Kumiko Murata This paper will examine the misunderstanding between the British and Japanese governments in the interpretation of the letter of apology (according to the British government)/ congratulation (according to the Japanese government) sent by the then Japanese Prime Minister to the then British Prime Minister just before the 50th anniversary of VJ Day in Britain. It will first investigate what the speech act 'apology' entails in these two different discourse communities and then explore how this speech act was differently interpreted on the special occasion of the 50th anniversary of the end of the Second World War by the two former enemy governments according to their respective interests and differing social and political pressures from war veterans and bereaved families. Using a selection of newspaper articles from this period, the paper will illustrate how deeply wider social, political and historical backgrounds can affect the interpretation of linguistic meaning and how the interpretation of an utterance can vary depending on the context. It will also demonstrate how the use of vague expressions and culturally loaded styles could lead to misinterpretation or misunderstanding, referring to the letter written by the then Japanese Prime Minister. The letter was said to have originally been meant to be one of congratulation by the sender but was not interpreted in this way by the receiver. Finally, I will reemphasize the importance of taking the context into consideration in utterance interpretation.

In the last decades, the studies on politeness have discussed central concepts stemming from Brown and Levinson’s work ([1978] 1987), such as face, threats, mitigations and strategies of politeness. One of the problems that the study of politeness presents for the analysis of a situated corpus of speech is that the use of the mentioned notions calls for a socio-cultural perspective. In other words, it is necessary to include extralinguistic factors in the analysis of politeness, as the phenomena is beyond the sphere of linguistics in strict terms. In this paper, I approach the challenge based on other studies that I have already done for different corpora of Spanish. I discuss the problem of using certain concepts (face, threats, mitigations and strategies of politeness) as methodological categories for the interpretation of communicative behaviours in situated interactions. In my analysis, I use categories that incorporate, both theoretically and methodologically, socio-cultural variation in the realisations of politeness. To achieve this, I evaluate the social effect that certain behaviours have in the interpersonal relations under study, so as to, from then on, classify those behaviours in terms of politeness, impoliteness or neutrality. Also, I use the categories of “autonomy” and “affiliation”, void of socio-cultural contents. Finally, I put forward extralinguistic elements in the analysis of corpora of Spanish by making explicit those “socio-cultural premises” that an analyst use to make his or her interpretations.

In this introduction, we set out the central themes of the special issue. It concentrates on imperfect function-form mappings, and discusses several cases in which specific perspectival meanings are not fully predictable on the basis of a perspectivizing grammatical construction alone. We distinguish two kinds of form-function mismatches: (1) perspective-persistent phenomena, i.e. grammatically signaled deictic and/or cognitive perspective shifts which are not realized in interpretation, and (2) irregular perspective shifts, which involve either grammatically un(der)specified shifts or grammatically signaled shifts that are interpreted as mixing multiple sources of deictic and/or cognitive perspective (‘multiple-perspective constructions’). We briefly discuss and contextualize each of the contributions, and highlight their central findings.

During the 2012 U.S. Presidential campaign, President Obama turned some heads by stating “If you’ve got a business – you didn’t build that”. His opponents argued that this was an attack on private enterprise (with “that” referring to business), while his supporters and fact-checking organizations maintained that “that” referred to what Obama was talking about previously (U.S. infrastructure) and represented his political-economic plan of an increased interlacing of private business with government investment. I argue, from a relevance-theoretic perspective, that both interpretations follow from differing contextual assumptions on the part of the audience. In this sense, the role of contextual assumptions in utterance interpretation is highlighted – different contextual assumptions lead to different cognitive effects if the utterance leaves room for more than one interpretation. Combined with a highly polarized U.S. political arena, where participants pounce on their opponent’s every possible miscue, all the ingredients for misunderstanding are present.

This study offers new insights into the complex and underexplored nature of reported threats. Combining the theoretical framework of speech act analysis with the concept of reported speech, the study finds six categories of reported threats, uncovering ones that have been overlooked by existing scholarship thus far. The texts presented are derived from audio-recordings of 847 interviews carried out in four Central American countries: El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, and Panama between 2010 and 2014. References to threats and threat narratives came from school teachers, community leaders, police officers, clergy, and members of municipal violence prevention committees. The interpretation of indirect and implicit threats are made in the social context of communities under siege, that is, under constant attack by local gangs, many of whom are connected to national gangs and international narcotrafficking cartels. The credibility of the different types of threats is evaluated, using Goffman’s (1981) insight into the complexity of speaker roles in face-to-face interaction.

The aim of this contribution is twofold. On the one hand it will attempt to place the various papers of this special issue in perspective vis-a-vis each other and vis-a-vis the notion of ideology -the overall topic of the 6th International Pragmatics Conference and the driving theme behind the present volume. The goal is to provide a broader view on the different papers as a whole, to summarize their claims without repeating what they have already said, but by looking for relevant interconnections. For although they do share a common topic, the specific subject matter they examine is quite varied, as are their respective approaches, ranging from the empirical to the theoretical, from the specific to the general. My second aim lies beyond the papers themselves, as their comparison will reveal two issues that are left largely undiscussed. A more in-depth look at these issues will be proposed as a way of complementing the other contributions by completing their combined interpretation of the relationship between politeness and ideology.

