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To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00732.x Byline: Wendy D. Roth (1) Abstract: Objectives. A primary justification for collecting U.S. racial statistics is the need to monitor racial discrimination. This article aims to show how analyses of Hispanics-who may officially be of any race-tend to miss discrimination based on racial appearance by relying on data that instead capture racial self-identification, a different aspect of race that often does not correspond. Methods. The study analyzes 60 qualitative interviews with Dominican and Puerto Rican migrants in the New York metropolitan area. It employs multiple measures to represent theoretically distinct aspects of the lived experience of race. Results. Respondents interpret the Census race question in different ways corresponding to different aspects of race, which often do not match one another. Although respondents experience discrimination on the basis of phenotype, their racial self-identification is a poor proxy for measuring their racial appearance. Conclusions. Scholars need to develop a language of race that communicates the multiplicity of social processes involved. Social surveys must provide measures of these multiple components, including interviewer observations of racial appearance, to monitor discrimination on the basis of phenotype within Hispanic groups. Author Affiliation: (1)University of British Columbia

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01652.x Byline: John Dixon (1), Kevin Durrheim (2), Colin Tredoux (3), Linda Tropp (4), Beverley Clack (5), Liberty Eaton (6) Abstract: A random digit dialing survey (N = 596) investigated the relationship between quantity and quality of interracial contact and Black South Africans' perceptions of racial discrimination in postapartheid society. Results showed that harmonious contact was associated with lower levels of perceived collective discrimination, an effect that was mediated by racial attitudes and personal experiences of racial discrimination. The implications of the survey's findings are discussed in relation to two models of social change in social psychology (cf. Wright & Lubensky, 2008): a model of change grounded in the rehabilitation of the prejudiced individual and a model of social change grounded in collective awareness of, and resistance to, systemic inequality. Author Affiliation: (1)Lancaster University (2)University of KwaZulu-Natal (3)University of Cape Town (4)University of Massachusetts (5)Lancaster University (6)University of Cape Town Article note: (*) Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dr. John Dixon, Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YF, United Kingdom [e-mail: j.a.dixon1@lancaster.ac.uk].

This paper examines inequalities between white and black and brown populations in Brazil within occupations that require university degree. The main result confirms that once reached the university degree, blacks/brown usually obtain smaller but comparable income to that of whites. Although some racial discrimination in labor market may exist, such result corroborates other studies that identify schooling differentials as the main reason for the high income inequality found in Brazil. Keywords Labor market. Social inequalities- Racial inequalities. Labor discrimination. Inequalities in Brazil

Race and sex differentials in labor market outcomes in Brazil appear substantial, phenomena often tied to occupational segregation. This paper presents an array of Duncan indices of dissimilarity to investigate the magnitude and contours of occupational differentiation in Brazil, as well as changes in the recent past, constructed from Pesquisa Nacional pot Amostra de Domicilios (PNAD) microdata for 1989 and 2001. Findings include the facts that measurable occupational differentation by sex is over twice as high as that by race and that differentiation on both counts is highest among people 35 and older and outside the Northeastern region. Occupational differentiation by race appears comparable among women and men, but may be higher among women if accurately measured. Racial differentiation grows with education, while sexual segregation declines. Differentiation has declined modestly since 1989 in almost all categories except by race among younger people, men and the most educated. Keywords Occupational segregation. Race- Ethnicity. Sex. Brazil-Labor markets. Discrimination

This article describes the meaning of the African American female social work educator's experience in predominantly white educational settings. The experiences and special challenges of African American women in these settings are the focus of attention and are discussed from the framework of Kanter's theory of proportional representation (Kanter, Men and women of the corporation, New York, NY: Basic Books, 1993). The tenets of Relational/Cultural theory are applied to illustrate the importance of interpersonal connections in the social work academic environment as well as to provide a framework for the emotional, psychological, social and spiritual consequences of their experiences. Implications for institutional change as well as recommendations are provided to address the interpersonal challenges that African American female social work educators face. Keywords African american female social work educators * Kanter's theory of proportional representation * Relational cultural theroy

