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Popularity, as a manifestation of social status, has been widely researched and determined by group members. Prosocial behaviors are actions with intention of benefiting others or society as whole with little or no personal gain and may include helping, cooperating, and other voluntary works. Altruism is a type of prosocial behavior that could affect individuals' popularity. Altruism has been studied in different disciplines with the general definition of cooperative behavior that has a cost to the actor with a benefit to the receiver. The common theme in all perspectives is that there is an inevitable cost for the actor with a benefit to the receiver. During the current research, surveys and vignettes were used to collect data. Participants were recruited through an online site, and were compensated for their time and participation via payment of money. As a result of the research, it was observed that helpful behaviors were highly related to the items of empathy, likeability, and popularity. Findings suggest that when gratefulness and helpful behaviors are present, individuals are rated higher in several positive qualities. The unique finding of the study is that both gratefulness and altruism are highly effective resources in interpersonal relations. Purpose of the current study is to examine the relationship between altruistic behaviors that are towards friends and popularity by the endorsement of aforementioned hypotheses and theories.

This is an account of a portion of the research on cognitive, personality, and social psychology at ETS since the organization's inception. The topics in cognitive psychology are the structure of abilities; in personality psychology, response styles and social and emotional intelligence; and in social psychology, prosocial behavior and stereotype threat. Research on motivation is also covered.

In this study the differences in ecumenical worldview development are examined by race for 3,300 college students from 135 institutions. Results indicate that all students exhibited significant growth through college in ecumenical worldview, and students of color (Black, Asian, and Latino students) exhibited significantly higher levels of ecumenical worldview than White students. Prosocial involvement experiences that significantly predicted ecumenical worldview for at least 2 groups in the study were leadership training, activism, and political campaigning. These findings point to the importance of prosocial cocurricular experiences in contributing to ecumenical worldview development.

This study examined the similarities and differences in the topics and references in selected chapters of eight introductory social psychology textbooks and six developmental psychology textbooks. We wanted to determine the extent to which there were core concepts and references presented in these chapters. We found a relatively small set of core topics and references in all of the selected chapters, indicating a lack of consensus among textbook authors as to the core concepts and references in the topic areas. These findings have implications for scholarly agreement about the knowledge base of psychology and the assessment of it.

Can a subtle linguistic cue that invokes the self motivate children to help? In two experiments, 3- to 6-year-old children (N = 149) were exposed to the idea of "being a helper" (noun condition) or "helping" (verb condition). Noun wording fosters the perception that a behavior reflects an identity--the kind of person one is. Both when children interacted with an adult who referenced "being a helper" or "helping" ("Experiment 1") and with a new adult ("Experiment 2"), children in the noun condition helped significantly more across four tasks than children in the verb condition or a baseline control condition. The results demonstrate that children are motivated to pursue a positive identity. Moreover, this motivation can be leveraged to encourage prosocial behavior.

The game SO LONG SUCKER was designed in the United States in 1964 with the aim of showing how potentially unethical behavior necessary for winning was inherent in the game's incentive structure. Sessions with East Asian participants, however, led to very different game dynamics in which collaborative rather than antagonistic behaviors occurred. This confirms that the course of a simulation game run is determined by more than its rules and roles. The participants' personalities, skills, personal histories, and preexisting relationships also play a role. Furthermore, the unwritten rules of social behavior that the participants have been socialized into, their culture, is of crucial importance. This article uses experiences with a mix of U.S. and Taiwanese participants to discuss the interaction of written and unwritten rules in determining game dynamics. The suitability for international classroom use of this game, and others, as a vehicle for drawing lessons about culture is argued. (Contains 3 figures.)

This study outlines the current and recent "state of play" in Israeli and Palestinian schools concerning the education of students about "the Other". This is seen to be far from satisfactory. An examination of the complexities involved in learning about "the Other" and of education programmes in other countries that have been afflicted by internal conflict show the need for a properly developed peace education programme to be developed in Israel and Palestine if real peace in the region is to be promoted.

