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This thematic issue examines the insurance function as a mechanism to underlie wealth effects on various outcomes. The articles in this issue shed an innovative light on the insurance function of wealth concerning a range of topics relevant to social stratification and social policy researchers. This editorial provides an overview of the contributions of this thematic issue and highlights some gaps and remaining open questions. Altogether, the contributions suggest that wealth can provide insurance against adverse life events in various contexts. However, this insurance effect depends on welfare state characteristics, wealth portfolios, and the way families handle their wealth.

In diesem Fact Sheet werden regionale Unterschiede nach Siedlungstyp und Landesteil (d. h. Stadt-Land-Unterschiede, Ost-West-Unterschiede sowie Stadt-Land-Unterschiede innerhalb von Ost und West) zu den Lebensbedingungen älterer Menschen berichtet. Dabei werden die wahrgenommenen Versorgungsangebote am Wohnort, die Kenntnis von seniorenspezifischen Dienstleistungsangeboten und das wahrgenommene nachbarschaftliche Miteinander beleuchtet. Die Auswertung basiert auf DEAS 2020/21

This article examines how Malaysia has sought to improve migrant workers’ welfare through the revision of its labor laws. Migrant workers’ welfare in Malaysia has been hindered by the absence of social security frameworks, outdated labor laws, multiple dependence on labor intermediaries, and employers’ lack of accountability. In 2019, two labor laws were amended based on International Labor Organization standards: the Workers’ Minimum Standard of Housing and Amenities Act (1990) and the Employees’ Social Security Act (1969). The amendments have equalized the statutory protection between national and migrant workers, increased employers’ accountability for their migrant workers’ welfare, and addressed forced labor. With this legal framework, Malaysia’s migration management has been associated with better social security protection for migrant workers, which was previously absent from foreign worker policies. The legal reforms indicate the government’s attempt in solving the tension in Malaysia’s migration management, by ensuring balance between migrants’ welfare, labor market needs, and immigration control. These observations and analysis draw upon legislations, federal government gazettes, Hansard records, official reports of intergovernmental organizations, press statements of civil society actors, online newspapers, and secondary literature., Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, Vol. 14 No. 1 (2021)

In the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, Kosovan society faced numerous social, economic, and political problems. These problems became the main cause of the high rate of migration. Many citizens, especially young people, were forced to migrate to European countries and beyond in the absence of prospects in Kosovo. Unemployed and employed people migrated in search of a better life. Migration from Kosovo continues to be high to this day. Countries like Germany began issuing work visas to Kosovans after 2005, leading many young people to migrate to Germany. To understand the situation of Kosovan migrants before and after migration, the study (N = 350) aimed to investigate the situation of unemployment, employment, and satisfaction with pre - and post-migration earnings. The results show that around 75% of Kosovan migrants were unemployed before migrating and about 50% of those who were employed had low monthly incomes (up to 200 euros), while in the host society this situation has changed positively. The results indicate that, after the migration to the host society, about 85 % of Kosovan migrants are employed, over 50% have high incomes (around 2000 euros), and about one-third have changed their post-migration occupation.

Leseprobe ----- Zusammenfassung Vor dem Hintergrund einer zunehmenden Ethnisierung und Rassisierung von Homo*-, Trans*- und Inter*phobie in offentlichen und politischen Debatten gehen wir in diesem Beitrag der Frage nach, wie sich diese Diskurse und Deutungsmuster in queeren Aushandlungen und Wahrnehmungen des urbanen Raums materialisieren. Auf der Basis von ausgewahlten Ergebnissen einer breit angelegten empirischen Auftragsstudie zu den Lebensbedingungen von Lesben, Schwulen, Trans*, Inter* und queeren Personen (LGBTIQs) in der Stadt Wien analysieren wir aus einer intersektionalrassismuskritischen und affektheoretischen Perspektive, welche Bezirke und Orte in der Stadt Wien von den Studienteilnehmer*innen aus welchen Grunden als Angstraume bzw. Gefahrenzonen fur LGBTIQs wahrgenommen werden. Besonderer Fokus liegt dabei auf der Frage, ob die Identifizierung von Wiens klassischen Arbeiter*innenbezirken als Problembezirke fur LGBTIQs als Manifestationen rassisierter und klassisierter Stadt- und Raumkonstruktionen gelesen werden konnen. Unser Beitrag diskutiert und situiert die Ergebnisse der Studie demnach im Kontext einer „Kolonialitat des Stadtischen“ (Ha 2017: 75) und etablierter kolonialer Genealogien und Grenzziehungen zwischen Zonen der (sexuellen) Entwicklung, Aufklarung und Moderne sowie ‚ruckstandigen‘ Raumen der Barbarei und Gewalt. Schlagworter: LGBTIQs, Rassismus, Ethnisierung, Postkoloniale Theorie, Stadtforschung, Homophobie ----- De/constructing spaces of queer fear: racialized and classed spatial constructions of urbanity in Vienna Summary Homo*phobia, trans*phobia and inter*phobia are becoming increasingly racialized and ethicized in public and political debates. This article investigates how these discourses materialize in queer experiences and perceptions of urban spaces. Based on results taken from a broad-based empirical study of the living situation of lesbian, gay, trans*, inter* and queer people (LGBTIQs) in Vienna we explore which parts of the city are experienced as danger zones and which spaces give rise to fear, and why that is the case. Using an intersectional, race-critical and affect-theoretical approach we examine whether identifying Vienna’s working-class districts as problem areas for LGBTIQs can be read as queer manifestations of racialized and classed constructions of urban spaces. The article discusses and situates the results of the study in the context of the “coloniality of the city” (Ha 2017: 75) and reads them against the backdrop of colonial genealogies and borders between zones of (sexual) development, enlightenment and modernity versus “backward” spaces of savagery and violence. Keywords: LGBTIQs, racism, ethnicization, postcolonial theory, urban studies, homophobia ----- Bibliographie: Klapeer, Christine M./Schonpflug, Karin: De/constructing spaces of queer fear: rassisierte und klassisierte Stadt- und Raumkonstruktionen am Beispiel Wien, GENDER – Zeitschrift fur Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft, 1-2020, S. 78-94. https://doi.org/10.3224/gender.v12i1.06

This article focuses on Mexicans, socially perceived as poor, and the impact of social policy in force in the second decade of the 21st century, focused on improving the living conditions of the population, living in poverty and facing the national democratic process, which represents the alternative of change to the national conditions in Mexico. A country with social inequalities, where the lack of guaranteeing equal living conditions through institutional frameworks that guarantee opportunities and access to common satisfiers is evident. Therefore, in the midst of a democratization process, the State seeks to address the levels of precariousness. In the midst of the recognition of the basic needs to be met among those who are reviewing the renewed social policy of the 21st century, the need to strengthen the living conditions of the excluded is prioritized and in its consolidation process it would guarantee attention to poverty through institutional channels. This is the case of the social development law, which deals with a problem of productive order from a State vision. An analysis is carried out that seeks to identify the relationship between the effectiveness of current actions to combat the lack of attention to basic needs and the institutionalized discourse, which, according to the social research approach, strengthens the interest in conducting studies on social precariousness as a group characteristic; fueled by the political discourse, exalted by the government in turn of the poor first. In this case, it is the message that strengthens the need to analyze the way, in which poverty is measured based on the recognition of poverty lines, as an instrument that allows knowing the number of people in that condition, according to the levels of dissatisfaction of food needs and due to the low level of economic income (inability to consume a basic set of food goods) for rural and urban environments. Therefore, it seeks to measure the lack of food needs, without considering the causes of inability to generate minimum income levels to consume basic foods.