The construction is of interest first because it appears to be universal; second because an analysis of its occurrence and interpretation illustrates some of the activities pertormed by participants in discourse, the resources that language and languages make available for those activities, the principles that govern the interactions between language and context, and the ways in which speakers can manipulate those resources for narrative purposes; and third, because its successful analysis provides support for the principles and assumptions used to account for it. I will argue that the subordinate clause of the construction represents an interpretation of its local discourse context, which in turn licenses the derivation of a range of locally specific inferential connections between the context and the clause. These characteristics can be accounted for by Grice's cooperative principle (CP) and maxims of conversation. I have been looking for examples of this sentence type for several years, but have so far collected only 85. The infrequency of the construction is matched by the infrequency with which it is mentioned by linguists. I know of only seven references to it, and in three of these the construction is mentioned merely as an appendix to the discussion of another sentence form. Delahunty (1982) mentions it as a type of cleft sentence, a position endorsed by Declerck (1988, 1992), (but see Collins 199I); Quirk et al. (1985) mention it in a footnote to their discussion of obligatory extrapositive constructions; Kuno (1973) discusses the Japanese analogue,, the no

This special issue of Pragmatics brings together a collection of articles by linguistic anthropologists studying the interplay between the production and interpretation of written language on one hand, and the language ideologies that organize that production and interpretation on the other. This introductory essay offers an overview of the common theoretical foundations upon which the authors in this volume build their analyses of language ideologies and writing systems and underscores the thematic connections across the articles.

This article examines a Korean American comedian’s use of Mock Asian and the ideologies that legitimate this racializing style. These ideologies of legitimacy depend on assumptions about the relationship between communities, the authentication of a speaker’s community membership, and the nature of the interpretive frame that has been “keyed”. Specifically, her Mock Asian depends on and, to some extent, reproduces particular ideological links between race, nation, and language despite the apparent process of ideological subversion. Yet her use of stereotypical Asian speech is not a straightforward instance of racial crossing, given that she is ‘Asian’ according to most racial ideologies in the U.S. Consequently, while her use of Mock Asian may necessarily reproduce mainstream American racializing discourses about Asians, she is able to simultaneously decontextualize and deconstruct these very discourses. This article suggests that it is her successful authentication as an Asian American comedian, particularly one who is critical of Asian marginalization in the U.S., that legitimizes her use of Mock Asian and that yields an interpretation of her practices primarily as a critique of racist mainstream ideologies.

The paper is a relevance-theoretic account of the meaning of the Serbian particle baš, once a content word, now a pragmatic particle restricted to informal discourse. It is argued that the emphatic and specificatory senses of baš can be subsumed under a single description of the particle as a marker of non-loose use. The argumentation is based on the relevance-theoretic distinction between description and interpretation in language use and on the notion of loose talk. The main issue of how the particle contributes to the relevance of its host-utterance is anchored in a tripartite distinction: Conceptual/procedural, truth-functional/non-truth-functional, explicature/implicature. It is claimed that the particle baš is a procedural, non-truth-functional linguistic item that contributes to relevance by constraining the explicit content of the host-utterance.

Plant biologists widely accept plants demonstrate capacities for intelligence. However, they disagree over the interpretive, ethical and nomenclatural questions arising from these findings: how to frame the issue and how to signify the implications. Through the trope of 'plant neurobiology' describing plant root systems as analogous to animal brains and nervous systems, plant intelligence is mobilised to raise the status of plants. In doing so, however, plant neurobiology accepts an anthropocentric moral extensionist framework requiring plants to anthropomorphically meet animal standards to be deserving of moral respect. I argue this strategy is misguided because moral extensionism is an erroneous ontological foundation for ethics.

Stylistics, understood as the study of the language of literary texts (Halliday 1967) and a method for textual analysis (Carter 2007, Verdonk 2002), is a product of the twentieth century formalists’ concern for the systematising of literary interpretation (see Jeffries and McIntyre 2010, p. 1). However, since the institutionalisation of literature around the end of the nineteenth century, literary scholars have tended to keep borders between language and literature very clear-cut and have resisted methods that could bear resemblance to those used in natural sciences. Most still hold the view that ‘the humanities deal in what is deep down, really humane, benign, mild, open-minded and understanding, the quintessence of what is taken to be human, while the sciences would fail such a perspective’ (van Peer 2008, p. 5). More recently, Sklar (2013, pp. 166-167) has stressed that ‘In literary studies, there is a tendency for some scholars to reject the inclusion of psychological, philosophical, and, especially, scientifi c content in support of literary aims or theories,’ and he adds that they are ‘ill-equipped to speculate on issues that lie outside of their areas of specialty. Yet, they frequently make assertions or raise questions that literary scholarship, as a discipline, seems incapable of answering.’

Islamic marriage law that grows and develops in the social space describing the multiple possibilities to be interpreted through history. Issues around issues of justice, equality became the main centrum discussed with different approaches. Thesis William Montgomery Watt states that the trade of Mecca is an important factor for the emergence of Islam. Socioeconomic standpoint this has enriched the interpretation of the history of the emergence of Islam as a debatable academically. Although theses Watt also received sharp criticism from Patricia Crone, but both are at the same point the assumption that Mecca declared as an important trading town in the 7th century AD. Keywords ; Mecca, the financier, the Islamic marriage law.

The recent study analyzed the interpersonal meaning of "mangupa" process to obtain the interpretation of language in its function as an exchange of experience. And the interpersonal meaning of the utterances uttered by Dalihan na tolu of Mora, Kahanggi, and Anak boru, show the form of each position and the meaning. This study is qualitative research, which naturally observed the data and analyzed it based on the interpersonal analysis. This research found that the text in mangupa is dominantly realized in statement form. Statements come from giving, information from the source/speaker. And the second is offering; the offer was realized from giving, goods/services from source/ speaker. Mora, kahanggi and anakboru were giving statement in mangupa process of Angkola's wedding ceremony. In addition, these three participants demonstrate their role while Kahanggi as the moderator of the ceremony, anakboru as the helper who takes responsibility for preparing the things needed at every stage of the ceremony, while mora has the authority to provide guidance, suggestion, permission, and rejection at the ceremony.