Alice H. Eagly, winner of the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions, is cited for her work in the field of social psychology, the psychology of gender, and the use of meta-analytic techniques. She envisions a psychology that extends from individual cognitions to societal structures. In addition to the citation, a biography and selected bibliography of Eagly's works are presented. Also included is Eagly's paper, entitled "The his and hers of prosocial behavior: An examination of the social psychology of gender," a version of which she delivered at the American Psychological Association's annual convention.

I present a selective history of the evolution of the study of altruism and helping behavior, using a series of questions and answers. Some of the topics covered include the motives for helping, the origins of helping and altruism in evolution and child development, the relationship of organizations to helping, and the psychological and health consequences for the helper. A framework within which to view the current structure of the field is presented, and a challenge is issued for scholars in the areas of social movements and helping behavior to come together to synthesize the two fields. (Contains 6 figures, 1 table and 4 footnotes.)

This study investigated social knowledge in school-age children, aged 8-12 years, with and without language impairment (LI and TD groups). A hypothetical peer conflict task was administered to examine the relationship among prosocial responses and parent/teacher ratings of children's social behaviours. Stimuli included 12 hypothetical peer conflict vignettes presented in an open-ended and forced choice condition. The LI group generated (open-ended) and selected (forced choice) fewer prosocial strategies. When asked to predict a friend's reaction to a selected conflict resolution strategy, the LI group predicted fewer positive consequences; however, the proportion of prosocial strategies followed by prediction of a positive peer consequence was similar across groups. Both groups identified more self-interest than relationship goals as the rationale for selected strategies. In the LI group, teacher ratings of children's social skills and problems in peer provocation situations were associated with selection of prosocial strategies. Implications for clinical service providers are discussed. (Contains 2 figures, 5 tables, and 2 notes.)

The term "altruism" is often used without definition, leading to contradictions in what we expect from medical students. In this reflection paper, we critique the concept of "altruism" from the perspective of moral philosophy and social psychology and challenge its unquestioned usage within the medical education literature, especially that emerging from the USA. We will argue that "altruism" is a social construction with a particular history, stemming from Kantian philosophy and perpetuated within newer disciplines such as social psychology. As it currently stands, "altruism" seems to mean utter self-sacrifice--a position contradictory to recent recommendations by regulatory bodies in the UK, which suggest that graduates should look after the "self" and achieve a work-life balance. In this article, we argue that it is undesirable to have "altruism" as a learning outcome for medical students and we also argue that "altruism" is not an observable behavior that can be measured. Instead, we suggest that medical educators should employ a more balanced term, borrowed from the social psychology literature i.e. pro-social behavior. We argue that whilst "pro-social behavior" focuses on actions that benefit others, it does not do so at the expense of the self. In addition, it focuses on students' observable behaviors rather than their inner motivations, so is measurable. We conclude our article by discussing the formation of physicians based upon a virtue ethics, where society and the profession are in dialogue about the "telos" of medicine and its virtues, and where the character of the young physician is formed within the crucible of that dialogue. Thus, central to this pro-social behavior is the concept of "phronesis" or prudence, including the balancing of self-interest such as self-care, and the interests of the other.

Discusses whether humans have a capacity to care about others, or if the target of concern is always oneself. Presents evidence that supports the empathy-altruism hypothesis, suggesting that humans are capable of empathy and caring for another in need. Discusses limits on human capacity for altruistic caring. (JS)

Reports results of a 1984-85 study involving 261 Canadian undergraduates and their degree of sympathy for victims in each of 20 world disasters. Finds culpability singularly influential in determining degree of sympathy. Determines females showed greater empathy and recommended more financial aid than did men. (DB)

Online interventions that elicit kindness may enhance well-being. We tested the efficacy of three kindness interventions among breast cancer survivors. Participants (N = 137, M age = 62.65 years) were randomized to perform acts of kindness for others, acts of kindness for self, self-kindness meditation, or a daily-activities-writing control and completed three activities each week for 4 weeks. Primary (well-being, depressive symptoms) and secondary outcomes (social support, self-kindness) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. No differences emerged in the primary outcomes. However, relative to controls, participants in the acts of kindness to others condition reported greater increases in social support, and participants in the self-kindness meditation condition reported greater decreases in self-kindness. Among breast cancer survivors, performing prosocial acts may enhance feelings of social support. The two self-kindness conditions yielded either null or detrimental effects, suggesting that further research is needed on best practices for conducting self-focused kindness interventions.