This paper examines the challenges that African Americans face teaching predominantly white classes at the tertiary level, and argues that these challenges can be resolved by establishing strong ties between students and teachers. While it is largely black faculty who incur the costs of this relationship building, the paper notes that they probably are not the only beneficiaries. White students are likely to benefit as well, as is society at large. The paper's analysis suggests that black faculty face work that is outside the scope of what white faculty must do. Such work can be viewed as another dimension of the burden of delivering a 'hidden curriculum' for their predominately white institutions of employment (Brayboy, Journal of Black Studies 34: 72-86, 2003). Keywords Teaching * Higher education * African Americans

The presence of African American women at predominantly white institutions is one of historical relevance and continues to be one of first, near misses, and almosts. Individually and collectively, African American women at PWIs suffer from a form of race fatigue as a result of being over extended and undervalued. The purpose of this article is to present the disproportionate role African American women assume in service, teaching, and research as a result of being in the numerical minority at PWIs. Information is presented to provide an overview on racism in the academy, images and portrayals, psychosocial, spiritual, and legal issues for African American women faculty. Finally recommendations are presented to assist African American women faculty, and administrators, colleagues, and students at PWIs to understand and improve the climate at their institutions. Keywords African Americans * Women * Faculty * Academe * Black women faculty * African American women faculty at PWIs

African American faculty constitute a small number of faculty members who teach at predominantly White colleges and universities. Although their presence within these institutions is beneficial for a number of reasons, they often face many challenges on various levels. In this paper the authors address the physical, psychological, emotional, spiritual, social and legal concerns faced by African American faculty who teach at majority institutions. Recommendations for thriving in these environments are given. Keywords Racism in academia * Racial isolation * Discrimination

In this article, I probe an example of high-technology medicine as a case study in the problems of the regulation of advancing technology. Specifically, I address the implications of pharmacogenomics--an emerging form of population-based health care intervention--for public policies designed to eliminate racial disparities in health. Using the case of BiDil, a historical precursor to pharmacogenetic technology, I offer a framework for further studies of high-technology medicine in which policy analysis is part of a social review based on the justice standard of ex ante mutual advantage. It is the contention in this article that the most just and reasonable deployment of pharmacogenomics is as a compensatory tool to alleviate health disparities. KEY WORDS: health policy, pharmacogenetics, racial disparities, social justice, Introduction Does the selective use of advanced medical technology to benefit one group over the other contradict the goals of justice? This question spurs the efforts of bioethicists, scholars of [...]

This article argues that Black autobiographers emphasize group consciousness in their narratives because of their common experience of unmitigated sufferings and psychological traumas occasioned by racial oppression, racism and exploitation. The commonality of Black experience manifested itself most importantly in the European and Arabic slave trades, slavery, oppression as well as in White colonization of Africa. Keywords Group consciousness * Black * Autobiographical narratives

The present study examines the experiences of 36 Black male students, in focus group interviews, enrolled at Harvard University; Michigan State University; University of California, Berkeley; University of Illinois; and the University of Michigan. Two themes emerged: (a) anti-Black male stereotyping and marginality (or Black misandry), which caused (b) extreme hypersurveillance and control. Respondents experienced racial microaggressions in three domains: (a) campus-academic, (b) campus-social, and (c) campus-public spaces. Black males are stereotyped and placed under increased surveillance by community and local policing tactics on and off campus. Across these domains, Black males were defined as being 'out of place' and 'fitting the description' of illegitimate nonmembers of the campus community. Students reported psychological stress responses symptomatic of racial battle fatigue (e.g., frustration, shock, anger, disappointment, resentment, anxiety, helplessness, hopelessness, and fear). There was unanimous agreement in the subjective reports that the college environment was more hostile toward African American males than other groups. Keywords: Black/African American males; race-related stress; stereotypes; racism (gendered); college campus; racial microaggressions