What kind of argument is acceptable for this or that interpretation when the text is a court’s opinion? There is plenty of discussion about literary, constitutional, and statutory interpretation. Is it acceptable to import their tenets or theories to the interpretation of court opinions? This paper goes over the leading views on literary, constitutional, and statutory interpretation to compare them with the needs of the court opinions’ interpretation. The author argues that one must interpret court opinions according to the pragmatic model and endeavor to understand the meaning the judge intended for the text.

The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the interpretations of Nasaruddin Umar and Henri Salahuddin in understanding the hadith of women's testimonies. This study uses a qualitative type through literature study using the syarah hadith method and a comparative analysis approach. The results of the research and discussion show that the interpretations of women's testimonies are quite diverse, especially among Islamic feminists and traditional ulama. This study concludes that Nasaruddin Umar follows the feminist interpretation, and understands the hadith of women's testimonies contextually. Nasaruddin argues that reason is something that is universal, men and women have the same capacity in witnessing. Meanwhile, Henri Salahuddin in his normative interpretation follows classical scholars and understands the hadith of women's testimony tends to be textual. According to him, a woman has limitations in reason and religion so that the testimony of two women is equal to one man. This study recommends further research on the hadith of women's testimony with a social science approach.

The present contribution takes cultural semiotics as its theoretical vantage point ontranslation, and delves specifically in the concepts of diversity and standardness asthey develop characteristically within the semiosphera (Lotman [1984] 2005).Standardness and diversity define the complex maze of intra-cultural relations thatprefigure and possibilitate the intercultural relation, especially through translation.The semiosphere is the sociocultural system within which the standard texts of theculture coexist with the rest in a hierarchy that places the standard at a position ofprominence. The standard texts of a culture occupy a core position in a hierarchythat defines them as forming the educated core. They are texts that partake of theprestige and pre-eminence of the group that circulates them, distinguishable fromthe substandard texts in the same culture. Within a semiosphere the standard is anorm and the reference point for the interpretation of symbolic value, which, forlanguage and translation studies, relies on the subcultural (High vs. Low)differentiation existing in the intraculture and conditioning the forms of crossculturaltransference. On one hand we claim that translation per se should beradically reconceptualized as being the process that possibilitates communicationthrough an understanding of diversity within –and through– discourse and, also, as aprocess of management of that diversity in pursuit of interpretative convergence(intertextual, intersubjective, intercultural) from an initial position of linguisticdivergence. This divergence is resolved in translation. On the other hand we need tounderline the importance of the individual translators’ task within these widersociocultural processes. The important role played by translators in the modernization of theirsemiospheres will be discussed presently in relation to a highly significant case,which was the onset of Anglo-American Imagism and Literary Modernism at the endof the Meiji Era, or the end of the Victorian era. It was not coincidental that afterdecades of novel translation work (from Japanese into English and from English intoJapanese) conducted by translators like Noguchi, Hearn, Fenollosa, or Ezra Pound,the modernization of Japanese and Anglo-American literature would take place. Inthe process of translating, these translators were learning from Source textualityhow to write Target texts whose new hybrid forms taught them, and the literary profession surrounding them, how to renovate the standards of their nativesemiospheres.

In this research, we wish to address the tension tucked away in scholarly work: the simultaneous need to break in and break out of academic communities and their ways of thinking. More precisely, we are interested in social re-search (i.e., searching again) processes and how scholars authenticate their research within an established cultural convention. For that purpose, we focus on the use of the term ‘lens’, which is omnipresent in research texts but rarely defined. Upon completing an integrative literature review and considering the embeddedness of a lens in culture, language, research communities and our ontological assumptions, we define a ‘research lens’ as a sociocultural representation and tool that helps to negotiate our scientific interpretation of the world. Our contribution to industrial marketing stems from surfacing and discussing four uses of a lens evident in the industrial marketing literature, introducing a metaphorical lens as a way to reform knowledge, and finally exemplifying how our lens tends to either mirror, reflect, symbolize or mirage the contours of our world without our full awareness of it.

The perspective that race, gender, and social class are socially constructed phenomena is in contrast with an alternative viewpoint, one which sees race and gender, in particular, as deterministic or essentialistic. Digital and social media can bring people together, but they can also drive people apart. Different types of scholars, however, approach the matter of media effects differently. Some readings overtly address intersectionality by acknowledging the interaction of race, gender, and class, but notice how other readings might be informed by intersectionality even though it may not be a key focal point. Our media system is complex and incorporates a variety of interrelated components, each of which experiences many pressures from both within and without. The importance of race and gender in our society has nothing to do with physical attributes of race and gender and everything to do with society’s interpretation of what it means to be a member of a particular gender or racial/ethnic group.

This article aimed to find out the development of a view that tends to marginalize women is certainly not derived from religious teachings, but is more influenced by problems of interpretation. Although sourced from the same reference namely the Qur'an and Hadith, the interpretation of gender relations in Islam developed into diverse variants. Among the important factors that encourage diversity are the different perspectives on the inclusion of sociological and historical considerations in making interpretations. For interpreters who agree, historical elements, sociology must be taken into consideration in interpreting the verse. If the element is ignored, then the interpretation that appears will contain bias. That factor causes the interpretation paradigm of creation mythology, the involvement of women in the public sphere and several related issues about fiqh which seem contradictory to the main mission of Islamic teachings that puts forward the spirit of justice and equality. Therefore, reinterpretation of even the interpretation of interpretations is necessary. Therefore, it can easily reveal how far an interpretation correlates with the socio-cultural order of society when the interpretation is present. With this kind of paradigm, the discourse is distorted from the building of religious understanding which has been dominated by masculine interpretations, can be avoided.