The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) covers a wide array of variables collected from households by the Member States. Among others, EU-SILC contains panel data that follows a rotational design. Each year, Eurostat publishes a series of separate datasets covering only up to 4 years, even though it has been collecting data since 2003. "eusilcpanel" is a script written by Marwin Borst (download: https://www.gesis.org/gml/european-microdata/eu-silc/) in the form of a Stata package (eusilcpanel.ado; eusilcpanel.sthlp; totalpopulation.dta), that is able to merge these chunks of data into one cumulative dataset (separately for the D-,H-,R-, and P-data). The script makes the EU-SILC panel more accessible to researchers in the vast majority of cases, but it can’t deal with data from all countries. eusilcpanel_2020 (incl. eusilcpanel_2020.ado; eusilcpanel.sthlp; totalpopulation_2003_2021.dta) is an update of eusilcpanel. It covers the EU-SILC longitudinal releases 2005 to 2020. Both, eu-silcpanel and eusilcpanel_2020 can be downloaded here: https://www.gesis.org/en/missy/materials/EU-SILC/tools/datahandling or here https://www.gesis.org/gml/european-microdata/eu-silc => eusilcpanel - UPDATE (2022). The original script was based on CSV data. However, since 2017 the CSV files are released by country and year. The CSV data are sometimes subject to noise, therefore eusilcpanel_2020 is based on ‘cleaned’ Stata system files (based on Stata scripts provided by GESIS https://www.gesis.org/en/missy/materials/EU-SILC/setups). Please note, as from 2021, the EU-SILC panel design was extended on a voluntary basis to a six-year rotational panel design. However, at the time of updating this paper (2022) the longitudinal Scientific-Use-Files still cover only up to 4 years., GESIS Papers

This working paper investigates the livelihoods, trajectories, networks and self-generated opportunities of vulnerable migrants in refugee-like situations in Dar es Salaam. Its main purpose is to arrive at a deeper understanding of protracted displacement through a ���figurational approach���, which stresses the networks and the interdependencies of urban refugees in Dar es Salaam, across Tanzania, and across national borders. Refugees��� social relations do not unfold in a vacuum but are shaped by the regimes of aid and asylum that govern their lives. In a context of constant fear of imprisonment and deportation, this working paper gives particular attention to the alliances that the vulnerable migrants build within Dar es Salaam. It underlines their agency and coping strategies, as they bring with them many valuable skills. Capitalising on these skills can result in longstanding partnerships between vulnerable migrants and locals. Spaces of freedom where displaced people do not need to live in a perpetual state of fear and uncertainty are equally important. More than focusing on constraints, this paper underlines the urban refugees��� agency and survival strategies. We pay particular attention to the mobility and connectivity of female urban refugees, also within a digital context. Through (social media) entrepreneurship, women in refugee- like situations have managed to overcome immobilisation and create new opportunities for themselves. By analysing a variety of life situations throughout this paper, we seek to recognise and promote urban refugees��� agency and dignity., TRAFIG Working Paper No. 8

Background The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities [1] highlights the need to create proper socioeconomic and political conditions for persons with disabilities, with a special focus on their immediate living conditions. According to the Convention, these conditions should be built to ensure that persons with disabilities have the potential to enjoy a high quality of life (QoL), and this principle is reflected in the notion of livable areas. The crucial aspect of this framework is the relationship between the individual QoL and the environment, broadly understood as the socioeconomic as well as the technical conditions in which persons with disabilities function. Methods The basic research problem was to assess the relationship between individual QoL for the population with disabilities as a dependent variable and livability indicators as independent variables, controlling for individual characteristics. The study used a dataset from the EU-SILC (European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) survey carried out in 2015 in Poland. The research concept involved several steps. First, we created a variable measuring the QoL for the entire population with disabilities. To measure the multidimensional QoL, we used Sen’s capability approach as a general concept, which was operationalized by the MIMIC (multiple indicators multiple causes) model. In the second step, we identified the livability indicators available in the official statistics, and merged them with survey data. Finally, in the last step, we ran the regression analysis. We also checked the data for the nested structure. Results We confirmed that the general environmental conditions, focused on creating livable areas, played a significant role in shaping the QoL of persons with disabilities; i.e., we found that the higher the level of the local Human Development Index, the higher the quality of life of the individuals living in this area. This relationship held even after controlling for the demographic characteristics of the respondents. Moreover, we found that in addition to the general environmental conditions, the conditions created especially for persons with disabilities (i.e., services for this group and support for their living conditions) affected the QoL of these individuals. Conclusions The results illustrate the need to strengthen policies aimed at promoting the QoL of persons with disabilities by creating access to community assets and services that can contribute to improving the life chances of this population.

Unter dem Eindruck der Pandemie geht dieser Text der Bedeutung von Tätigkeitsfeldern nach, in denen fast ausschließlich Migrant*innen beschäftigt sind. Die zentrale Frage ist, wie arbeitssoziologische Forschung der Beobachtung gerecht werden kann, dass eine nach Staatsbürgerschaft geordnete Prekarisierung von Arbeits- und Lebensverhältnissen existiert. Aktuell gibt es in der deutschsprachigen Literatur wenig Texte, die diese Beobachtung auch theoretisch zu fassen versuchen. Es wird argumentiert, dass die Verbindung von Begriffen und Debatten aus der Migrationsforschung ("Segmentierung", "Rassifizierung", "differentielle Inklusion") mit solchen aus der aktuellen Arbeitssoziologie eine in diese Hinsicht interessante und wichtige Perspektive darstellt., This article examines the significance of work almost exclusively performed by migrants. In Germany as in other countries worldwide, the pandemic has made such work increasingly visible. The central question is how sociological research on work can do justice to the observation that a precarization of working and living conditions exists in relation to citizenship. Currently, few texts attempt to grasp this observation theoretically. It is argued that the connection of concepts and debates from migration research ("segmentation", "racialization", "differential inclusion") with those from the current sociology of work represents an interesting and important perspective in this respect., AIS-Studien

Der Deutsche Alterssurvey (DEAS) ist eine vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) geförderte Langzeitstudie des Deutschen Zentrums für Altersfragen (DZA) zum Wandel der Lebenssituationen und Alternsverläufe von Menschen, die sich in der zweiten Lebenshälfte befinden. Grundlage sind bundesweit repräsentative Befragungen im Quer- und Längsschnitt von jeweils mehreren tausend Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern im Alter ab 40 Jahren. Die beteiligten Personen werden umfassend zu ihren objektiven und subjektiven Lebensbedingungen befragt. Hinzu kommen Testverfahren zur Erhebung der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit und körperlichen Gesundheit. Aufgrund seines kohortensequenziellen Längsschnittdesigns, seiner Themenbreite, seiner nationalen Repräsentativität mit vergleichsweise hoher Fallzahl und der bereits relativ langen Beobachtungsdauer stellt der DEAS eine in Deutschland einzigartige Datenquelle zur interdisziplinären Erforschung der Lebenssituationen und Lebensverläufe sowie der subjektiven Sichtweisen und Lebenspläne älterwerdender und alter Menschen dar.

Der Deutsche Alterssurvey (DEAS) ist eine vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) geförderte Langzeitstudie des Deutschen Zentrums für Altersfragen (DZA) zum Wandel der Lebenssituationen und Alternsverläufe von Menschen, die sich in der zweiten Lebenshälfte befinden. Grundlage sind bundesweit repräsentative Befragungen im Quer- und Längsschnitt von jeweils mehreren tausend Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern im Alter ab 40 Jahren. Die beteiligten Personen werden umfassend zu ihren objektiven und subjektiven Lebensbedingungen befragt. Hinzu kommen Testverfahren zur Erhebung der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit und körperlichen Gesundheit. Aufgrund seines kohortensequenziellen Längsschnittdesigns, seiner Themenbreite, seiner nationalen Repräsentativität mit vergleichsweise hoher Fallzahl und der bereits relativ langen Beobachtungsdauer stellt der DEAS eine in Deutschland einzigartige Datenquelle zur interdisziplinären Erforschung der Lebenssituationen und Lebensverläufe sowie der subjektiven Sichtweisen und Lebenspläne älterwerdender und alter Menschen dar.