The research aimed was to investigate the impact of leisure sports activities on the psychological health of the public. For this objective, a questionnaire survey was conducted on 460 young and middle-aged residents aged 18-59 from 10 streets and towns in 5 districts of Shanghai, using both questionnaire survey and interview methods, understand the basic situation of Shanghai residents' participation in leisure sports activities, including frequency, time, form, motivation, expenditure, etc., as well as the effectiveness of participation and residents' social psychology, perform binary correlation analysis and regression analysis on large sample survey data using SPSS statistical software. Young and middle-aged people in Shanghai have a high degree of national identity; Emotions are relatively cantered and tend to be positive; Low sense of fairness; Young and middle-aged people tend to have a neutral and positive evaluation of themselves and their experiences, as well as their evaluation of the social environment; The sense of happiness, security and self-efficacy were higher; the frequency of participation in leisure sports activities affects the sense of fairness and social environment evaluation of young and middle-aged people; Leisure sports time investment affects young and middle-aged people's national identity, negative emotions, happiness, security, prosocial behaviour and self-efficacy. Leisure sports activities are an important factor in promoting the formation of a positive social mind-set among middle-aged and young residents because engaging in leisure sports activities positively contributed to impact the psychological health of the public by reducing stress, enhancing mood, and fostering social connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces reputational support: when individuals who are not part of a public organization publicly explain or promote that organization. Whereas existing research focuses on organizations' reputation management, reputational support highlights the relevance of unassociated actors' behavior in organizations' environment. Relying on social psychology insights, I explore an extreme case of the motivations behind reputational support and its perception and evaluation from the organization. Combining media content analysis and semi-structured interviews, I show that although helping the organization was not a primary motivation, employees perceived and appreciated reputational support. Thus, reputational support constitutes a valuable resource for organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study sought to determine how prosocial behaviors reflecting various motivations (altruistic and public prosocial behaviors) and situations (i.e., anonymous, compliant, dire, and emotional prosocial behaviors) jointly inform subtypes of prosocial personality groups. Undergraduates (N = 324, M age = 19.47 years, 80% female) completed a measure of these six prosocial behaviors (Prosocial Tendencies Measure-Revised). Latent profile analysis results supported a three-group solution: altruistic helpers (AH), public helpers (PH), and altruistic idealists (AI). The AH and AI profiles were defined by elevated altruistic prosocial behaviors, but the AH profile was higher on situational helping and socioemotive and sociocognitive correlates. The PH profile was characterized by elevated public prosocial behaviors and moderate levels of situational helping. These identified profiles support multiple competing ideas of the true nature of prosocial personality, but also introduce the possibility that some individuals idealize motives but fail to engage in behavior.

