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To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.11.008 Byline: Daniela Defazio (a), Andy Lockett (b), Mike Wright (c)(d) Keywords: Research productivity; Collaboration; EU-funded networks Abstract: In this paper we examine how incentives for collaboration shape collaborative behavior and researcher productivity in the context of EU-funded research networks. EU-funded research networks require researchers to collaborate as a condition for securing research funding. The presence of research funding, therefore, may influence collaborative behavior. Our approach involves isolating the effects of funding, collaboration and previous collaborations (prior to funding) on research output, and examining how the pattern of collaboration affects research productivity over time. Employing a panel of 294 researchers in 39 EU research networks over a 15-year period we find that while the impact of funding on productivity is generally positive the overall impact of collaboration within the funded networks is weak. When we delineate between pre-, during- and post-funding periods, however, we find some important differences. During the period of funding, collaboration did not lead to an increase in research production. In the post-funding period we find that although the number of collaborations decreases within the network, the impact of collaboration on productivity is positive and significant. Our findings suggest that collaborations formed to capitalize on funding opportunities, while not effective in enhancing researcher productivity in the short run, may be an important promoter of effective collaborations in the longer run. Author Affiliation: (a) Telfer School of Management, University of Ottawa, 55 Laurier Avenue East, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada (b) Nottingham University Business School, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham NG8 1BB, United Kingdom (c) Center for Management Buy-out Research, Nottingham University Business School, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham NG8 1BB, United Kingdom (d) Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Article History: Received 29 August 2007; Revised 5 November 2008; Accepted 6 November 2008

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.021 Byline: Mike Wright (a), Bart Clarysse (b), Andy Lockett (c), Mirjam Knockaert (d) Keywords: University-industry linkages; University spin-offs; Licensing; Technology transfer Abstract: We analyze how mid-range universities can contribute to industrial change through the transfer of tacit and codified knowledge in the areas of spin-offs; licensing and patents; contract research, consultancy and reach-out; and graduate and researcher mobility. We use archival, survey and interview data relating to mid-range universities in mid-range environments in the UK, Belgium, Germany and Sweden. Our findings suggest that mid-range universities primarily need to focus on generating world-class research and critical mass in areas of expertise, as well as developing different types of intermediaries. Mid-range universities may need to develop a portfolio of university-industry linkages in terms of the scope of activities and the types of firms with which they interact. We also show that different intermediaries have important roles to play in developing university-industry linkages for mid-range universities. Author Affiliation: (a) Centre for Management Buy-out Research, Nottingham University Business School, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK (b) Tanaka Business School, Imperial College, Faculteit Economie & Bedrijfskunde, Universiteit Ghent, 46, Exhibition Road, London SW7, UK (c) Nottingham University Business School, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK (d) Vlerick Leuven Ghent Management School, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.01.005 Byline: Mike Wright (a)(b), Andy Lockett (c), Bart Clarysse (c)(d), Martin Binks (e) Keywords: Universities; Spin-offs; Venture capital; High-tech; Entrepreneurial finance Abstract: The creation of university spin-out companies that create wealth is a major policy objective of governments and universities. Finance is a catalyst of this wealth creation yet access to venture capital is a major impediment faced by these companies. In this article we adopt a finance pecking order perspective to examine the problems faced by those university spin-out companies seeking to access venture capital. We triangulate evidence from spin-out companies, university technology transfer offices and venture capital firms in the UK and Continental Europe to identify the problems and to suggest policy developments for these parties as well as government. We compare perceptions of high-tech venture capital firms that invest in spin-outs with those that do not, and also consider VCs' views on spin-outs versus other high-tech firms. Our evidence identifies a mismatch between the demand and supply side of the market. In line with the pecking order theory, venture capitalists prefer to invest after the seed stage. However, in contrast to the pecking order theory, TTOs see venture capital as more important than internal funds early on. We develop policy implications for universities, technology transfer offices, academic entrepreneurs, venture capital firms and government and suggest areas for further research. Author Affiliation: (a) Centre for Management Buy-out Research, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham NG8 1BB, United Kingdom (b) Erasmus University, The Netherlands (c) Nottingham University Business School, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham NG8 1BB, United Kingdom (d) FEB, University of Gent, Hoveniersberg 24, 9000 Gent, United Kingdom (e) University of Nottingham Institute for Enterprise and Innovation, Nottingham University Business School, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham NG8 1BB, United Kingdom Article History: Received 18 March 2005; Revised 13 December 2005; Accepted 3 January 2006

Technology transfer process in non-commercial environments and research-based spin-off in these conditions is analyzed.

The impact of university investments in patenting and licensing activities, on technology transfer, is examined.

The impact of formation of new university ventures, on knowledge sharing, is examined.

Data envelopment analysis and stochastic frontier estimation methods to examine the licensing activities of university technology transfer offices in United Kingdom are presented.

The development of university spinout companies (USOs) is investigated. The four different critical junctures that are opportunity recognition, entrepreneurial commitment, credibility and sustainability needed to be overcome by spinout companies to succeed are identified.

A study conducted to analyzes the approach of UK venture capital firms to make investments in technology firms is presented.