The German Ageing Survey (DEAS) is a nationwide representative cross-sectional and longitudinal survey of the German population aged over 40. It is funded by the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ). The German Centre of Gerontology in Berlin (DZA) is responsible for the conduct and ongoing development of the study. The primary goal of the DEAS-Survey program is to provide a representative national database containing information describing the living conditions of the country's middle-aged and older population and to study the diversity within the older section of the population, the process of ageing as it affects individuals and processes of social change as they relate to old age and ageing. The DEAS covers a wide range of topics. The data obtained provide information on socioeconomic and demographic attributes as well as household composition, housing, family structure, social networks, psychological resources, attitudes as well as and physical and mental health. The comprehensive examination of people in mid- and older adulthood provides microdata for use both in social and behavioral scientific research and in reporting on social developments. The data thus provides a source of information for decision-makers, the general public and for scientific research. Microdata of the German Ageing Survey (DEAS) are available free of charge to scientific researchers for non-profitable purposes. The Research Data Centre (FDZ-DZA) provides access and support to scholars interested in using DEAS data for their research. Data and documentations from completed DEAS waves are available by the FDZ-DZA (https://www.dza.de/en/research/fdz). However, for reasons of data protection, signing a data distribution contract is required before data can be obtained. The DEAS applies a cohort-sequential design, which allows the users to analyze societal trends and individual trajectories (embedded inside societal trends) and to disentangle age effects from cohort effects. The first DEAS survey wave took place in 1996, further waves followed in 2002, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020. The 5th wave in 2014 considered a panel sample of study participants who had entered the DEAS earlier as well as a new sample of adults, aged 40 to 85 years. Sampling, fieldwork and data collection for all waves have been carried out by the Bonn-based Institute for Applied Social Sciences (infas). Infas also took over scanning, coding of the open references to the occupational status and the new data weighting.

The German Ageing Survey (DEAS) is a nationwide representative cross-sectional and longitudinal survey of the German population aged over 40. It is funded by the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ). The German Centre of Gerontology in Berlin (DZA) is responsible for the conduct and ongoing development of the study. The primary goal of the DEAS-Survey program is to provide a representative national database containing information describing the living conditions of the country's middle-aged and older population and to study the diversity within the older section of the population, the process of ageing as it affects individuals and processes of social change as they relate to old age and ageing. The DEAS covers a wide range of topics. The data obtained provide information on socioeconomic and demographic attributes as well as household composition, housing, family structure, social networks, psychological resources, attitudes as well as and physical and mental health. The comprehensive examination of people in mid- and older adulthood provides micro data for use both in social and behavioral scientific research and in reporting on social developments. The data thus provides a source of information for decision-makers, the general public and for scientific research. Microdata of the German Ageing Survey (DEAS) are available free of charge to scientific researchers for non-profitable purposes. The Research Data Centre (FDZ-DZA) provides access and support to scholars interested in using DEAS data for their research. Data and documentations from completed DEAS waves are available by the FDZ-DZA (https://www.dza.de/en/research/fdz). However, for reasons of data protection, signing a data distribution contract is required before data can be obtained. The DEAS applies a cohort-sequential design, which allows the users to analyze societal trends and individual trajectories (embedded inside societal trends) and to disentangle age effects from cohort effects. The first DEAS survey wave took place in 1996, further waves followed in 2002, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020. The 5th wave in 2014 considered a panel sample of study participants who had entered the DEAS earlier as well as a new sample of adults, aged 40 to 85 years. Sampling, fieldwork and data collection for all waves have been carried out by the Bonn-based Institute for Applied Social Sciences (infas). Infas also took over scanning, coding of the open references to the occupational status and the new data weighting.

The German Ageing Survey (DEAS), funded by the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ), is a nationwide representative cross-sectional and longitudinal survey of the German middle-aged and older population. The German Centre of Gerontology in Berlin (DZA) is responsible for the conduct and ongoing development of thestudy. The primary goal of the DEAS survey program is to provide a representative national database containing information describing the living conditions and to study the diversity within the older section of the population, the process of ageing as it affects individuals and processes of social change as they relate to old age and ageing. The DEAS covers a wide range of topics. The data obtained provide information on socioeconomic and demographic attributes as well as household composition, housing, family structure, social networks, psychological resources, attitudes as well as and physical and mental health. The comprehensive examination of people over 40 provides micro data for use both in social and behavioral scientific research and in reporting on social developments. The data thus provides a source of information for decision-makers, the general public and for scientific research. Microdata of the German Ageing Survey (DEAS) are available free of charge to scientific researchers for non-profitable purposes. The Research Data Centre (FDZ-DZA) provides access and support to scholars interested in using DEAS data for their research. Data and documentations from completed DEAS waves are available by the FDZ-DZA (https://www.dza.de/en/research/fdz). However, for reasons of data protection, signing a data distribution contract is required before data can be obtained. The DEAS applies a cohort-sequential design, which allows the users to analyze societal trends and individual trajectories (embedded inside societal trends) and to disentangle age effects from cohort effects. The first DEAS survey wave took place in 1996. Further waves followed in 2002, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 and an additional shortened paper-and-pencil questionnaire was carried out in the summer of 2020. An initially planned face-to-face interview with panel participants and a new basic sample in 2020 could not take place due to the Corona pandemic.The seventh wave of DEAS was organized in June and July 2020 with panel participants in form of a smaller written-postal survey. The main survey started in December 2020 with an extensive telephone survey of the panel participants, supplemented by a written drop-off for self-completion. A newly drawn basic sample was dispensed of. The field phase of the main survey is expected to end in mid-April 2021. The focus of the DEAS survey, which took place between June 8th and July 22nd, centered around the affect the first wave of the COVID19 pandemic had on the everyday life and the living situations of people in their second half of life. The collection of data was, just as in the prewaves, conducted by infas - Institut für angewandte Sozialwissenschaft GmbH, Bonn.

Der Deutsche Alterssurvey (DEAS) ist eine vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) geförderte Langzeitstudie des Deutschen Zentrums für Alters-fragen (DZA) zum Wandel der Lebenssituationen und Alternsverläufe von Menschen, die sich in der zweiten Lebenshälfte befinden. Grundlage sind bundesweit repräsentative Befragungen im Quer- und Längsschnitt von jeweils mehreren tausend Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern im Alter ab 40 Jahren. Die beteiligten Personen werden umfassend zu ihren objektiven und subjektiven Lebensbedingungen befragt. Hinzu kommen Testverfahren zur Erhebung der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit und körperlichen Gesundheit. Aufgrund seines kohorten-sequenziellen Längsschnittdesigns, seiner Themenbreite, seiner nationalen Repräsentativität mit vergleichsweise hoher Fallzahl und der bereits relativ langen Beobachtungsdauer stellt der DEAS eine in Deutschland einzigartige Datenquelle zur interdisziplinären Erforschung der Lebenssituationen und Lebensverläufe sowie der subjektiven Sichtweisen und Lebenspläne älterwerdender und alter Menschen dar.

Es gibt eine hohe Zufriedenheit mit der Lebensqualität am eigenen Wohnort - trotz der Wahrnehmung großer Unterschiede. Die überwältigende Mehrheit ist mit der Lebensqualität am eigenen Wohnort zufrieden: 91 Prozent bewerten sie mit gut oder sehr gut, lediglich 8 Prozent ziehen eine negative Bilanz. In Ostdeutschland, Ballungsgebieten und Wegzugsregionen fällt das Urteil kritischer aus; auch dort sind jedoch mehr als drei Viertel der Bürger und Bürgerinnen mit der Lebensqualität vor Ort zufrieden. Gleichzeitig ist die Bevölkerung jedoch überzeugt, dass sich die Lebensverhältnisse von Stadt und Land wie der verschiedenen Regionen erheblich unterscheiden. Die wahrgenommenen Unterschiede sind weitaus größer als die Abweichungen der persönlichen Zufriedenheit mit der Lebensqualität in Stadt und Land und verschiedenen Regionen. 77 Prozent gehen von sehr unterschiedlichen Lebensverhältnissen in Stadt und Land aus. Dabei gelten Kleinstädte und das Land als attraktiveres Lebensumfeld als die großen Städte. Regional sieht die Bevölkerung vor allem große Unterschiede zwischen West und Ost, deutlich mehr als zwischen Nord und Süd.

Der Deutsche Alterssurvey (DEAS) ist eine vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) geförderte Langzeitstudie des Deutschen Zentrums für Altersfragen (DZA) zum Wandel der Lebenssituationen und Alternsverläufe von Menschen, die sich in der zweiten Lebenshälfte befinden. Grundlage sind bundesweit repräsentative Befragungen im Quer- und Längsschnitt von jeweils mehreren tausend Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern im Alter ab 40 Jahren. Die beteiligten Personen werden umfassend zu ihren objektiven und subjektiven Lebensbedingungen befragt. Hinzu kommen Testverfahren zur Erhebung der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit und körperlichen Gesundheit. Aufgrund seines kohortensequenziellen Längsschnittdesigns, seiner Themenbreite, seiner nationalen Repräsentativität mit vergleichsweise hoher Fallzahl und der bereits relativ langen Beobachtungsdauer stellt der DEAS eine in Deutschland einzigartige Datenquelle zur interdisziplinären Erforschung der Lebenssituationen und Lebensverläufe sowie der subjektiven Sichtweisen und Lebenspläne älterwerdender und alter Menschen dar.

