553 results on '"Cognitive appraisal"'
Search Results
2. Do people choose the same strategies to regulate other people’s emotions as they choose to regulate their own?
- Author
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Thomas L. Webb, Gal Sheppes, and Meghann Matthews
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Emotions ,Interpersonal emotion regulation ,Control (management) ,Emotional regulation ,Interpersonal communication ,PsycINFO ,Emotional Regulation ,Distraction ,Humans ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,Cognitive appraisal ,Intrapersonal communication - Abstract
How do people choose how to regulate others' emotional responses? We extended previous work on how the intensity of an emotional situation influences which strategies people choose to regulate their emotions (i.e., intrapersonal emotion regulation choice) to also consider the effect of intensity on which strategies people choose to regulate other people's emotions (i.e., interpersonal emotion regulation choice). Studies 1a and 1b found that the intensity of the emotional situation influenced whether participants chose distraction or reappraisal in both intrapersonal and interpersonal regulation contexts, but also that the effect of intensity differed between the contexts (participants choose reappraisal more frequently for others in intense situations than for themselves). However, this difference was stronger (or only found) when participants helped the other person to control their emotions first. Two further studies examined whether differences in perceived intensity (Study 2) and/or the anticipated effort or effectiveness of the strategies (Study 3) could explain the difference between intrapersonal and interpersonal contexts. Together, the findings suggest that the regulation strategies that people choose depend on the intensity of the emotional situation, the target of regulation, and whether people choose how to regulate their own emotions before choosing how to regulate another person's emotions, with preliminary evidence that differences between intrapersonal and interpersonal emotion regulation choice may be associated with differences in the anticipated effort and effectiveness of regulation between these contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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- 2022
3. Managing emotions in the face of discrimination: The differential effects of self-immersion, self-distanced reappraisal, and positive reappraisal
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Ajua Duker, Jennifer A. Richeson, Ivuoma N. Onyeador, and Dorainne J. Green
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media_common.quotation_subject ,Sexism ,Interpersonal communication ,PsycINFO ,Anger ,Anxiety ,medicine ,Humans ,Limited evidence ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology ,General Psychology ,media_common ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Prejudice and Discrimination ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Affect and Emotion Regulation ,Emotional regulation ,Differential effects ,Emotional Regulation ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Intergroup Processes ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Social Psychology ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Personality and Social Contexts ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
Contending with sexism is associated with negative affective outcomes, including increased anger, anxiety, and depression. Prior research demonstrates that the use of emotion-regulation strategies, such as self-distanced reappraisal, when contending with general negative interpersonal experiences, can help people manage their emotions, attenuating the associated negative affect. The present research considers whether the affective benefits of reappraisal extend to past experiences of discrimination. Specifically, we examine whether using self-distanced reappraisal (Studies 1 and 2) or positive reappraisal (Study 2) when contending with sexism yields more positive and less negative affective outcomes, relative to engaging in self-immersion. Contrary to previous research examining more general negative interpersonal experiences, we find limited evidence that self-distanced reappraisal is an effective emotion-regulation strategy for women contending with sexism (N = 1,236). The present work offers preliminary evidence, however, that positive reappraisal may be a promising emotion-regulation strategy that reduces the negative affective consequences associated with reliving past instances of sexism, compared with either self-immersion or self-distanced reappraisal. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the efficacy of different emotion-regulation strategies in the context of discrimination. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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- 2022
4. Poker-faced and godless: Expressive suppression and atheism
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Christopher T. Burris
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Social Psychology ,Religious studies ,Emotional regulation ,Atheism ,Expressive Suppression ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Applied Psychology ,World view ,Prejudice (legal term) ,Cognitive appraisal - Published
- 2022
5. Finding the silver linings in the COVID-19 pandemic: Psychosocial correlates of adversarial growth among Filipina domestic helpers in Hong Kong
- Author
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Nelson C. Y. Yeung, Christine Y K Lau, Joseph Lau, and Bishan Huang