Though less affluent black and white boys and men adhere to similar gendered norms and aspirations and begin with similar labor market potential, they are often sorted into very different and unequal educational and labor market trajectories. Using national-level descriptive data and key qualitative studies of institutional processes, this article contrasts less affluent black and white men's educational, labor market, and criminal justice system experiences and elucidates the processes of differentiation that reproduce those unequal patterns. In each institutional arena, less affluent black males pay a disproportionate price for enacting masculinity norms in comparison to white males. White boys and men are also presented with more desirable labor market options (and second-chance opportunities when they need help) that are denied their black male counterparts. This article suggests that only a complex strategy, which requires less affluent black men to resist more constructively while citizen groups hold institutions more publicly accountable, can enhance the labor market trajectories of black men. Keywords: masculinity; employment; networks; schoolwork; racial disparity; incarceration

Considerations of how socioeconomic outcomes are racialized within discrete class categories have been neglected in assessing the race/class determinants of life-chance opportunities of African Americans. This article addresses this shortcoming. Specifically, it synthesizes findings from recent sociological research concerning how segregation in two institutional spheres, residence and employment, produce racialization at two class levels--among the impoverished and the middle class. The article documents that segregation plays a significant role in producing racial inequality at both class levels, though it exerts different influences across class categories: at the impoverished level, segregation in the residential sphere, and at the middle-class level, segregation in the employment sphere, emerge as critical underpinnings of African Americans' inferior life-chance opportunities. The implications of the findings for using traditional Weberian and Marxist modes of class analyses in assessing the life-chance opportunities for African Americans as well as how the findings contribute to the resolution of the race/class debate are discussed. Keywords: race; segregation; residence; employment; African Americans

Racial discrimination in the nation's housing markets and patterns of residential segregation have contributed to labor market inequalities and economic disparities generally. Housing values are suppressed in minority communities, undercutting wealth accumulation by nonwhite families. Job growth in suburban communities coupled with the concentration of public housing in central city communities restricts minority access to jobs. A range of institutionalized practices by housing providers and public policies by government agencies at all levels have nurtured and exacerbated racial inequalities grounded in traditional stereotypes. But a number of policy options are available to ameliorate these inequities. Eschewing individualistic explanations of racial inequality that point to personal deficiencies and cultural characteristics of minority communities, these policy recommendations--premised on a structural perspective--offer promise for reducing racial inequities in housing and related economic disparities. Keywords: segregation; steering; exclusionary zoning; discrimination

Numerous commentators have concluded that the Civil Rights Act was effective in promoting increased access to quality jobs for racial minorities. Many have worried as well that the pace of change has been too slow or stalled, particularly after 1980. Few have directly discussed under what conditions we might expect equal employment opportunity (EEO) to flourish. Explanations of status inequalities in the workplace have primarily relied on theories of social conflict and discrimination. Organizational perspectives on stratification, while not completely absent from previous research, remain a road less traveled. In this paper we present trends in race-sex inequality in U.S. workplaces since the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and describe the organizational practices and discrimination processes that are likely to maintain status inequalities in the workplace and those which might be catalysts of change. Keywords: race; sex; workplace; segregation; inequality

This study investigates the geography of racial disparities in low birthweight in New York City by focusing on racial residential segregation and its effect on the risk of low birthweight among African-American infants and mothers. This cross-sectional multilevel analysis uses birth records at the individual level (n = 96,882) and racial isolation indices at the census tract or neighborhood level (n = 2095) to measure their independent and cross-level effects on low birthweight. This study found that residential segregation and neighborhood poverty operate at different scales to increase the risk of low birthweight. At the neighborhood scale residential segregation is positively and significantly associated with low birthweight, after controlling for individual-level risk factors and neighborhood poverty. Residential segregation explains neighborhood variation in low birthweight means and race effects across census tracts, which cannot be accounted for by neighborhood poverty alone. At the individual scale-increasing levels of residential segregation does not significantly reduce or exacerbate individual-level risk factors for low birthweight; whereas increasing levels of neighborhood poverty significantly eliminates the race effect and reduces the protective effect of being foreign-born on low birthweight, after controlling for other individual-level risk factors and residential segregation. These findings are contradictory to previous health research that shows protective mechanisms associated with ethnic density in local areas. It is likely that structural factors underlying residential segregation, i.e., racial isolation, impose additional stressors on African-American women that may offset or disguise positive attributes associated with ethnic density. However, as poverty is concentrated within these neighborhoods, differences between races in low birthweight cease to exist. This study demonstrates that residential segregation and neighborhood poverty are important determinants of racial disparity in low birthweight in New York City. Keywords: Racial disparities; Birthweight; Residential segregation; Multilevel modelling; African-American; USA