The German Ageing Survey (DEAS) is a nationwide representative cross-sectional and longitudinal survey of the German population aged over 40. It is funded by the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ). The German Centre of Gerontology in Berlin (DZA) is responsible for the conduct and ongoing development of the study. Sampling and fieldwork for all waves (1996-2020) has been carried out by the Bonn-based Institute for Applied Social Sciences (infas). The primary goal of the DEAS survey program is to provide a representative national database containing information describing the living conditions of the country’s middle-aged and older population and to study diversity within the older section of the population, the process of ageing as it affects individuals and processes of social change as they relate to old age and ageing. The DEAS covers a wide range of topics. The data obtained provide information on socioeconomic and demographic attributes as well as household composition, housing, family structure, social networks, psychological resources, attitudes as well as and physical and mental health. The comprehensive examination of people in mid- and older adulthood provides microdata for use both in social and behavioural scientific research and in reporting on social developments. The data thus provides a source of information for decision-makers, the general public and for scientific research. The DEAS applies a cohort-sequential design, which allows the users to analyze societal trends and individual trajectories (embedded inside societal trends) and to disentangle age effects from cohort effects. The first DEAS survey wave took place in 1996, further waves followed in 2002, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020. The third wave of the survey in 2008 considered a panel sample of study participants, who had entered the DEAS earlier as well as a new sample of adults, aged 40 to 85 years. Microdata of the German Ageing Survey (DEAS) are available free of charge to scientific researchers for non-profitable purposes. The Research Data Centre (FDZ-DZA) provides access and support to scholars interested in using DEAS data for their research. Data and documentations from completed DEAS waves are available by the FDZ-DZA. However, for reasons of data protection, signing a data distribution contract is required before data can be obtained.

Der Deutsche Alterssurvey (DEAS) ist eine vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) geförderte Langzeitstudie des Deutschen Zentrums für Alters-fragen (DZA) zum Wandel der Lebenssituationen und Alternsverläufe von Menschen, die sich in der zweiten Lebenshälfte befinden. Grundlage sind bundesweit repräsentative Befragungen im Quer- und Längsschnitt von jeweils mehreren tausend Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern im Alter ab 40 Jahren. Die beteiligten Personen werden umfassend zu ihren objektiven und subjektiven Lebensbedingungen befragt. Hinzu kommen Testverfahren zur Erhebung der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit und körperlichen Gesundheit. Aufgrund seines kohorten-sequenziellen Längsschnittdesigns, seiner Themenbreite, seiner nationalen Repräsentativität mit vergleichsweise hoher Fallzahl und der bereits relativ langen Beobachtungsdauer stellt der DEAS eine in Deutschland einzigartige Datenquelle zur interdisziplinären Erforschung der Lebenssituationen und Lebensverläufe sowie der subjektiven Sichtweisen und Lebenspläne älterwerdender und alter Menschen dar.

The German Ageing Survey (DEAS), funded by the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ), is a nationwide representative cross-sectional and longitudinal survey of the German middle-aged and older population. The German Centre of Gerontology in Berlin (DZA) is responsible for the conduct and ongoing development of the study. The primary goal of the DEAS survey program is to provide a representative national database containing information describing the living conditions and to study the diversity within the older section of the population, the process of ageing as it affects individuals and processes of social change as they relate to old age and ageing. The DEAS covers a wide range of topics. The data obtained provide information on socioeconomic and demographic attributes as well as household composition, housing, family structure, social networks, psychological resources, attitudes as well as and physical and mental health. The comprehensive examination of people over 40 provides micro data for use both in social and behavioral scientific research and in reporting on social developments. The data thus provides a source of information for decision-makers, the general public and for scientific research. The DEAS applies a cohort-sequential design, which allows the users to analyze societal trends and individual trajectories (embedded inside societal trends) and to disentangle age effects from cohort effects. The first DEAS survey wave took place in 1996, further waves followed in 2002, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020. The 6th wave in 2017 considered a cross-sectional sample as well as a panel sample of study participants who had entered the DEAS earlier. Sampling and fieldwork for all waves (1996-2017) have been carried out by the Bonn-based Institute for Applied Social Sciences (infas), scanning and coding of the additional questionnaires by the DB Profi-Kontor GMBH in Butzbach.

This working paper presents the findings of the empirical research on the role of connectivity and mobility for displaced people in Germany in the framework of the TRAFIG project. The findings are based on qualitative fieldwork in Germany, with 73 qualitative interviews with displaced people and experts in the field. This paper uses a figurational perspective; figurations are characterised as dynamic social constellations which emerge in the context of displacement between displaced people and state and other actors at the local, translocal and transnational scale. This working paper discusses the figurations of displacement in which refugees in Germany are embedded. Our analysis demonstrates the importance of family figurations in displacement, among them the ���figuration of a transnationally separated family���, ���figuration of the jointly displaced family���, or the ���figuration of the transnationally extended family���. Family figurations are deeply intertwined with local and transnational bureaucratic figurations, which structure the experiences of refugees. Bureaucratic figurations evolve with respect to German authorities, those of the countries of origin and other local actors. Despite the significance of family figurations, connectivity is not restricted to it. Refugees are also connected within non-kin figurations, such as within an ���ethnic network-based��� or ���volunteer-refugee��� figuration. The analytical category of figurations provides valuable insights into how displaced people embedded in certain social constellations can best be supported. It shows that transnational life is a reality for displaced persons and an integral part of their everyday lives. As the German case demonstrates, displaced people use mobility and connectivity as a way out of protracted displacement., TRAFIG Working Paper No. 10

Der Deutsche Alterssurvey (DEAS) ist eine vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) geförderte Langzeitstudie des Deutschen Zentrums für Altersfragen (DZA) zum Wandel der Lebenssituationen und Alternsverläufe von Menschen, die sich in der zweiten Lebenshälfte befinden. Grundlage sind bundesweit repräsentative Befragungen im Quer- und Längsschnitt von jeweils mehreren tausend Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern im Alter ab 40 Jahren. Die beteiligten Personen werden umfassend zu ihren objektiven und subjektiven Lebensbedingungen befragt. Hinzu kommen Testverfahren zur Erhebung der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit und körperlichen Gesundheit. Aufgrund seines kohortensequenziellen Längsschnittdesigns, seiner Themenbreite, seiner nationalen Repräsentativität mit vergleichsweise hoher Fallzahl und der bereits relativ langen Beobachtungsdauer stellt der DEAS eine in Deutschland einzigartige Datenquelle zur interdisziplinären Erforschung der Lebenssituationen und Lebensverläufe sowie der subjektiven Sichtweisen und Lebenspläne älterwerdender und alter Menschen dar.

Der Deutsche Alterssurvey (DEAS) ist eine vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) geförderte Langzeitstudie des Deutschen Zentrums für Altersfragen (DZA) zum Wandel der Lebenssituationen und Alternsverläufe von Menschen, die sich in der zweiten Lebenshälfte befinden. Grundlage sind bundesweit repräsentative Befragungen im Quer- und Längsschnitt von jeweils mehreren tausend Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern im Alter ab 40 Jahren. Die beteiligten Personen werden umfassend zu ihren objektiven und subjektiven Lebensbedingungen befragt. Hinzu kommen Testverfahren zur Erhebung der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit und körperlichen Gesundheit. Aufgrund seines kohortensequenziellen Längsschnittdesigns, seiner Themenbreite, seiner nationalen Repräsentativität mit vergleichsweise hoher Fallzahl und der bereits relativ langen Beobachtungsdauer stellt der DEAS eine in Deutschland einzigartige Datenquelle zur interdisziplinären Erforschung der Lebenssituationen und Lebensverläufe sowie der subjektiven Sichtweisen und Lebenspläne älterwerdender und alter Menschen dar.

This study sheds light on the working and living conditions of so-called live-in care workers in Germany. Live-ins are usually female migrant workers who provide domestic and care work for elderly people in their private homes. They often complement the work of certified nursing care staff and have become an integral part of the care landscape in the EU. The case of Germany shows that, this type of work is heavily outsourced to women from Central and Eastern European countries though official figures are limited.