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Coping (psychology) ,Social Psychology ,SARS-CoV-2 ,media_common.quotation_subject ,COVID-19 ,Context (language use) ,Literacy ,Developmental psychology ,Clinical Psychology ,Distress ,Social support ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Adaptation, Psychological ,Hong Kong ,Humans ,Psychological resilience ,Psychology ,Pandemics ,Psychosocial ,media_common ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted many people's life. Negative impacts of pandemic measures and economic hardship on psychological well-being are common among the global populations. In Hong Kong, the pandemic not only affects the local populations, but also the migrant Filipina domestic helpers (FDH). Despite the distress, evidence suggests that people still experience positive changes (aka adversarial growth) amid the COVID-19 pandemic. We expect the same applies to FDH in Hong Kong. Studies have shown that coping resources (e.g., resilience, social support, literacy of trauma-related information), cognitive appraisal, and coping strategies are associated with adversarial growth among individuals living with highly stressful events. Relevant studies for migrant populations in the COVID-19 context are limited. This study examined the psychosocial correlates of adversarial growth among FDH in Hong Kong. METHOD: By convenient sampling, FDH (N = 266) recruited from public gathering venues were asked to complete a cross-sectional survey. Their COVID-19-related distress, work-related stress, COVID-19 information literacy, emotional and material support, resilience, cognitive appraisals (harm, threat, challenge), and coping strategies (religious coping, positive reframing, acceptance) were measured. RESULTS: Controlled for covariates, hierarchical regression results showed that higher levels of resilience (s = .21), emotional support (s = .16), COVID-19-related information literacy (s = .15), and religious coping (s = .16) were associated with higher adversarial growth (ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS: FDH in Hong Kong reported positive changes amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on our findings, facilitating those FDH's resilience, emotional support, COVID-19 information literacy, and religious coping might be important strategies to enhance their adversarial growth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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- 2022
6. The effect of change leadership on employee attitudinal support for planned organizational change
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Gechinti Bede Onyeneke and Tomokazu Abe
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Research design ,050103 clinical psychology ,Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management ,Change leadership ,Support for change ,Attitude toward change ,Strategy and Management ,05 social sciences ,General Decision Sciences ,Questionnaire ,Affect (psychology) ,Structural equation modeling ,Planned organizational change ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Organizational change ,0502 economics and business ,Planned change ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,050203 business & management ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how change leadership activities help bring about employee support for planned organizational change.Design/methodology/approachUsing a non-experimental quantitative research design, and a self-administered Likert-type questionnaire survey, the study sourced data from employees in an organization undergoing significant change. Data analysis was by structural equation modeling (SEM).FindingsChange leadership behaviors bearing on; visioning, communication, participation, support and concern for change participants' interests were found to be of significant importance in ensuring employee buy-in and support for planned change efforts. Although change leadership had no direct effect on employees' behavioral intentions to support change, it was strongly related to employee cognitive appraisal of change. The relationship between change leadership and employee behavioral intentions to support planned change was serially mediated by employee cognitive appraisal and emotional response toward the planned change event.Practical implicationsIn appraising planned organizational change efforts, managers tend to focus on employee behaviors toward the change instead of conditions that drive such behaviors. This study underscores the need to focus on employee attitudes as precursors to desired behavior toward change.Originality/valuePrior research suggests that change leadership behaviors affect employee attitudinal reactions to change but yet lacked empirical validation. By applying a multidimensional approach to attitude and investigating its hierarchy of effects, this study enhanced our accuracy in explaining the influence change leadership has on employee attitudinal support for change.
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- 2021
7. The relevance appraisal matrix: Evaluating others’ relevance
- Author
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Eric Hehman, Rebecca Neel, and Bethany Lassetter
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Structure (mathematical logic) ,Motivation ,Stereotyping ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Stereotype ,PsycINFO ,Test (assessment) ,Variety (cybernetics) ,Judgment ,Social cognition ,Child, Preschool ,Humans ,Relevance (information retrieval) ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Cognitive appraisal ,media_common - Abstract
People seek to detect who facilitates and who impedes their goal pursuit. The resulting relevance appraisals of opportunity and threat, respectively, can strongly shape subsequent social judgment and behavior. However, important questions about the nature of relevance appraisals remain unanswered: Are relevance appraisals unidimensional or multidimensional? Are people evaluated as generally posing opportunities and/or threats, or as dynamically relevant depending on perceiver goals? We test two hypotheses. First, we propose that opportunity and threat are appraised independently, rather than as endpoints of a single dimension. If so, then others can be evaluated as (a) facilitating a goal, (b) impeding a goal, (c) both facilitating and impeding a goal, or (d) neither facilitating nor impeding a goal. Second, we hypothesize that relevance appraisals shift dynamically with perceiver goals. For example, a single person may be appraised as facilitating one's mate-seeking goal, but as neither facilitating nor impeding one's self-protection goal. In two studies, participants rated the extent to which a variety of targets (e.g., a doctor, a 5-year-old child) pose threats and opportunities to different goals. Confirmatory factor analyses support both hypotheses. We also explore relationships between the Relevance Appraisal Matrix and the stereotype content (Fiske et al., 2002) and ABC (Koch et al., 2016) models of stereotypes, finding evidence that relevance appraisals are distinct from stereotypes of group attributes. In sum, we provide a framework for understanding the structure of relevance appraisals: A central and consequential, yet dynamic and relatively understudied, aspect of social cognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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- 2021