Studies on socioeconomic status (SES) have recently increased in social psychology. The most used indicators to measure objective SES are income and educational level (usually standardizing and summing the scores of these variables). However, income and education possibly have different, even opposite effects on certain variables. Across seven studies, using data from previous research and from international databases, we show that this is true both for prosocial behaviour and for variables related to prosocial behaviour. A higher educational level tends to positively predict prosocial behaviour (Studies 1a–1d) and structural attributions of poverty (Studies 2 and 3), and negatively predict scores for meritocratic beliefs (Study 3) and just world beliefs (Study 4). In most cases, income showed a reverse trend or did not predict the outcome. We discuss the broader implications both for the study of prosocial behaviour and social class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, a growing number of studies has shown the relevance of Moral Identity to explain (im)moral conduct. The present study compared two moral identity measures in two independent samples (N = 282 and 245): i.e., the Moral Identity Scale (Aquino and Reed, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83:1423–1440, 2002) and the Moral Identity Questionnaire (Black and Reynolds, Personality and Individual Differences 97:120–129, 2016). The results revealed that the two scales are rather modestly correlated, which raises the question of whether they are measuring the same construct. Overall, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the Moral Identity Questionnaire subscales were the superior predictors of (self-reported) moral behavior. Accordingly, this study suggests the use of the Moral Identity Questionnaire over the use of the Moral Identity Scale for the prediction of (im)moral behavior. Future research, however, should also include behavioral measures of (im)moral behavior rather than relying on self-reported behavior only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of an intensive Buddhist (Zen) meditation practice on reductions in existential isolation and increases in prosocial behavior. This study also examines whether the hypothesized reduction in existential isolation resulting from the intensive meditation practice predicts other‐focused compassion. Study 1 utilized a quasi‐experimental design to investigate the effects of meditation on existential isolation and other compassion by comparing healthy Koreans who completed a 7‐day intensive silent Zen meditation (n = 35) with those who completed a 7‐day vacation (n = 30). All participants completed measures twice: at baseline and after either their meditation retreat or their vacation. Study 2 used a longitudinal design to investigate whether Study 1 findings would replicate among 75 new TempleStay program participants. In Study 1, relative to participants in the vacation group, participants in the meditation group experienced reduced existential isolation and increased other‐focused compassion from Time 1 to Time 2. Reductions in existential isolation mediated the increases in other‐focused compassion. In Study 2, after a 1‐week intensive meditation training, participants experienced a reduction in existential isolation and an increased in other‐focused compassion; again, the reductions in existential isolation mediated increases in other‐focused compassion. Across two studies, we found evidence of reduced existential isolation and increased other‐focused compassion following an intensive Zen‐meditation practice. These results indicate that meditation practice may help people who suffer from existential isolation, as well as the people with whom they interact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suffering is inevitable in human life. Our perspective paper theorizes on precise mechanisms for how self-transcendence—the state in which an individual looks beyond the self and adopts a larger perspective including concern for others and the world—may help people endure the experience of suffering. From an examination of empirical literature ranging from social psychology to clinical research, we propose that self-transcendence may aid the endurance of suffering along three psychological levels: (1) On the level of affect, the unique profundity and positivity of self-transcendent experiences (e.g., awe, flow, compassion) may supersede and reduce the salience of negative affect arising from suffering (e.g., fear, despair, depressive mood). (2) On the level of cognition, the larger frame of reference provided by self-transcendent thinking may contextualize one’s suffering as something comprehendible, thereby helping to resolve the challenges of making meaning from suffering (e.g., that one’s existing meaning systems are unable to explain the suffering event). (3) On the level of motivation, the drive to fulfill one’s need for self-transcendence may counterbalance the more hedonically-oriented motivations that can promote negative coping strategies in response to suffering (e.g., avoidance, substance abuse). All three mechanisms may also provoke downstream prosocial behaviors that help embed the individual into networks of social support. Altogether, by synthesizing specific mechanisms from affective, cognitive, and motivational self-transcendent processes, our paper establishes a theoretical framework for how self-transcendence may help people endure and transcend suffering, thereby elevating the conditions and experiences of our existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a reflection on the construct of prosocial behavior in relation to sports practice, which has served as a tool for social transformation through the physical, psychological, and community solutions it provides. The methodology used involved the collection, synthesis, and interpretation of 54 studies, which were structured into two categories to recognize sports practices as contributors to prosocial behavior, as well as programs of this kind implemented in school and youth groups of different social, cultural, and academic backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Men and women typically help others in gender stereotypic ways (gender-consistent helping), but how might people judge helpers who do so in counter-stereotypic ways (gender-inconsistent helping)? Most of the time helpers are viewed favorably, but behaviors that deviate from gender stereotypes tend to elicit social sanctions from others. Thus, gender-inconsistent helping presents a paradox wherein people may anticipate facing negative judgments from others despite helping being a positive, prosocial act. Across three experiments (two pre-registered), participants provided their own (Studies 1–3) and normative (Studies 2–3) evaluations of gender-consistent and gender-inconsistent helpers. Taken together, results revealed that participants expected other people to evaluate gender-inconsistent helpers less favorably than gender-consistent helpers (Hypothesis 1), and less favorably than they actually did themselves (Hypothesis 