The topic of this paper is the foundation for individual rights proposed by David Gauthier in his seminal 1986 book Morals by Agreement, and particularly the role of conception of rationality in this foundation. The foundation of rights is a part of Gauthier’s broader enterprise: to ground morals in rationality – more specifically, in the economic conception of rationality. Because of the importance of this conception for the whole of Gauthier’s project, we reconstruct first the conception of rationality which can be found in decision theory and game theory, presenting simultaneously in a relatively non-technical way some basic concepts of the aforementioned disciplines. We proceed then to reconstruction of the foundation of rights itself – it turns on Gauthier’s interpretation of the so-called “Lockean proviso.” Lastly, we turn to the connection between rationality and foundation of rights. It is to be found in the narrow compliance – the disposition to enter only into cooperation which satisfies conditions of fairness set out in part by the Lockean proviso.

This paper introduces the concept of “world author,” taking as its exemplar the Chinese British writer and filmmaker Xiaolu Guo. It investigates how Guo utilizes her bilingualism to construct and negotiate her creative agency, especially when dealing with the political and commercial forces imposed on diasporic authors. Through engaging with Rebecca Walkowitz’s idea of world literature as being “born translated,” I point out that the translational should not be limited to the thematic and representational arrangements internal to a given text. Instead, translation as movements between linguistic systems and media forms can generate multiple versions of a text, to the point that such translational multiplicity fundamentally challenges its supposed singularity. This argument is demonstrated with Guo’s self-translation of the stories of Fenfang and her filmic adaptation of the novel UFO in Her Eyes. Through these examples of what I call “translational rebirths,” I demonstrate the importance of paratextual details and intertextual connections between clusters of an author’s creative output for the interpretation and appreciation of l’oeuvre d’un auteur instead of une oeuvre d’art. This case study also shows the need for the academic debates on world literature to go beyond the singularity of texts and evaluative criteria of worldliness based on this assumption, so that the discipline can realize its full potential in accommodating multilingual transnational authors like Guo.

This article examines the problem of the relationship between freedom and self-will on the example of one of the heroes of Dostoevskys novel Crime and Punishment . Attention is focused not only on the canonical text of the novel, but also on the preparatory materials for it. The task is to identify the connection between the above named problem and the suicide problem of Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov. The thesis is put forward that for Dostoevskys heroes, self-will often becomes a fetter for their own nature and their own passions. With the help of debauchery, Svidrigailov tries to assert himself, giving his soul to the mercy of willfulness. There is a certain pattern in the fact that such a worldview logical chain ends with the tragic act of suicide. Arkady Ivanovich adores comfort, and therefore, in accordance with his own logic, his murder by Dunya, which did not happen, can be considered, among other things, as an attempt of a comfortable method of suicide. In the preparatory materials for the novel, Svidrigailov protests against cowardly meanness and puts suicide above such a humiliating state, although he understands the entire flaw in such a situation. For all the complexities the problem of freedom and self-will - one of the leitmotifs of religious and philosophical themes in the writers work - Dostoevsky does not see its formal, external solution.

The article raises the issues of scientific reception of such a phenomenon as media culture. The authors offer their interpretation of media culture as a special type of culture of the information society in the broadest understanding of this phenomenon. The authors consider the concepts of media and culture and establishes their functional corresponddence. The contemporary stage of media development is characterized by a combination of communication and information intentions: classical media and mass communication media, including new media, blogs, social networks, as well as digital copies of non-network artifacts and their network modifications. The result of these media communications is a media text in the broadest interpretation of this concept. According to the authors concept, contemporary media culture realizes itself in two main aspects. In the applied sense, a media culture is a form of representation and digitalization of classical and network cultural units. In the global sense, media culture is understood as an aesthetic and axiological sphere of societys life, in which culture combines the value and artistic heritage, using the information and communication channels of the media for its representation in politics, education, and culture itself.

One of the fundamental challenges for sociology is the interpretation of its key terms, which is determined by the fact that many words of everyday language and scientific discourse are the same despite implying a much higher level of generalization as sociological categories. Certainly, such challenges are more typical for the empirical research - when sociologists turn their theoretical concepts into sets of empirical indicators which have to be clear enough for the respondent to understand and answer the questionnaire and for the sociologist to interpret these answers correctly. Nevertheless, the lack of generally recognized conceptual definitions is no less important, because the general picture of social reality is necessarily made of them (the society is described as either fair, consisting of trustworthy institutions that provide opportunities for being happy, or in the opposite statements). The article presents a possible reconstruction of the strategy that sociologists use in the search for conceptual definitions for such complex concepts with varying connotations as love, happiness, trust and justice. This strategy consists of two steps: focus on the macro-sociological dimension of the phenomena under study as determining its various manifestations and everyday interpretations (the key step in the study of love and happiness); and identification of objective and subjective indicators of the phenomenon under study (the key step in the study of trust and justice). For instance, in the study of love and happiness, there is the obvious micro-sociological perspective that implies personal responsibility for being happy and loved, and the hidden macro-sociological perspective that implies social standards for identifying and achieving love and happiness; trust is defined as a source of social order, cooperation, institutional, organizational and everyday interactions, which reduces the level of uncertainty; in the searches for the conceptual definition of justice, there are two main approaches - the first approach considers justice as one of many grounds for developing some theoretical model; the second approach reconstructs justice either as an ideal political-philosophical model of social order or as a means of the comparative analysis of its practical implementations.