The German Ageing Survey (DEAS) is a nationwide representative cross-sectional and longitudinal survey of the German population aged over 40. It is funded by the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ). The German Centre of Gerontology in Berlin (DZA) is responsible for the conduct and ongoing development of the study. Sampling and fieldwork for all waves (1996-2020) has been carried out by the Bonn-based Institute for Applied Social Sciences (infas). The primary goal of the DEAS survey program is to provide a representative national database containing information describing the living conditions of the country's middle-aged and older population and to study diversity within the older section of the population, the process of ageing as it affects individuals and processes of social change as they relate to old age and ageing. The DEAS covers a wide range of topics. The data obtained provide information on socioeconomic and demographic attributes as well as household composition, housing, family structure, social networks, psychological resources, attitudes as well as and physical and mental health. The comprehensive examination of people in mid- and older adulthood provides microdata for use both in social and behavioral scientific research and in reporting on social developments. The data thus provides a source of information for decision-makers, the general public and for scientific research. The DEAS applies a cohort-sequential design, which allows the users to analyze societal trends and individual trajectories (embedded inside societal trends) and to disentangle age effects from cohort effects. The first DEAS survey wave took place in 1996, further waves followed in 2002, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020. The 4th wave of the survey in 2011 considered a panel sample of study participants, who had entered the DEAS earlier.

Establishing a secure livelihood is a key element that enables refugees to rebuild their lives and overcome protracted dis placement situations. Not only can a steady source of income help refugees afford housing, food and other basic necessities, it can also facilitate their integration by connecting them with others in the community. While some seek jobs in existing organisations or businesses in the formal or informal economy, others create their own enterprises from scratch. This policy brief shares TRAFIG findings from two key refugee-hosting countries in Africa, Ethiopia and Tanzania, and illustrates how refugees are using connectivity to create livelihood opportunities, with a focus on those engaging in entrepreneurial activities. It also puts forth ideas for those seeking to scale up access to entrepreneurship for displaced persons.

For many decades Iran was a destination of economic immigration for Afghans. There, they could earn money to provide for their families at home. Since the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in 1979, Iran also became a place of refuge for some 3 million Afghans. Their situation was changing according to the changes in the internal and international position of Iran. Sometimes the Iranian authorities were sympathetic; other times they were fiercely unsympathetic and keen to remove the Afghan "guests." So, the Afghans in Iran could not be sure how long they would be allowed to stay there, if the Iranians would be willing to support them, and if they would have work to provide for their families. This state of uncertainty of the Afghan community was worsened by an outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Both the Iranian and Afghan healthcare systems are unable to effectively deal with the problem. And the economic collapse in Iran affected primarily the foreigners there of whatever stance, in this particular case, the Afghans. The main aim of the article is to present the changing and unstable situation of Afghans in Iran in recent years. The analysis covers areas such as their legal status, education, family life, or the right to work. It also takes into account, to a limited extent, the internal situation of Iran, which undoubtedly influenced the situation of Afghan migrants. Based on the analysis of the available materials, it can be concluded that the position of the Afghans in Iran was and is strongly dependent on the situation of Iran and the good or bad will of the Iranian authorities. At the same time, due to the complicated situation in Afghanistan, Afghan migrants find themselves in a hopeless situation and are "doomed" to stay in Iran.

Within the European Union (EU), Italy is one of the main countries of transit and destination for migrants coming from Africa and Asia, including a significant component of forced migrants and protection seekers. In particular, Italy is the first European country of arrival for many migrants and asylum seekers crossing the Mediterranean from North Africa (mainly but not exclusively from Libya and Tunisia). Along with maritime migration flows, Italy has been receiving growing numbers of (forced) migrants entering the country through its Eastern land borders, mainly coming from Pakistan and Afghanistan, and transiting through Greece and the Balkans. These persons often find themselves in situations of protracted precariousness, vulnerability and marginalisation, both in terms of their legal status, attached rights and socio-economic conditions. Such situations of protracted displacement are largely (although not exclusively) determined by the legal and policy structures governing migration, asylum and mobility. This internal report analyses the regulatory framework which applies in Italy, and which impacts on the daily lives and future aspirations of protractedly displaced people. This report contributed to the formulation of TRAFIG Working Paper No. 3, Internal Report

Angesichts der Corona-Krise rückt die europäische Flüchtlingspolitik derzeit in den Hintergrund. Doch die Situation der Geflüchteten an der EU-Außengrenze, auf den Inseln der Ägäis und an anderen Orten an den Rändern Europas verschlechtert sich zunehmend, verstärkt durch die globale Pandemie. Benjamin Etzold vom Bonner Friedens- und Konfliktforschungsinstitut BICC und weitere Forscherinnen und Forscher des EU-geförderten Projekt TRAFIG sind nicht nur über die humanitäre Situation, sondern auch über die Politik der EU zutiefst besorgt. Nachdrücklich fordern sie EU-Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Geflüchteten – und nicht vor ihnen.

This case study provides an overview on protracted displacement in the Horn of Africa and aims to uncover evidence on transnational and translocal connectivity and mobility of displaced populations in the region. The case study contributes to the elaboration of the working paper “Protracted Displacement in the postWWII period” in the framework of the three-year project “Translocal Figurations of Displacement” (TRAFIG), which is financed by the European Union within the Horizon 2020 work programme (Societal Challenge 5 ‘Europe in a changing world’; call MIGRATION-08-2018 ‘Addressing the Challenge of Forced Displacement’). The objective of this case study is to review academic and literature issued by relevant actors in the field of protracted displacement such as international organisations, NGOs or governments to answer the questions whether and how transnational and translocal connectivity and mobility contributes to selfreliance and resilience of displaced populations, both internally and across borders, in the region. In addition, the study looks at policy responses to protracted displacement in the Horn of Africa. For the purpose of this study, the Horn of Africa includes Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan. These countries are all members of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), a regional economic community formed to promote regional cooperation and integration to add value to its Member States’ efforts in achieving peace, security and prosperity. When drawing on figures of protracted displacement, the study follows UNHCR’s definition of a protracted refugee situation “as one in which 25,000 or more refugees from the same nationality have been in exile for five consecutive years or more in a given asylum country” (UNHCR, 2018c, p. 22). When drawing on specific examples from the literature, a wider definition of protracted displacement is applied, following TRAFIG’s definition of protracted displacement situations “as situations in which the capability of displaced persons to rebuild their lives after displacement and the opportunities available to do so are severely limited for prolonged periods of time, in other words, in situations where (more durable) solutions are not available or progress towards achieving these is stalled” (Etzold, et al., 2019, p. 22). This case study is structured as follows: section two provides an overview on protracted displacement in the region. It describes the four main protracted displacement situations in the region1 : The Eritrean refugee crisis, the displacement of Somalis internally and across borders and the South Sudanese and Sudanese protracted and emergency refugee and IDP situation. The third section identifies main patterns and selected examples in six dimensions of transnationalism and translocality, namely the emergence and existence of transnational/translocal communities and diasporic links, mobility patterns such as secondary movements, return or resettlement, family dynamics of displaced populations, emerging transnational economic spaces, social remittances, i.e. the circulation of ideas, behaviours, identities and social capital, and transnational political spheres. The fourth section summarises policy responses to protracted displacement in the Horn of Africa and major policy shifts while studying two cases, namely the emergence of encampment in Kenya and the envisaged phasing out of camps and facilitating refugee’s access to work in Ethiopia.