The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is used to characterize siblings of middle class and poor African-Americans and whites, testing for racial differences in the probability of having a sibling on the other side of the socioeconomic divide. The results have shown that African-Americans are less likely than whites to have siblings that cross important social class lines in ways that are beneficial and the racial differences in the composition of kin networks might indicate another dimension of racial stratification.

The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the influence of socially held stereotypes with the presence of discrimination in intercollegiate athletics by investigating whether sport-related racial stereotypes influenced promotability ratings of applicants differing by race and qualification levels. This was achieved by way of an experiment with undergraduate students. Results demonstrated that White raters relied on sport-related and racial stereotypes when evaluating and selecting the most promotable applicant for a head coaching position. Findings have important implications for practices within sport organizations as a disproportionate number of decision-makers are White and therefore may also make personnel decisions based on such beliefs.

This qualitative phenomenological study explores perceived discrimination among African American women and men living in Topeka, Kansas. Focus groups and in-depth interviews with 15 African American women and men examined their experiences with perceived discrimination. The theoretical framework guiding this study is predicated under the assumption of symbolic racism. Four major themes emerged during data analysis (1) shopping experiences, (2) law enforcement contact, (3) employment, and (4) Black in Topeka. The essential, invariant structure of discrimination as experienced by African Americans was identified as fear, frustration, depression, and anger. The research paints a portrait of the everyday struggles that participants experience in this community due to discrimination.

African Americans have engaged in an ongoing struggle for liberation from slavery, discrimination and racial oppression for which they have used violence as a tactic or strategy. Violent revolt is understood as a means to achieve the goals of retribution and vengeance, as well as a way to force the oppressor to respect Black humanity.

Accumulating research suggests that racism may be a major determinant of health. Here we report associations between self-reported experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand. Data from the 2002/2003 New Zealand Health Survey, a cross-sectional survey involving face-to-face interviews with 12,500 people, were analysed. Five items were included to capture racial discrimination in two dimensions: experience of ethnically motivated attack (physical or verbal), or unfair treatment because of ethnicity (by a health professional, in work or when gaining housing). Ethnicity was classified using self-identification to one of four ethnic groups: Maori, Pacific, Asian and European/Other peoples. Logistic regression, accounting for the survey design, age, sex, ethnicity and deprivation, was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Maori reported the highest prevalence of 'ever' experiencing any of the forms of racial discrimination (34%), followed by similar levels among Asian (28%) and Pacific peoples (25%). Maori were almost 10 times more likely to experience multiple types of discrimination compared to European/Others (4.5% vs. 0.5%). Reported experience of racial discrimination was associated with each of the measures of health examined. Experience of any one of the five types of discrimination was significantly associated with poor or fair self-rated health; lower physical functioning; lower mental health; smoking; and cardiovascular disease. There was strong evidence of a dose-response relationship between the number of reported types of discrimination and each health measure. These results highlight the need for racism to be considered in efforts to eliminate ethnic inequalities in health. Keywords: Ethnicity; New Zealand; Racism; Discrimination; Health; Maori

This study investigates the association between self-reported physical and mental health and both perceived racial discrimination and skin color in African American men and women. We used data from the longitudinal coronary artery risk development in young adults study (CARDIA) in African American men and women (n = 1722) in the USA. We assessed self-reported mental and physical health status and depressive symptoms at the Year 15 (2000-2001) follow-up examination using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-12) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Skin color was measured at the Year 7 examination (1992-1993). To assess racial discrimination, we used a summary score (range 0-21) for 7 questions on experiencing racial discrimination: at school, getting a job, getting housing, at work, at home, getting medical care, on the street or in a public setting. Self-reported racial discrimination was more common in men than in women (78.1% versus 73.0%, p Keywords: Racial discrimination; Racism; Skin color; Physical health; Mental health; African Americans; Gender; USA