The article is dedicated to the memory of Professor A.F. Cherdantsev, a well-known Russian legal theorist. In the focus are creative periods of the scientist's life. Particular attention is paid to his contribution to the development of legal science with the emphasis on law interpretation, scientists achievements in the field of investigating epistemological nature, values (principles) of interpretation of legal norms, formulation of linguistic, systemic and other rules. The author's contribution to the development of methodology of law and his criticism of the integrative approach in jurisprudence have also been illustrated. The article analyzes the scholars development of the legal norm doctrine, its structure, technical and legal regulations, etc. His contribution to the development of educational literature is separately considered and highly appreciated. The tribute is also given to his individual scientific papers. It is proposed to systematize and republish Professor Cherdantsevs works.

Georges Gurvitch (1894-1965), from the 1920s to the end of his life, was solving the problem of combining unity and plurality in the justification of society. He believed that individualism and collectivism represented social processes in a limited way because they were based on the preconception that the binding power of law derives respectively from a private or corporate actor's will. Gurvitch contrasted individual law with the social one, which was intended to overcome the opposition between individualism and collectivism. Social law bases on legal sociology's assumption that social interactions as such are already legal relations. This conclusion allows Gurvitch to consider any social interaction as a source of law and to assert legal pluralism as a way of constructing society. The integrity of the latter is a condition for the mutual correlation of the multiplicity of legal regulations generated by internal social interactions into the unified structure of social law. In a holistic approach to comprehending social interactions, Gurvitch, in his Russian-language works in the migr period, uses the philosophical-legal interpretation of sobornost to describe society's integrity. In French- and English-language works from the 1930s, Gurvitch uses the term "totality," which he learned from Marcel Mauss, to describe social integrity. This article compares sobornost and totality as variants of denoting social integrity in Gurvitch's social law doctrine. The researcher determines that Gurvitch, using the concepts of sobornost and totality, interpreted society's development differently, 1) as anti-hierarchical sobornost equality, and 2) as a hierarchical inordination of totalities. Having analyzed the peculiarities of the interpretation of sobornost and totality in Gurvitch's works, the author concludes that these concepts should be considered multilingual equivalents in denoting communal unity as sources of law, which reflect changes in the interpretation of society in Gurvitch's social law doctrine.

The use and appropriation of digital information and communication technologies by Mapuche communicators and activists has turned into a new process of political and identity innovation in the context of the Chilean–Mapuche intercultural and interethnic conflict. This study aims to understand the Mapuche intercultural dialogue. Based on a corpus of semi-structured interviews with Mapuche communicators, we interpret and analyze their discourses in relation to the dissemination and/or analysis of the indigenous digital informative media. The results are built upon the valorization and recognition of the mediations that the Mapuche agents develop around their own e-communication praxis. This interpretation derives from applying theoretical–conceptual categories which have enabled us to address technological, technopolitical, (inter)cultural, and communicative dimensions regarding the Mapuche e-communication work.

Objetivo: Buscamos demonstrar a necessidade de superação do “desafio kelseniano” referente à pretensa impossibilidade de racionalidade na interpretação e aplicação do Direito. Procuramos questionar o modelo kelseniano de ciência para a área jurídica e investigar se há uma objetividade no uso de “bons argumentos” capaz de impor um maior padrão de racionalidade aos operadores jurídicos brasileiro no momento da tomada de decisão.Metodologia: Partimos de uma pesquisa jurídica mais tradicional (embora não dogmática), baseada em uma resenha bibliográfica crítica de doutrina nacional e estrangeira. Compreendemos a ciência jurídica como uma ciência de ação que deve oferecer caminhos teóricos viáveis para a tomada de decisões e a solução de problemas concretos.Resultados: Concluímos que a ideia de Kelsen sobre a interpretação do Direito é resultado do seu conceito positivista de ciência, baseado na comprovação empírica das ciências exatas. A sua distinção rígida entre juízos de fato e juízes de valor (inacessíveis para o conhecimento científico) e afirmação da prevalência da vontade sobre a racionalidade no ato de interpretar/aplicar uma lei entram em conflito com o dever constitucional de fundamentação racional das decisões judiciais.Contribuições: Levantamos argumentos contra uma visão relativista da interpretação do Direito, que contribui para a imprevisibilidade das decisões judiciais. Esclarecemos diferentes aspectos da teoria de Kelsen que versam sobre a interpretação e aplicação da lei que são pouco discutidas na academia do Direito brasileiro. Objective: We seek to demonstrate the need to overcome the "Kelsenian challenge" regarding the alleged impossibility of rationality in the interpretation and application of law. We pretend to question the Kelsenian model of science for the legal area and investigate whether there is an objectivity in the use of "good arguments" capable of imposing a greater standard of rationality on Brazilian legal operators at the time of decision making.Methodology: We start from a more traditional (although not dogmatic) legal research, based on a critical bibliographic review of national and foreign doctrine. We understand legal science as a science of action that must offer viable theoretical paths for decision-making and concrete problem solving.Results: We conclude that Kelsen's idea of the interpretation of law is the result of his positivist concept of science, based on empirical proof of the exact sciences. His rigid distinction between judgments of facts and of values (inaccessible to scientific knowledge) and his affirmation of the prevalence of will over rationality in the act of interpreting/applying the law conflicts with the constitutional obligation of rational reasoning of judicial decisions.Contributions: We raise arguments against a relativistic view of the interpretation of law, which contributes to the unpredictability of judicial decisions. We clarify different aspects of Kelsen's theory that deal with the interpretation and application of the law that are little discussed in the Brazilian academy of law. Objetivo: Buscamos demostrar la necesidad de superar el "desafío kelseniano" con respecto a la supuesta imposibilidad de racionalidad en la interpretación y aplicación del derecho. Tratamos de cuestionar el modelo de ciencia kelseniana para el área jurídica e investigar si existe una objetividad en el uso de "buenos argumentos" capaces de imponer un mayor nivel de racionalidad a los operadores legales brasileños en el momento de la toma de decisiones.Metodología: Comenzamos a partir de una investigación legal más tradicional (aunque no dogmática), basada en una revisión bibliográfica crítica de la doctrina nacional y extranjera. Entendemos la ciencia jurídica como una ciencia de acción que debe ofrecer caminos teóricos viables para la toma de decisiones y la resolución concreta de problemas.Resultados: Concluimos que la idea de Kelsen de la interpretación del derecho es el resultado de su concepto positivista de la ciencia, basado en la prueba empírica de las ciencias exactas. Su rígida distinción entre las sentencias de hecho y los jueces de valor (inaccesibles para el conocimiento científico) y la afirmación de la prevalencia de la voluntad sobre la racionalidad en el acto de interpretar/aplicar una ley entra en conflicto con el deber constitucional de razonamiento racional de las decisiones judiciales.Contribuciones: Planteamos argumentos contra una visión relativista de la interpretación del derecho, que contribuye a la imprevisibilidad de las decisiones judiciales. Aclaramos diferentes aspectos de la teoría de Kelsen que se ocupan de la interpretación y aplicación de la ley que se discuten poco en la academia brasileña de derecho.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer un conjunto de acciones para el reciclaje profesional como vía de capacitación del docente agropecuario en la provincia de Camagüey. Se emplearon, análisis- síntesis, histórico-lógico para el estudio y tendencias de la superación de los profesores de la ETP, inducción–deducción orientado a la interpretación conceptual del objeto desde los conocimientos científicos existentes. Se consideró la revisión documental de evaluaciones profesorales y planes individuales de trabajo para determinar las deficiencias técnicas y planes de trabajo individuales, encuesta a docentes y directivos. Se elaboró la propuesta a partir del diagnóstico previo que permitió identificar que existen insuficiencias en el actuar profesional de los docentes agropecuarios de la institución. La propuesta establece un plan de acciones planificadas, organizadas, controladas y debidamente coordinadas entre las entidades de formación y las productivas, lo que contribuirá a la actualización científica, técnica y tecnológica, de los docentes.