The German Ageing Survey (DEAS) is a nationwide representative cross-sectional and longitudinal survey of the German population aged over 40. It is funded by the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ). The German Centre of Gerontology in Berlin (DZA) is responsible for the conduct and ongoing development of the study. The primary goal of the DEAS-Survey program is to provide a representative national database containing information describing the living conditions of the country's middle-aged and older population and to study the diversity within the older section of the population, the process of ageing as it affects individuals and processes of social change as they relate to old age and ageing. The DEAS covers a wide range of topics. The data obtained provide information on socioeconomic and demographic attributes as well as household composition, housing, family structure, social networks, psychological resources, attitudes as well as and physical and mental health. The comprehensive examination of people in mid- and older adulthood provides micro data for use both in social and behavioral scientific research and in reporting on social developments. The data thus provides a source of information for decision-makers, the general public and for scientific research. Microdata of the German Ageing Survey (DEAS) are available free of charge to scientific researchers for non-profitable purposes. The Research Data Centre (FDZ-DZA) provides access and support to scholars interested in using DEAS data for their research. Data and documentations from completed DEAS waves are available by the FDZ-DZA (https://www.dza.de/en/fdz.html). However, for reasons of data protection, signing a data distribution contract is required before data can be obtained. The DEAS applies a cohort-sequential design, which allows the users to analyze societal trends and individual trajectories (embedded inside societal trends) and to disentangle age effects from cohort effects. The first DEAS survey wave took place in 1996, further waves followed in 2002, 2008, 2011, 2014 and 2017. The 5th wave in 2014 considered a panel sample of study participants who had entered the DEAS earlier as well as a new sample of adults, aged 40 to 85 years. Sampling, fieldwork and data collection for all waves have been carried out by the Bonn-based Institute for Applied Social Sciences (infas). Infas also took over scanning, coding of the open references to the occupational status and the new data weighting.

Die biographische Fallarbeit mit Individuen sowie deren sozialem und familiärem Umfeld ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Prävention islamistischer Radikalisierung. Oft kommen Beraterinnen und Berater dabei mit Menschen in Kontakt, deren Lebensgeschichte von Flucht- und Migrationserfahrungen geprägt ist. Solides und relevantes Hintergrundwissen über ihre Herkunftsländer und Fluchtrouten kann dann einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Gestaltung individueller Fallbearbeitung leisten. Welche soziokulturellen Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen sind zu erwarten? Von welchem Bildungsniveau können Präventionsberaterinnen und -berater ausgehen? Wie ist die Nähe oder Distanz zu einer bestimmten (islamistischen) Gruppe zu bewerten? Die vorliegenden Länderberichte greifen diese und ähnliche Fragen für Afghanistan, Syrien, Iran und die Türkei auf. Sie geben Überblicksinformationen und weisen jeweils auf weiterführende Quellen hin.

With the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its guiding principle 'Leave no one behind', the international community has set itself the goal of improving the living conditions of poor and marginalised groups. In many cases, these groups include migrants and refugees. A sophisticated review process has been set up to monitor the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. Here, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) play a decisive role. Migrants and refugees were explicitly included from the outset. However, this creates additional data requirements: Data disaggregated by migratory status is necessary to capture changes in the living conditions of migrant population groups within the structured review and follow up process of the SDGs. This disaggregation allows to draw conclusions about the well-being of migrants and refugees. SDG 17.18 explicitly calls for the differentiated consideration of this population group in the SDGs, where relevant, and the necessary building up of capacities for data collection and analysis. Census data, data from national administrative registers and sample surveys are possible data sources to achieve this objective. These data sets, however, differ in their scope and extent to which they capture different types of information. Hence, each represents only a partial reality. Five years after the adoption of the SDGs, the balance sheet is sobering: Data disaggregated by migratory status are still lacking in most countries. As a result, there is a growing danger that existing disadvantages will become more permanent or more pronounced. In line with its overarching commitment to the implementation of the SDGs, the German government should work to ensure that migrants and refugees are systematically taken into account in the follow-up and review of the 2030 Agenda. For the remaining period until 2030 - touted as the Decade of Action and Delivery - the following recommendations are derived: * Harmonise migration definitions: Data collections should apply definitions and methods recommended by the UN Statistical Commission. * Support data collection: The personnel and financial capacities of the national statistical authorities in partner countries should be systematically strengthened. * Strengthen synergies: Bridges should be built between migration-specific data initiatives and thematically broader data initiatives that are closely linked to the SDG process. * Expand migration expertise in the SDG review process: Migration expertise should be more systematically integrated into the SDG review process than has been the case to date in order to take greater account of changes in the living conditions of migrants and refugees.

The German Ageing Survey (DEAS), funded by the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ), is a nationwide representative cross-sectional and longitudinal survey of the German middle-aged and older population. The German Centre of Gerontology in Berlin (DZA) is responsible for the conduct and ongoing development of the study. The primary goal of the DEAS survey program is to provide a representative national database containing information describing the living conditions and to study the diversity within the older section of the population, the process of ageing as it affects individuals and processes of social change as they relate to old age and ageing. The DEAS covers a wide range of topics. The data obtained provide information on socioeconomic and demographic attributes as well as household composition, housing, family structure, social networks, psychological resources, attitudes as well as and physical and mental health. The comprehensive examination of people over 40 provides micro data for use both in social and behavioral scientific research and in reporting on social developments. The data thus provides a source of information for decision-makers, the general public and for scientific research. The DEAS applies a cohort-sequential design, which allows the users to analyze societal trends and individual trajectories (embedded inside societal trends) and to disentangle age effects from cohort effects. The first DEAS survey wave took place in 1996, further waves followed in 2002, 2008, 2011, 2014 and 2017. The 6th wave in 2017 considered a cross-sectional sample as well as a panel sample of study participants who had entered the DEAS earlier. Sampling and fieldwork for all waves (1996-2017) have been carried out by the Bonn-based Institute for Applied Social Sciences (infas), scanning and coding of the additional questionnaires by the DB Profi-Kontor GMBH in Butzbach. Microdata of the German Ageing Survey (DEAS) are available free of charge to scientific researchers for non-profitable purposes. The Research Data Centre (FDZ-DZA) provides access and support to scholars interested in using DEAS data for their research. Data and documentations from completed DEAS waves are available by the FDZ-DZA (https://www.dza.de/en/fdz.html). However, for reasons of data protection, signing a data distribution contract is required before data can be obtained.

This working paper is based on empirical research on translocal figurations of displacement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It contains methodological reflections, central findings, and reflections on these findings. Drawing on the conceptual framework that was developed in TRAFIG working paper 1, this paper explores TRAFIG���s central question: ���How are protractedness, dependency and vulnerability related to the factors of local and translocal connectivity and mobility, and, in turn, how can connectivityand mobility be utilised to enhance the self-reliance and strengthen the resilience of displaced people?��� The paper presents findings from the east of the DRC, where many internally displaced persons (IDPs) seek refuge in host communities. Findings show that prior connections with members in the host communities are usually within the domestic sphere and are important drivers for people���s decision to flee to a specific place. In rebuilding their lives in displacement���and hence in their efforts to move out of protracted displacement and to become integrated���these contacts are often key to set in motion a ���chain of connectivity��� that opens up new opportunities: One contact helps them to get in touch with the next contact. For IDPS, it is not so much the number of their connections that are important but the quality of these connections. A small number of vertical connections with socio-economically more powerful and/or better-integrated contacts can sometimes be more helpful than a large number of horizontal connections with people that are in equally vulnerable positions. When IDPs use mobility as an asset to become integrated, this mobility is mostly used to free resources in the community of origin and to capitalise on these resources in the new environment. In this way, rural resources become part of people���s urban livelihood strategies. By introducing these resources in the city and thereby drawing on their translocal connections, IDPs enrich the local economy and at the same time become more accepted and better integrated., TRAFIG Working Paper No. 4

Unter dem Leitgedanken "Leave no one behind" hat sich die Weltgemeinschaft mit der Agenda 2030 zum Ziel gesetzt, die Lebensbedingungen armer und marginalisierter Gruppen zu verbessern. Zu ihnen gehören in vielen Fällen auch Geflüchtete und Migranten. In den für die Umsetzung der Agenda 2030 maßgebenden Zielen nach­haltiger Entwicklung (Sustainable Development Goals – SDGs) werden sie allerdings kaum berücksichtigt. Als Folge dessen wächst die Gefahr, dass sich bestehende Be­nachteiligungen verstetigen oder stärker ausprägen. Fünf Jahre nach Verabschiedung der SDGs ist die Bilanz ernüchternd: Noch immer fehlen in den meisten Ländern nach Migrationsstatus disaggregierte Daten, die notwendig sind, um Veränderungen in der Lebenssituation migrantischer Bevölkerungsgruppen nachvollziehen und überprüfen zu können. Im Kontext ihres umfassenden Engagements für die Umsetzung der SDGs sollte sich die Bundesregierung dafür einsetzen, dass Geflüchtete und Migranten im Follow-Up und Review der Agenda 2030 systematisch berücksichtigt werden. (Autorenreferat)

One third of Eritrea's citizens live in exile, and their government uses coercion, intimidation, and manipulation of patriotism to maintain financial flows from the diaspora through a rehabilitation tax and by delegating welfare responsibilities to its citizens abroad. Over one million Eritreans reside in Arab states, yet, we know little about their attitudes towards the homeland regime. Contrary to their compatriots in Europe and North America, they do not have political asylum and instead depend on work contracts for their residence permits. This makes them vulnerable to demands of transnational Eritrean institutions, which issue vital documents in exchange for fulfillment of financial obligations. The diasporic political space is doubly restricted, since authoritarian host states neither permit political activities, nor do they provide reliable protection from the Eritrean regime. This article explores the extent to which Eritreans in the Arab Gulf and Sudan can avert coercion by their home government, and how these states disempower diasporic contention. Cover Image: Market in Asmara, Eritrea. Image by author.