2). These findings show that gender-inconsistent helping is less susceptible to backlash than people think, and instead suggest that pluralistic ignorance could be a barrier to gender-inconsistent helping, if people fear that others' judgments of gender-inconsistent helpers are harsher than their own. Our results highlight novel opportunities for addressing persistent occupational gender segregation in prosocial contexts (by confronting pluralistic ignorance), which could subsequently enhance gender equality more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do negotiators act ethically or unethically? What happens after they do? Despite accumulating evidence on the causes and consequences of ethical and unethical behavior in non-negotiation situations, surprisingly few attempts have been made to examine these issues systematically within the negotiation context. This is problematic because it contributes to the somewhat stale viewpoint that unethical negotiation behavior is both inevitable and uniformly harmful. It also impedes progress in both the negotiation and the behavioral ethics literatures and limits our field's ability to train ethical negotiators. As a step toward refreshing the field's perspective on the causes and consequences of ethical and unethical negotiation behavior, the current symposium assembles four papers by leading scholars of ethics and negotiation. Collectively, they aim to provide a bird's-eye view on the numerous causes (e.g., moral character, ethical fading, environmental cues) and surprisingly diverse consequences attending ethical and unethical negotiation, both reviewing current knowledge and looking to the future. Overall, we suggest that unethical behavior is not inevitable in negotiation nor necessarily detrimental for either negotiator. Rather, science can reliably anticipate negotiators' ethical choices and the consequences that attend them—and urgently should. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The business scandals of the past several decades have led to the rising importance of ethics as a topic central to management scholarship. Behavioral scientists in particular have been attracted to the topic in far greater numbers, and the study of ethical decision making has emerged as a core subfield (Messick & Tenbrunsel, 1996). This paper draws on that framework and applies it to negotiations, arguing that not all unethical behavior is intentional; rather, negotiators fall prey to bounded ethicality, engaging in behavior that is contradictory to their values without realizing that they are doing so. We further argue that ethical fading—when individuals do not see the ethical implications of the situation or their action—is central to explaining why this occurs. Relying on past empirical research, we identify negotiation cues that have been linked to unethical behavior, and explore how they make a negotiator particularly vulnerable to ethical fading, resulting in subsequent unethical behavior. We discuss several opportunities for future research in the negotiation discipline and other disciplines that draw on motivated social exchange or assume intentionality, and conclude with a call for scholars to define normative standards as they pertain to negotiator ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we discuss the role of moral character in negotiation and identify open questions and promising directions for future scholars to explore. We advance research in this area by introducing a dyadic model of moral character in negotiation that highlights the joint influence of each party's moral character on negotiation attitudes, motives, and behaviors. We discuss the implications of our model and conclude that personality science—especially the study of moral character—has great potential to enhance research and practice in negotiations. Our hope is that this work will accelerate theoretical development and empirical studies that address the question of how moral character influences negotiation processes and outcomes—from pre-negotiation (e.g., planning, selecting negotiating partners) to actual bargaining (e.g., bargaining tactics, concessions) to post-negotiation (e.g., deal implementation, long-term consequences, relationship building and maintenance, reputations)—and provide a springboard for future studies on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deception pervades our social interactions and can profoundly shape our relational and economic outcomes. This is particularly true in negotiations. We review the extant literature investigating deception in negotiation, challenge prevailing assumptions in this literature, and call for future work to fill fundamental gaps in our understanding of how deception influences intrapersonal, interpersonal, and economic outcomes. Specifically, we challenge empirical and theoretical investigations that have conceptualized deception as an unethical, dichotomous construct (e.g., honest or deceptive) and have studied deception as informational, lies of commission in single-shot experiments with unfamiliar counterparts. We highlight the importance of characterizing deception as a multidimensional construct, and we focus on three dimensions of deception: intentionality (self-interested or prosocial), content (informational or emotional), and activity (omission, commission, or paltering). We introduce the Deception Consequence Model (DCM) to offer a framework and foundation for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether deciding how to distribute donations to online requesters or divide tutoring time among students, helpers must often determine how to allocate aid across multiple individuals in need. This paper investigates the psychology underlying helpers' allocation strategies and tests preferences between two types of allocations: distribution (allocating help to multiple requesters) and concentration (allocating help to a single requester). Six main experiments and three follow-up experiments (n = 3,016) show a general preference for distributing help, because distribution feels procedurally fairer than concentration. We provide evidence for this preference in Experiment 1, test its psychological mechanisms (Experiments 2-3), and examine consequences for the amount of help provided (Experiments 4, 5a, and 5b). Experiment 3 demonstrates a boundary condition to the preference for distribution, showing that if one requester seems needier than others it can feel fairer to concentrate help to him or her. Next, testing real donation decisions in Experiments 4-5b, helpers distributed their donations across multiple requesters, which led them to donate more in aggregate when there were more requesters. Finally, the preference for distribution only resulted in more donations to a larger number of requesters when the donation decision was "unpacked," that is, when donors made allocations for each requester separately (Experiments 5a and 5b). Understanding helpers' allocation strategies provides insight into how people help others, how much they help, and why they help. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