8. Effects of a brief web-based interpersonal conflict cognitive reappraisal expressive-writing intervention on changes in romantic conflict during COVID-19 quarantine
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Sherry H. Stewart, Clayton Neighbors, and Lindsey M. Rodriguez
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Social Psychology ,Aggression ,medicine.medical_treatment ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Interpersonal communication ,PsycINFO ,Brief psychotherapy ,Developmental psychology ,Cognitive reappraisal ,Clinical Psychology ,Feeling ,Intervention (counseling) ,medicine ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Cognitive appraisal ,media_common - Abstract
Romantic conflict is known to have escalated during the lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic. This research investigates whether a single-session online writing intervention results in changes in romantic conflict among American adults cohabitating during COVID-19 quarantine (May 2020). Participants (N = 716, 50% female;mean age = 51.8 years) completed a baseline assessment which was followed by a brief (5–8 min) writing task in Qualtrics. Participants were randomized to one of five conditions, where they were asked to write about (a) a conflict with their romantic partner using cognitive reappraisal;(b) a conflict with their romantic partner expressing their deepest thoughts and feelings;(c) a conflict with someone other than their partner using cognitive reappraisal;(d) a conflict with someone other than their partner and a conflict with their partner expressing their deepest thoughts and feelings;or (e) mundane tasks like laundry, house cleaning, or lawn care. In the reappraisal conditions, participants were asked to use this perspective with the target person in the upcoming weeks. Two weeks later, participants were invited to complete a follow-up survey identical to baseline, where they were asked about conflict with their partner during the follow-up period. Results indicated that participants in the romantic partner cognitive reappraisal condition reported fewer disagreements, fewer relationship aggression events, and lower levels of conflict relentlessness with their partner relative to at least one of the control conditions. Results demonstrate preliminary support for a brief, cost-effective, and accessible tool that can help couples mitigate downstream effects of negative interactions during this stressful time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved) © 2021 American Psychological Association
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- 2021
9. Social emotion regulation strategies are differentially helpful for anxiety and sadness
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Niall Bolger, Jocelyn Shu, and Kevin N. Ochsner
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Emotional support ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Emotions ,PsycINFO ,Anxiety ,Anxiety Disorders ,Emotional Regulation ,Sadness ,Social support ,Distress ,Social processes ,medicine ,Humans ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,Cognitive appraisal ,media_common - Abstract
Little is understood about how emotion regulation strategies typically used to regulate one's own emotions can be used to help others in distress, a process we refer to as social emotion regulation. We integrated research on social support, the self-regulation of emotion, and appraisal theories to hypothesize that different kinds of support and emotion regulation strategies should be differentially helpful for others, depending on the kind of emotion they are experiencing. Specifically, we predicted that helping others to actively modify their situation, as opposed to their appraisals and emotional responses, will be more effective for those experiencing anxiety as anxiety is a response to appraising threat in one's environment. However, helping others to modify their appraisals and emotions should be more effective for those experiencing sadness as sadness is a response to an irrevocable loss. To test this, we created a novel paradigm in which regulation targets were recruited online to write about personal events causing anxiety or sadness and regulation providers were recruited to provide written help to the targets. Study 1 supported the hypothesis using strategies drawn from the social support literature (advice vs. emotional support). Study 2 used strategies drawn from the literature on the self-regulation of emotion (situation modification vs. reappraisal) to demonstrate that as predicted, different strategies are believed to be differentially helpful depending on the target's emotion and when adjusting for individual differences in social and affective functioning, targets judge social emotion regulation strategies to be differentially helpful when implemented by providers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2021
10. Cognitive appraisal, emotional labor and organizational citizenship behavior: Evidence from hotel industry
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Bharadhwaj Sivakumaran and Shameem Shagirbasha
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Organizational citizenship behavior ,Emotional labor ,Moderated mediation ,Social exchange theory ,Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management ,Context (language use) ,Appraisal theory ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Perceived organizational support ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
Drawing on support from social exchange theory and appraisal theory of emotions, this paper empirically investigates the link between cognitive appraisal, emotional labor and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among hotel employees in India. This study uses a field survey conducted on 380 employees from 14 hotels in India. The moderated mediation model was tested using structural equation modelling. Positive (negative) cognitive appraisal of interactions result in deep (surface) acting. The moderated mediation analysis show employees who fake emotions (surface act) can still exhibit high OCB if they receive high perceived organizational support (POS). Findings suggest that hotel managers may repeatedly train their employees to deep act while discouraging surface acting. This study is unique and original in that it finds cognitive appraisal as a predictor of emotional labor. It is also the first to extend Lazarus’ theory of emotions to the context of emotional labor. Finally, it shows that cognitive appraisal influences emotional labor and OCB among hotel employees.