Proactive policing strategies produce a range of harms to African Americans in poor urban communities. We know little, however, about how aggressive policing is experienced across gender by adolescents in these neighborhoods. The authors argue that important insights can be gained by examining the perspectives of African American youths and draw from in-depth interviews with youths in St. Louis, Missouri, to investigate how gender shapes interactions with the police. The comparative analysis reveals important gendered facets of African American adolescents' experiences with and expectations of law enforcement. Young men described being treated routinely as suspects regardless of their involvement in delinquency and also reported police violence. Young women typically described being stopped for curfew violations but also expressed concerns about police sexual misconduct. This study highlights the differential harms of urban policing for African American young women and men and highlights the need for systematic attention to the intersections of race and gender in research on criminal justice practices. Keywords: policing; African Americans; gender discrimination; racial discrimination

A survey was conducted to compare the differing perceptions of racism reported by White, African American and Whit-African American multiracial students at an urban campus of a Southern university. Perceived racial disadvantage reported by the multiracial students studied could be simply attributed to the fact that these students are physically different from the African Americans and Whites and genetic composition or physical appearance, rather than social role and cultural attributes determine group identity for some persons.

The proposal of Afro-Brazilian social movements in 2001 for the establishment of quotas for admission of Afro-Brazilians to public universities was met with a response that identifying Afro-Brazilians is difficult since there is no racial discrimination in Brazil. This imagined racial democracy seriously limits realistic discussion of racism and racial identity since it prevents acknowledgement of dysfunctional race relations.

Brazilian society has not developed and implemented concrete proposals to eliminate racism in Brazil, even though statistical date reveal the unjust inequality between Afro-Brazilians and whites in the Brazilian labor market. An important reason for this apathy is that Brazilians are socialized by the mass media which convince consumers that Afro-Brazilians are not ordinary citizens and therefore, not equal to others in the society.

The population projections by the US Census bureau show that the fraction of white Americans will fall around to 50% by 2050, which will signal the end of numerical majority white American population, and this will be associated with growth of other multiracial population. This indicates that white population, over time will have to give way to darker Americas in all walks of life but only if African-Americans work hard to improve their profile in the society and build a smart, competitive America.

Nearly 25-30% African Americans are stuck in poverty and do not form main portion of the society and this is attributed to disinterest shown by the African-American leadership in dealing with this same issue. This was very much evident when Hurricane Katrina struck and left thousands of poor homeless and this clearly indicates segregation of African-American from mainstream population.

This article compares the experiences of U.S.-born white women, Asian men, and Asian women immigrant engineers in Silicon Valley. It focuses on two particular characteristics of the region's economic structure: the norm of job-hopping and the centrality of networks to high-skilled workers' career livelihoods. While these characteristics might be assumed to exacerbate ethnic and gender inequality, the specific history of these groups' entrance into Silicon Valley's hi-tech industry enabled them to use these characteristics to their advantage in circumventing bias. The comparison of white women's strategies to Asian immigrant men's and women's strategies highlights the interaction between the structure of opportunities, group histories, and network resources. Keywords: gender inequality; engineers; flexible specialization; Asian immigrants; Silicon Valley

Like many large cities pursuing preferential procurement programs, the City of Chicago was sued by an association of local contractors and tried in court for discriminating against white males in construction. Unlike many large cities, Chicago prevailed in court: the City defeated the legal challenge. This study examines the Chicago-area construction industry, the expanding role of minorities in that industry, and some of the conditions that allowed the City to triumph in federal court when preferential procurement was challenged. The discriminatory nature of the local industry is documented. Also documented is the extraordinary expansion of minority--particularly Hispanic--presence in Chicago construction. White male dominance appears to be vulnerable to challenge in this traditional bastion of the entrenched old-boy network. JEL CODES: J15, J71, L74