O estudo apresenta um recorte do conceito de leitura expressado por bibliotecários do Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC), práticas formadoras de leitores e promoção da leitura nas bibliotecas dessa instituição pública de ensino. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva e qualitativa que utilizou questionário eletrônico enviado a 11 bibliotecários lotados nas bibliotecas do IFSC dos câmpus da região da Grande Florianópolis, com retorno de aproximadamente 90% desse universo de bibliotecários. No conceito destes bibliotecários, a leitura é um ato de interpretação e produção de sentidos, pressupondo que a leitura tem uma estreita relação entre informação e conhecimento na clave da leitura, quer de estudo, como a leitura de fruição ou lazer. Desenvolvem práticas de incentivo à leitura com atividades lúdicas sobre obras de literatura de ficção: roda de leitura, leitura e debates e sarau literário, e com divulgação do livro e da leitura: exposição de livros, indicação de obras literárias, troca-troca de livros, estante expositiva e estante permanente de destaque de obras literárias. Práticas estas criadas por estes profissionais da leitura e escrita, informação e conhecimento, no intuito de uma formação continuada de leitores e promoção da leitura reconhecendo a leitura como importante quesito para formação pessoal, acadêmica e profissional.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan karateristik, proses dan makna dibalik motif batik Nitik khas Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara kualitatif studi literatur dan penafsiran terhadap subjek yaitu tradisi Nitik. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode observasi dan wawancara ahli dan seniman batik yang terdapat di Yogyakarta sebagai fenomena dalam seni tradisi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan cara interpretasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan paparan proses tradisi nitik, karakteristik khas batik Nitik adalah tidak adanya proses pembuatan pola pada batik Nitik beserta makna filosofinya. Beberapa contoh filosofi di balik makna motif batik Nitik antara lain motif Dewi Rengganis yang mencerminkan sifat kecantikan, keluwesan, dan ketangkasan pemimpin putri; motif Jaya Kirana yang bermakna kewenangan yang termashur; serta motif Kuncup Kanthil yang erat hubungannya dengan makna ketuhanan. Pada saat ini 60 motif batik Nitik telah berhasil diidentifikasi dengan variasi motif tumbuhan. Upaya pelestarian tradisi Nitik yang dilakukan oleh pengrajin, penggiat batik, dan masyarakat daerah Trimulyo digiatkan dengan tujuan menghasilkan motif nitik terkini dan proses regenerasi sebagai upaya pelestarian budaya membatik untuk generasi muda. Nitik tradition: Characteristics, process, and meaning behind the motif of Nitik Batik YogyakartaThis study aimed to explain the characteristics, processes, and meanings behind the motif of Nitik batik, Yogyakarta. This research was conducted qualitatively by studying literature and interpretation of the subject. The data collection was carried out through observation and interviews with experts and batik artists in Yogyakarta. The data analysis was carried out through interpretation. The research results show that the exposure to the nitik tradition process, a distinctive characteristic of Nitik batik, is no pattern-making process in nitik batik and its philosophical meaning. Some examples of the philosophy behind the meaning of the nitik batik motif include the Dewi Rengganis motif, which reflects the beauty, flexibility, and agility of female leaders; the Jaya Kirana motif, which means the famous authority; and the Kuncup Kanthil motif, which is closely related to the meaning of divinity. At this time, 60 nitik batik motifs have been identified with various plant motifs. Efforts to preserve the Nitik tradition carried out by artisans, batik activists, and the people of the Trimulyo area are intensified to produce the latest nitik motifs and the regeneration process to preserve batik culture for the younger generation.