Leseprobe ----- Bibliographie : Gesell, Daniela/Bethmann, Arne/Alt, Christian: Potentiale geographischer Daten fur die Sozialberichterstattung im Rahmen der Familienforschung, Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung, 2-2017, S. 241-246. https://doi.org/10.3224/diskurs.v12i2.10

In 2012, Malaysia launched its bioeconomy program, with the palm oil sector as one of the main pillars. In focusing on the societal processes that accompany the Malaysian plans to establish a bioeconomy, it is of special interest to understand which occupation groups in the palm oil sector are included and which are excluded from the socio-economic targets of the program. Research on the bioeconomy, as well as a green economy more broadly, often neglect the possible effects of green economy models on labor markets. I argue that low-skilled migrant workers employed in the Malaysian palm oil sector are structurally excluded from the national goal of enhancing the living and working conditions of the population by transforming into a bioeconomy. This exclusion intersects with a specific precarity caused by the socio-economic status of low-skilled migrant workers. The article shows that Malaysia’s bioeconomy program reinforces the precarity of this group of workers, expressed in the lack of perspectives for upward mobility, their discrimination on the labor market, and in social barriers preventing them from further training. The findings presented are based on expert interviews and semi-structured qualitative interviews with workers from Sabah., Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, Vol 12 No 1 (2019)

Die Variablendokumentation dient der Übersicht aller Variablen in Deutsch und in Englisch, die bisher in den sechs Befragungswellen des Deutschen Alterssuryveys (DEAS) von 1996 bis 2017 erhoben wurden. Anhand einer Zuordnung der einzelnen Variablen in verschiedene Themenblöcke wird so eine übersichtliche Dokumentation der bisher verwendeten Variablen erreicht. Die Variablendokumentation soll dem DEAS-Datennutzer als Übersicht über alle abgefragten Variablen und Skalen der verschiedenen Wellen dienen. Damit soll der Zugang und der Vergleich von Variablen im Längsschnitt und mit anderen Datensätzen vereinfacht werden. Als Grundlage für die Erstellung dienten die einzelnen Fragebogen, wobei die vierte Welle im Jahr 2011 als Referenz genutzt wurde. Folgende Informationen werden in der Variablendokumentation abgebildet: Alle Items der Variablen werden in Deutsch und in Englisch aufgelistet, die jeweilige Codierung dieser sowie die dazugehörigen Variablennamen und die Information, wo sich diese Variable befindet (CAPI/Drop-off und Welle) werden in einer Tabelle ersichtlich. Items einer Skala, die umkodiert wurden, um der Richtung der Skala zu entsprechen, wurden mit einem (*) gekennzeichnet. Zudem sind Referenzen für die eingesetzten Skalen aufgelistet. Im zweiten Kapitel der Variablendokumentation befindet sich eine Übersicht über alle eingesetzten Skalen des DEAS. Neben Kurzinformationen zu der jeweiligen Skala wird weiterhin die Welle aufgeführt, in der sie Verwendung findet. Weiterhin befindet sich in Kapitel drei der Variablendokumentation eine Übersicht über die generierten Konstrukte. Die Konstrukte sind Variablen, die nicht direkt dem DEAS-Fragebogen entnommen sind, aber mit Hilfe abgefragter Variablen gebildet werden, um dem Nutzer bei bestimmten thematischen Fragestellungen die Datenarbeit zu erleichtern. Zudem gibt es Konstrukte, die dem DEAS aus anderen Datenquellen hinzu gespielt werden, um für bestimmte Fragestellungen eine tiefergehende Analyse zu ermöglichen. Die tabellarische Darstellung der Konstrukte basiert auf der Welle 2011 und enthält eine Beschreibung des Konstrukts sowie die dazugehörige Codierung. In der Kurzbeschreibung zu jeder Welle werden die Konstrukte und die benutzten Variablen genauer beschrieben. Diese können – ebenso wie die Codebücher – über die Webseite des Forschungsdatenzentrums des Deutschen Zentrums für Altersfragen heruntergeladen werden: https://www.dza.de/fdz.html, This documentation of variables serves as an overview of all variables, which have been collected in the German Ageing Survey (DEAS) from 1996 to 2017, given in German and English. All variables are documented by assigning them to different thematic fields. This documentation provides a thorough overview over all collected variables and scales of the different waves. The single questionnaires served as basis for the compilation of this documentation, the fourth wave of the year 2011, however, has been used as reference. The following information can be found in this documentation: All items of the variables are listed in German and English. Their coding, the name of the variable and the information from which wave or in which instrument (CAPI or drop-off) the variable has been collected, is listed in a table. Items of scales which have been recoded to match the direction of the scale are marked with (*). Additionally, references for appliedscales are given at the bottom of the respective table. An overview over all scales used in the DEAS questionnaires can be found in the second chapter. Next to short information, the wave in which it has been used is given. Chapter three contains a summary of all derived variables that were generated to make analyses for specific thematic problems or questions easier. Some of these variables were generated from questions that had been used in the DEAS questionnaire. Other derived variables were added to the data from other sources in order to facilitate in-depth analyses in specific thematic fields. The short description of every wave of the DEAS describes all derived variables more closely. These – as well as the codebooks – can be downloaded from the website of the Research Data Centre of the German Centre of Gerontology at: https://www.dza.de/en/fdz.html

Pastoral counties of northern Kenya are expected to undergo massive change in the coming years due to the government’s ambitious infrastructural development agenda. However, the area frequently experiences violence as a result of conflict between pastoralist communities, and also due to ethno-political contestations. Isiolo County is one such place where planned development projects and conflict risks coincide, making it an important case study for understanding how the future may unfold. This Working Paper is written in the framework of a larger project called “Future Rural Africa: Future-making and social-ecological transformation” by the Universities of Bonn and Cologne and BICC (Bonn International Center for Conversion). BICC is interested in the kinds of claims that are being made on land and its resources and how these may change the existing dynamics of organised violence. The Paper explores the complexity of existing conflict in Isiolo and the emerging effects of new plans and land claims. At its most basic level, conflict between pastoral groups, or between pastoralists and farmers is motivated both by survival (pastoral mobility and access to water and pasture in a climatically challenging area) and the accumulation of livestock wealth. Politics, which is generally extended along ethnic lines, adds another layer to the inter-communal conflict through the need for political survival and the accumulation of personal wealth. The devolution of many powers and budgets to county level since 2013 has then raised the stakes for political power. Since plans for infrastructure have been made known, tensions have emerged, and fears of exclusion and dispossession of customary land users through speculative land-grabbing and uncompensated state acquisition. With Isiolo being a hub of the illicit small arms trade, guns have become a conflict multiplier at every level. The county is highly securitised with several specialised police units. However, they lack capacity and their actions have tended to be either inadequate or overly reactive and their relationship with communities is poor. As a result, day to day security of pastoralist communities and their livestock relies on the rather informal and unprofessional National Police Reserve, who are armed by the state, and community members, who purchase their own arms through illicit markets. Politicians on occasion have also supplied arms and ammunition to communities. The Paper concludes that the various layers of conflict should be considered and addressed simultaneously, and that development is a new and potent factor in conflict at both political and community levels. A careful, inclusive conflict-sensitive approach to development is essential, but this is unlikely to happen if leaders look for personal power and gain.