Pervasive health disparities continue to exist among racial/ethnic minority groups, but the factors related to these disparities have not been fully elucidated. We undertook this prospective cohort study to determine the independent contributions of socioeconomic status (SES), health behaviors, and health insurance in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in mortality and health declines. Our study period was 1992-1998, and our study population consists of a US nationally representative sample of 6286 non-Hispanic whites (W), 1391 non-Hispanic blacks (B), 405 Hispanics interviewed in English (H/E), and 318 Hispanics interviewed in Spanish (H/S), ages 51-61 in 1992 in the Health and Retirement Study. The main outcome measures were death; major decline in self-reported overall health (SROH); and combined outcome of death or major decline in SROH. Crude mortality rates over the 6-year study period for W, B, H/E and H/S were 5.8%, 10.6%, 5.8%, and 4.4%, respectively. Rates of major decline in SROH were 14.6%, 23.2%, 22.1% and 39.4%, for W, B, H/E and H/S, respectively. Higher mortality rates for B versus W were mostly explained by worse baseline health. For major decline in SROH, education, income, and net worth independently explained more of the disparities for all three minority groups as compared to health behaviors and insurance, reducing the effect for B and H/E to non-significance, while leaving a significant elevated odds ratio for H/S. Without addressing the as-yet undetermined and pernicious effects of lower SES, public health initiatives that promote changing individual health behaviors and increasing rates of insurance coverage among blacks and Hispanics will not eliminate racial/ethnic health disparities. Keywords: Racial/ethnic health disparities; Hispanics; Socioeconomic status; Health behaviors; Insurance; Self-reported health declines; USA; Cohort study

An approach is adopted to study the anticipatory injustice by differentiating between implicit and explicit justice judgments when participants were faced with a manager of similar or dissimilar race. Results indicated that regardless of manager race, minority status significantly predicted implicit injustice expectations such that minorities were more likely to expect unfair treatment.

Although racial differences in satisfaction with urban services have been observed for decades, perhaps the most consistent finding in the literature on citizen satisfaction and urban service delivery, little systematic effort has been directed at explaining this gap. Using two years of survey data from New York City, the authors find that socioeconomic status (SES) and neighborhood of residence explain only a small part of the gap in satisfaction across a range of urban services. Residents' trust of government appears to account for a fairly large proportion of the race gap. Still, significant differences in satisfaction remain between Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics for a number of services even after controlling for SES, neighborhood, and trust. Keywords: race-ethnic differences; SES; neighborhood; trust in government; satisfaction with government services

Lesley Jacobs's views on natural differences and equal opportunity are discussed. Topics include 'The Bell Curve,' liberal egalitarianism, and racial disadvantages.

Racial classification have always been a part of the American culture. The country has pursued for the rejection of racial identification but, its laws still adhere to the notion of racial inequality., Racial classification has always been a serious- if maddeningly imprecise - business, determining who gets access to which wing of the American dream. Slave or freeman, citizen or alien. 'Tell [...]

Newly available data reveal that despite a recent decline in public sector housing segregation, the majority of black American public housing residents live in poor, racially isolated neighborhoods and white tenants typically live in less isolated neighborhoods. These patterns are influenced by overall residential segregation and public housing authority characteristics., Despite the enactment and enforcement of fair housing laws, the persistence of public housing segregation throughout urban areas continues to puzzle social scientists and policy analysts. In this article, we [...]

The concept of 'race' within the police force is analysed by asking a number of black and Asian policemen about their experiences within a predominantly white police system. Black policemen have to accept the prejudice, stereotyping and ethnic jokes they encounter to be accepted as a member of the team. Drinking after work is an important part of the team building process and Asians who cannot do so for religious reasons find it difficult to be accepted. Black policemen also do not feel they can really trust their white colleagues.

A fundamental goal of affirmative action is to eliminate both the consequences of past discrimination and likelihood of future discrimination. Thus, any assessment of the impact of affirmative action must examine two basic questions: (1) Have the consequences of discrimination been eliminated? (2) Are measures in place to prevent discrimination from occurring in the future? The basic conclusion that will be offered in this assessment is that while affirmative action has been successful in reducing some of the effects of discrimination, a wide variety of evidence suggests that the ultimate goal of affirmative action has yet to be reached. Some concerns and limitations of any attempt to assess the impact of affirmative action are discussed along with some thoughts about the future of these programs and policies.