Kryzys ekologiczny jest traktowany jako jedno z wyzwań XXI wieku. Artykuł ma na celu udowodnienie, że na lekcjach języka polskiego w szkole podstawowej jest wskazane poruszanie problematyki zmian klimatycznych. Powinno dziać się to dzięki analizie i interpretacji tekstów literackich w duchu humanistyki ekologicznej i zaangażowanej. Zostają podane przykładowe lektury i konkretne rozwiązania, które można wykorzystać podczas ich opracowywania. Szczególna rola w proponowanej koncepcji edukacji ekologicznej na języku polskim jest powierzona literaturze faktu. W oparciu o współczesne reportaże omówione zostają postawy „humanisty sygnalisty” oraz „nieposłuszeństwa ekologicznego”. Pracę nad tymi teksami zostaje umieszczona w szerszym kontekście – społecznym, politycznym, moralnym. W zakończeniu zwrócono uwagę na ideę powrotu do życia w zgodzie z naturą i konieczności zwrócenia uwagi na rolę przyrody w wychowaniu i edukacji.

In his article, Maciej Michalski discusses some of the challenges of literary education caused by the pandemic and other contemporary crises (social, environmental, and cognitive). He argues that it is necessary to reduce the growing gap between the content of school education and the problems of the contemporary world. Michalski submits that more emphasis should be put on developing in students attitudes based on empathy, understanding, tolerance, and resilience, which will help them to cope with anxieties and the challenges of the contemporary world. He argues that it is crucial to abandon the text-centered perspective, to use a wider range of non-literary texts, and to show that interpretation can be conceived also as a type of social practice.

La migración venezolana ha sido un tema fundamental en la agenda política colombiana de los últimos años. Alrededor de este fenómeno han surgido diversos discursos, muchos de ellos producidos y reproducidos por los medios de comunicación, pues estos ocupan un papel clave en la lucha por la construcción de representaciones del mundo. Los discursos mediáticos suelen apelar a la evocación de emociones, ya que estas son trascendentales para generar marcos de interpretación y acción dentro de los esquemas mentales de los sujetos, lo cual las convierte en una herramienta idónea para el ejercicio del poder. Este texto pretende evidenciar, por medio del análisis de 48 noticias y reportes del periódico más leído en Colombia, El Tiempo, la forma como se suscitó la emocionalidad para la construcción discursiva sobre de la migración y las personas migrantes entre los años 2018 y 2019; periodo en el que creció exponencialmente el flujo de inmigrantes.

Mulan film (2020) raises gender issues and is still related to the laws of norms and traditions. Mulan has a strong and patriarchal nature while Chinese cultural traditions are not unilateral with Mulan figures. The study aims to promote justice for women with regard to Chinese culture and traditions, as well as whether it has the opportunity to promote equal treatment without discrimination. Gender equality is commonplace to raise and talk about. Each gender is formed in a complex culture of each gender either in their respective positions or positions. Gender equality is linked to feminist, masculine and also includes sexism. Women and men can change roles like women can be wise leaders and men can do the skills that women have such as cooking. This study uses qualitative descriptive methods to analyze the social circumstances associated with the scene. Researchers use the technique of observing the film, interpreting each situation in the film, then collecting data, seeking information on gender equality or activities through observation and sensing that are still related to gender equality in culture, After that give a view on the object to be observed. Thus the research of Mulan film (2020) is intended to find a new mindset or an idea and a new understanding. This method uses observation and sensing and then provides a new interpretation.

The interpretation of the Qur'an is a scientific activity in the scientific family of usuluddin or covers the central affairs of the Islamic religion. The existence of this science is so important because without it the Qur'an cannot be understood clearly. Especially considering the context of the times that continue to develop and change. This reality encourages scholars, commentators , and reviewers of the Qur'an to create new methodologies in interpreting the Qur'an. Maudu'i's interpretation is one of the scientific products. This Tafsir method is part of the scientific development of Tafsir in the contemporary era. However, this does not mean that its new presence will outperform other interpretation methods, of course, as a scientific methodology, there will always be advantages a nd disadvantages. This study aims to reveal Tafsir Maudu'i and its advantages and disadvantages as one of the Qur anic research methodologies related to it as a methodology. Th is research shows that Tafsi r maudu'i has elementary things, which are the keys that distinguish the Tafsir Maudu'i method from other methods. Then another thing is regarding the advantages and disadvantages of this interpretation which can be seen from the relation that uses tartib al-nuzul in the way it is presented.

This study attempts to analyze the influence of the social dynamics surrounding the Islamic Union's mufassir on the methodology of his interpretation. The use of the method in this study focuses on qualitative methods, namely a research method that seeks to produce descriptive data in textual sentences or verbal expressions of a person and behavior that can be investigated. The overall data collection mechanism uses library research and interviews. This study indicates that the motives and social dynamics faced by the Islamic Union mufassir tend to influence the choice of the methodology of interpretation. The interpretation methodologies used by the Islamic Union exegetes in a manhāj khās (systematic presentation of interpretation) are relatively diverse. In terms of manhāj 'ām (method, source, and style), the Islamic Association commentator in interpreting the verse prefers the tahlīlī and maudhū'ī methods. The basis of the interpretation is bi al-matsūr, while the style is more focused on adab al-ijtimā'ī and akhlaqī. The choice of this method and style is nothing more than an effort by the Islamic Association commentator to bridge the principles of the teachings of the Qur'an as a guide for mankind.