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People's intentional pursuit of prosocial goals and values (i.e., well‐doing) is critical to the flourishing of humanity in the long run. Understanding and promoting well‐doing is a shared goal across many fields inside and outside of social and personality psychology. Several of these fields are (partially) disconnected from each other and could benefit from more integration of existing knowledge, interdisciplinary collaboration, and cross‐fertilization. To foster the transfer and integration of knowledge across these different fields, we provide a brief overview with pointers to some key articles from each field, highlight connections, and introduce an integrative model of the psychological mechanisms of well‐doing. We identify some gaps in the current understanding of well‐doing, such as the paucity of research on well‐doing with large and long‐lasting positive consequences. Building on this analysis, we identify opportunities for high‐impact research on well‐doing in social and personality psychology, such as understanding and promoting the effective pursuit of highly impactful altruistic goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing literature largely focuses on health risks and other pharmacodynamics of using cannabis, with fewer investigations of other normative psychological effects from consumption among otherwise healthy people. We measured several basic constructs of social psychology corresponding to the concept of prosociality among 146 healthy young adults between 18 and 25 years (M = 18.9, SD = 1.4) with varying detectable levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in their urine, controlling for participant's sex, age, ethnicity, and childhood socio-economic status. Compared to THC-free individuals, cannabis users scored higher than non-users on validated measures of Prosocial Behaviors (d =.34, p =.04), the Empathy Quotient (d =.36, p <.01), Moral Harmlessness (d =.76, p <.01) and Moral Fairness (d =.49, p <.01), but exhibited a lower sense of Ingroup Loyalty (d =.33, p =.04). Relative to THC-free, same-sex individuals, female cannabis users scored significantly higher on measurements of Aggression (ds =.65 and.57, ps <.05) and male users scored higher on the Agreeableness dimension of personality (d =.91, p <.01).. Linear associations were found between the recency of last cannabis usage and the Prosocial Behaviors, Empathy Quotient, Moral Harmlessness, Moral Fairness and Agreeableness personality scores (rs from −.24 to.38, ps <.05). The findings suggest cannabis usage is associated with an increased sense of prosociality and prioritization of humanitarian behaviors that declines with time following cannabis consumption. Further research should focus on heterogeneity in the effects of cannabis consumption across users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on ChatGPT has the potential to revolutionize academic research and teaching in the field of Organizational Behavior. Topics include Anderson and Bolino presenting new ways of thinking about performing organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs); and already establishing the compatibility between people and work environment.