Race, region and gender are significant variables in testing the effect of black representation on workers' earnings. Greater black representation leads to spatial differences in earnings between white and black men with the white males generally earning more than their black counterparts. Percent black accentuates earnings discrimination against southern black men as compared to the northern black men. However, the effects of discrimination is offset by the southern black men's earning gains from black representation. For women, black representation increased earnings for both black and white women.

Reading Murray and Herrnstein's The Bell Curve would likely evoke memories of a famous Yogi-ism, 'It's deja vu all over again,' if their atavistic theme were not so capable of [...]

Eliminating 'environmental racism' has fast become one of the premier civil rights and environmental issues of the 1990s. Over the past 15 years, what began as a modest grassroots social [...]

Racial segregation in Southwest Conference Football led to the African American players getting less opportunity than the whites. The institutional discrimination and the racial division in collegiate football resulted in two major policy implications, racial quota system and reduction of racial competition on football squads.

In the last 25 years Americans have changed many of the beliefs they hold about racial equality. Schuman, Steeh, and Bobo (1985) have noted that Americans seem to have become increasingly supportive of racial integration during the 1970s and early 1980s, but that their support of specific policies to bring about integration has been ambiguous. Rokeach and BalI-Rokeach (1988) have observed that the priority that Americans assign to equality as a terminal value fell throughout the 1970s. We argue that to more fully understand beliefs about race that seem paradoxical it is important to understand the way that beliefs are conceptualized and measured. This is especially true if one wishes to use attitudes or values as indicators of future behavior. We conclude that the concept of values developed by Rokeach (1973) offers a better basis for gauging public sentiment toward social policies and toward day-to-day living in an integrated society.

The purpose of this research note is to document the importance of empirical specification in the analysis of the influence of race on home mortgage lending decisions. Using a variety of testing procedures and detailed lending decision data for a large midwestern lending institution, the authors show that dramatically different results may be obtained from slight changes in empirical specification. The case study presented here can serve as a prototype for the large number of such case studies needed to obtain convincing evidence on the question of where and how discrimination may, or may not, emerge as a marketwide phenomenon.

A survey was conducted on 1216 persons to determine the influences of race and sex on reward for work efficiency. White men are paid higher due to their higher education and training levels. Minorities and white women do not enjoy the same privileges, though in business services, black men have greater authority than even white men. The hypothesis that black women must enjoy better status than black men and white women due to their dual-minority is wrong as they do not get greater authority and their payment level is lower than other minority groups.

Malcolm X's rhetorics on the racial discrimination that prevailed in the US failed to produce a concrete program ofpolitical action that would have changed the country's social structure. He mayhave been persuasive and discerning in his discussion of the problem but he never mentioned any possible solution. He did not consider the social change that electoral politics can bring. However, it is worth noting that he never advocated the use of violence in his relentless struggle for racial equality.

Affirmative action in higher education has sought to increase the number of women and minority students and faculty in most educational fields, levels, and ranks. Voluntary measures to recruit black students and faculty began in the 1960s, before the government, in the early 1970s, imposed elaborate requirements to promote the employment of women and minority faculty. Women's groups pressing to change admission and employment practices they judged discriminatory have made far greater gains than blacks. In the last decade, Asians have also done surprisingly well as graduate students, faculty, and research staff in the sciences and engineering. The higher-educational status of blacks remains troublesome. In small part, this reflects many black students' preference for the professions over graduate school and academic life; in larger part, the consequences of slum life and schools.

This article elaborates on Myrdal's question regarding the systematic subordination of minorities in an egalitarian society, and keys on the methodology used to assess attitudes of whites in regard to equality for blacks. Specifically, the article addresses questions associated with reactions to equal opportunity programs and the framing of survey questions designed to measure attitudes. Evidence is elaborated which supports the contention that public reactions to equal opportunity programs are affected by how these programs are presented to the public.