It may seem trivial to stress that our background knowledge is essential for literary interpretation, but what about practical wisdom, the inarticulable background knowledge? Can we articulate all the things that we know and are able to do in literary interpretation? Are we fully aware of all the assumptions behind our literary arguments? Instead of generally reflecting the status of hermeneutics at a macro-level, this essay argues that one way for hermeneutics to remain meaningful today is not to be tried as a theoretical whole, but as a source of sporadic inspiring arguments. To show that, at a micro-level, we can evaluate the strength of these arguments case by case without generalizing, we analyze from a cognitive perspective Gadamer���s argument that practical wisdom is crucial for literary interpretation. Using cognitive science to provide insights for literary study does not make the latter subservient to the former. Rather, cognitive poetics is a two-way street where each field complements the other by providing hypotheses and functioning as a testing ground. By demonstrating that we know more than we can tell in literary interpretation and that the three features Aristotle and Gadamer attribute to practical wisdom (contingent, inarticulable, and only learnable through experience) are at least tentatively empirically justified, this essay argues that hermeneutics has offered a noteworthy example for the two-way street of cognitive poetics., Es ist trivial, dass unser Hintergrundwissen f��r die Literaturinterpretation wesentlich ist, aber was ist mit der praktischen Weisheit, dem unartikulierbaren Hintergrundwissen? K��nnen wir alles artikulieren, was wir bei der Literaturinterpretation wissen und k��nnen? K��nnen wir uns immer aller Annahmen, die hinter unseren literarischen Argumenten stehen, voll bewusst sein? Anstatt allgemein den Status von Hermeneutik auf einer Makroebene zu reflektieren, argumentiert dieser Aufsatz, dass eine M��glichkeit f��r Hermeneutik heute sinnvoll zu bleiben darin besteht, nicht als ein theoretisches Ganzes gepr��ft zu werden, sondern als eine Quelle von sporadisch inspirierenden Argumenten. Um zu zeigen, dass wir auf einer Mikroebene die St��rke dieser Argumente von Fall zu Fall bewerten k��nnen, ohne zu verallgemeinern, analysieren wir aus einer kognitiven Perspektive Gadamers Argument, dass praktische Weisheit f��r die literarische Interpretation entscheidend ist. Die Einbeziehung der Kognitionswissenschaft in die Literaturwissenschaft bedeutet nicht, dass letztere der ersteren untergeordnet wird. Vielmehr ist die kognitive Poetik eine Zweibahnstra��e, in der jede die andere erg��nzt, indem sie Hypothesen liefert und als Testfeld fungiert. Dieser Aufsatz argumentiert, dass die Hermeneutik ein bemerkenswertes Beispiel f��r die Zweibahnstra��e der kognitiven Poetik geboten hat, indem er zeigt, dass wir in der Literaturinterpretation mehr wissen, als wir sagen k��nnen, und dass die drei Eigenschaften, die Aristoteles und Gadamer der praktischen Weisheit zuschreiben (kontingent, unartikulierbar und nur durch Erfahrung erlernbar), zumindest versuchsweise empirisch gerechtfertigt sind.

The article addresses the resurgence of traditional fairy tales, on the occasion of a very abundant decade of film production based on their stories, for the construction of identity through the reflective project of the self, characteristic of this stage of modernity. Conceptually, it draws on theorizations about current modernity (GIDDENS e BECK, 1996) and the transformations of education concomitant to post-industrial society (RIESMAN, 1964 e BAUMAN, 2001). Methodologically, it uses hermeneutics for the interpretation of the objectified meanings that emanate from the plot and actions of some of the characters in the films, for their discussion as potential guides of subjects obliged to individuation and the formulation of life plans in contexts. Of high uncertainty. The hypothesis of the work consists in that the imbalance between a confused and cacophonic present, an uncertain and risky future towards which to project oneself, and a past that provides security and vital meaning due to the re-elaboration and stylization of tradition, plays a relevant role in explaining the return of classic fairy tales, as they offer normative guidance and valuable educational content for children, which needs to be reaffirmed.

O direito à fala, como direito de se expressar e ter sua narrativa e interpretação da realidade vivida considerada, tem sido historicamente negado ou dificultado a determinados grupos sociais. As mulheres sertanejas, sobre as quais interseccionam categorias de opressão, seguem lutando contra heranças da desigualdade estrutural de gênero, que colocam o sertão brasileiro em condições estruturais subalternizadas. Nosso objetivo neste estudo é propor a ideia de ‘espaços de fala’ para analisar a busca por legitimação de formas de produção de conhecimento no âmbito das práticas cotidianas de enfrentamento de mulheres sertanejas cordelistas, na forma de expressões subjetivas coletivas ou individualizadas, especificamente no contexto da literatura de cordel. Para tanto, realizamos pesquisa qualitativa baseada em análise documental de cordéis e observação não participante para compreender como a prática literária de mulheres cordelistas se constitui enquanto espaço de fala. Numa contribuição à teoria sobre lugar de fala, concluímos que a organização da literatura de cordel como ‘espaço de fala’ passa pela (1) apropriação feminina do cordel como meio de reivindicação, que assume a função de representação escrita da fala das mulheres sertanejas; (2) busca por reconhecimento das cordelistas, individualmente, na cena literária do cordel; e (3) relação com o ativismo político em torno das questões femininas e do vocabulário feminista.