TRAFIG aims to contribute to the development of alternative solutions to protracted displacement that are tailored to the needs and capacities of displaced persons. This working paper contains our central concepts and key terms. We make use of the concept of social figurations as the theoretical foundation for our research. We understand figurations as dynamic social constellations between interdependent individuals that are produced in and through interactions and transactions. On this basis, we re-define protracted displacement as a figuration, in which displaced people���s capabilities and opportunities are severely limited for prolonged periods of time. Multiple structural forces constrain them from using their capacities and making free choices: enduring displacing forces hinder return; marginalising forces prevent local integration; immobilising forces block chances to seek a future elsewhere. Protracted displacement is, however, much less static and fixed than commonly perceived. Displaced persons do have agency. They develop diverse strategies to cope with difficult situations and navigate through governance regimes of aid and asylum ��� and thereby change them. To comprehend the dynamics of protracted displacement a deeper understanding of displaced people���s perspectives, capacities and practices and an acknowledgement of their everyday lives that often transgress places and territories is necessary. Translocal connectivity and human mobility can serve as resources to cope with and move out of protracted displacement. Developing new approaches to protracted displacement requires a move beyond the narrow frame of the conventional durable solutions (return, local integration, resettlement). A first step towards formulating alternatives, we suggest, is to recognise and effectively build upon displaced people���s own preferences as well as their local and translocal networks. A key question then is, how they use multiple interconnected pathways to enhance their protection and livelihood security., TRAFIG Working Paper No. 1

Frauen sind häufig in einem Sektor tätig, der durch persönliche Dienstleistungen gekennzeichnet ist. Im Vergleich zu anderen Berufsfeldern sind solche Jobs schlechter bezahlt. Das bestätigt sich auch im Bereich der Gesundheitsberufe: Frauen stellen die eklatante Mehrheit der Beschäftigten. Dieses Tätigkeitsfeld ist für seine schwierigen Arbeitsbedingungen bekannt: Personalmangel, niedrige Löhne und mangelnde Vereinbarkeit mit dem Privatleben prägen den Berufsalltag. Vielfach übernehmen Frauen neben der beruflichen Tätigkeit zusätzlich einen hohen Anteil der Haus- und Familienarbeit. Der Beitrag zeigt, inwiefern gute Arbeitsbedingungen in den Gesundheitsberufen zugleich die Lebensbedingungen von Frauen verbessern: Pflegepolitik ist Frauenpolitik. Eine Verbesserung der Rahmenbedingungen für die Gesundheitsberufe ist das Gebot der Stunde. Die wichtige berufliche Tätigkeit muss angemessen entlohnt werden und Entlastung durch bessere Arbeitsbedingungen finden. Women often work in the service sector, in jobs that often pay less than in other sectors. This proves to be true in health professions, especially in nursing, where women account for a vast majority of staff. The field is characterized by demanding working conditions, for example understaffing, low wages, and difficulties regarding the reconciliation of work and private life. In many cases, women also do most unpaid care work in addition to their professional employment. The contribution shows how better working conditions in health professions would simultaneously improve the living conditions of women. Indubitably, care policy is gender policy; Policy makers need to improve and expand professional nursing and caregiving services; Professional care is of fundamental importance for society. Policy makers need to recognise this fact through proper remuneration and by relieving the burden on staff by ensuring better working conditions.

The German Ageing Survey (DEAS), funded by the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ), is a nationwide representative cross-sectional and longitudinal survey of the German middle-aged and older population. The German Centre of Gerontology in Berlin (DZA) is responsible for the conduct and ongoing development of the study. The primary goal of the DEAS survey program is to provide a representative national database containing information describing the living conditions and to study the diversity within the older section of the population, the process of ageing as it affects individuals and processes of social change as they relate to old age and ageing. The DEAS covers a wide range of topics. The data obtained provide information on socioeconomic and demographic attributes as well as household composition, housing, family structure, social networks, psychological resources, attitudes as well as and physical and mental health. The comprehensive examination of people over 40 provides micro data for use both in social and behavioral scientific research and in reporting on social developments. The data thus provides a source of information for decision-makers, the general public and for scientific research. The DEAS applies a cohort-sequential design, which allows the users to analyze societal trends and individual trajectories (embedded inside societal trends) and to disentangle age effects from cohort effects. The first DEAS survey wave took place in 1996, further waves followed in 2002, 2008, 2011, 2014 and 2017. The 6th wave in 2017 considered a cross-sectional sample as well as a panel sample of study participants who had entered the DEAS earlier. Sampling and fieldwork for all waves (1996-2017) have been carried out by the Bonn-based Institute for Applied Social Sciences (infas), scanning and coding of the additional questionnaires by the DB Profi-Kontor GMBH in Butzbach. Microdata of the German Ageing Survey (DEAS) are available free of charge to scientific researchers for non-profitable purposes. The Research Data Centre (FDZ-DZA) provides access and support to scholars interested in using DEAS data for their research. Data and documentations from completed DEAS waves are available by the FDZ-DZA (https://www.dza.de/en/fdz.html). However, for reasons of data protection, signing a data distribution contract is required before data can be obtained.

The German Ageing Survey (DEAS), funded by the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ), is a nationwide representative cross-sectional and longitudinal survey of the German middle-aged and older population. The German Centre of Gerontology in Berlin (DZA) is responsible for the conduct and ongoing development of the study. The primary goal of the DEAS survey program is to provide a representative national database containing information describing the living conditions and to study the diversity within the older section of the population, the process of ageing as it affects individuals and processes of social change as they relate to old age and ageing. The DEAS covers a wide range of topics. The data obtained provide information on socioeconomic and demographic attributes as well as household composition, housing, family structure, social networks, psychological resources, attitudes as well as and physical and mental health. The comprehensive examination of people over 40 provides micro data for use both in social and behavioral scientific research and in reporting on social developments. The data thus provides a source of information for decision-makers, the general public and for scientific research. The DEAS applies a cohort-sequential design, which allows the users to analyze societal trends and individual trajectories (embedded inside societal trends) and to disentangle age effects from cohort effects. The first DEAS survey wave took place in 1996, further waves followed in 2002, 2008, 2011, 2014 and 2017. The 6th wave in 2017 considered a cross-sectional sample as well as a panel sample of study participants who had entered the DEAS earlier. Sampling and fieldwork for all waves (1996-2017) have been carried out by the Bonn-based Institute for Applied Social Sciences (infas), scanning and coding of the additional questionnaires by the DB Profi-Kontor GMBH in Butzbach. Microdata of the German Ageing Survey (DEAS) are available free of charge to scientific researchers for non-profitable purposes. The Research Data Centre (FDZ-DZA) provides access and support to scholars interested in using DEAS data for their research. Data and documentations from completed DEAS waves are available by the FDZ-DZA (https://www.dza.de/en/fdz.html). However, for reasons of data protection, signing a data distribution contract is required before data can be obtained.

ObjectiveThe study investigates the trends in health-related inequalities in paid employment among men and women in different educational groups in 26 countries in 5 European regions.DesignIndividual-level analysis of repeated cross-sectional annual data (2005–2014) from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions.Setting26 European countries in 5 European regions.Participants1 844 915 individuals aged 30–59 years were selected with information on work status, chronic illness, educational background, age and gender.Outcome measuresAbsolute differences were expressed by absolute differences in proportion in paid employment between participants with and without a chronic illness, using linear regression. Relative differences were expressed by prevalence ratios in paid employment, using a Cox proportional hazard model. Linear regression was used to examine the trends of inequalities.ResultsParticipants with a chronic illness had consistently lower labour force participation than those without illnesses. Educational inequalities were substantial with absolute differences larger within lower educated (men 21%–35%, women 10%–31%) than within higher educated (men 5%–13%, women 6%–16%). Relative differences showed that low-educated men with a chronic illness were 1.4–1.9 times (women 1.3–1.8 times) more likely to be out of paid employment than low-educated persons without a chronic illness, whereas this was 1.1–1.2 among high-educated men and women. In the Nordic, Anglo-Saxon and Eastern regions, these health-related educational inequalities in paid employment were more pronounced than in the Continental and Southern region. For most regions, absolute health-related educational inequalities in paid employment were generally constant, whereas relative inequalities increased, especially among low-educated persons.ConclusionsMen and women with a chronic illness have considerable less access to the labour market than their healthy colleagues, especially among lower educated persons. This exclusion from paid employment will increase health inequalities.