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- 2021
11. High-performance work systems and thriving at work: the role of cognitive appraisal and servant leadership
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Lijun Meng, Shuang Ren, and Zhining Wang
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Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management ,05 social sciences ,Perspective (graphical) ,050209 industrial relations ,Servant leadership ,Cognition ,Moderated mediation ,Work (electrical) ,0502 economics and business ,Thriving ,Work systems ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,050203 business & management ,Applied Psychology ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a balanced and nuanced understanding of the relationship between high-performance work systems (HPWS) and employee thriving at work by aiming to consider the “dark-side” of HPWS and to uncover the “black box.”Design/methodology/approachThis research draws from data from 377 employees nested in 77 work teams and tests a multilevel moderated mediation model using multilevel path analysis.FindingsThe findings indicate that employees appraise HPWS as both a challenge and a hindrance simultaneously. The challenge appraisal associated with HPWS positively influences employees' thriving at work whereas hindrance appraisal of HPWS negatively influences thriving experience. The results also support the hypothesized relationships in which servant leadership moderates the indirect effect of HPWS on employee thriving via challenge and hindrance appraisals accordingly.Originality/valueThis research demonstrates both positive and negative sides of HPWS as evaluated by employees in relation to an important employee outcome of thriving at work. It enriches the strategic HRM literature by identifying the “black box” of HPWS-employee outcomes and associated boundary condition from the theoretical perspective of cognitive appraisals.
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- 2021
12. With a little help from my friends: Selective social potentiation of emotion regulation
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Razia S. Sahi, Jennifer A. Silvers, and Emilia Ninova
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media_common.quotation_subject ,Emotions ,Social Interaction ,Emotional stimuli ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,PsycINFO ,Emotional Regulation ,Friendship ,Developmental Neuroscience ,Well-being ,Humans ,Interpersonal Relations ,Active listening ,Psychology ,Everyday life ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,Cognitive appraisal ,media_common ,Social functioning - Abstract
Decades of research has pointed to emotion regulation (ER) as a critical ingredient for health, well-being, and social functioning. However, the vast majority of this research has examined ER in a social vacuum, despite the fact that in everyday life individuals frequently regulate their emotions with help from other people. The present collection of preregistered studies examined whether social help increases the efficacy of reappraisal, a widely studied ER strategy that involves changing how one thinks about emotional stimuli. In Study 1 (N = 40 friend pairs), we compared the efficacy of reinterpreting the content of negative stimuli alone (solo ER) to listening to a friend reinterpret the stimuli (social ER). We found that social ER was more effective than solo ER, and that the efficacy of these strategies was correlated within individuals. In Studies 2 and 3, we replicated effects from Study 1, and additionally tested alternate explanations for our findings. In Study 2 (N = 40 individuals), we failed to find evidence that social ER was more effective than solo ER due to a difference in the quality of reinterpretations, and in Study 3 (N = 40 friend pairs), we found that social help did not significantly attenuate negative affect in the absence of reappraisal. In sum, we found that social help selectively potentiates the efficacy of reappraisal, and that this effect was not merely the outcome of social buffering. Together, these results provide insight into how social relationships can directly lend a hand in implementing ER strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2021
13. Emotional determinants and consequences of flow experience of young elite athletes involved in intensive training centers across the competitive season
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Valérian Cece, Kevin Juhel, Emma Guillet-Descas, and Guillaume Martinent
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Social Psychology ,biology ,Athletes ,Emotional intelligence ,Applied psychology ,Elite athletes ,biology.organism_classification ,Psychology ,Training (civil) ,Applied Psychology ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the relationships between emotional intelligence (EI), athletes’ everyday cognitive appraisal, flow state and subjective performance across a competitive season. ...
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- 2021
14. An examination of critical determinants of carbon offsetting attitudes: the role of gender
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Hengxuan Chi, Gregory A. Denton, and Dogan Gursoy
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Attitude ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Geography, Planning and Development ,chemistry.chemical_element ,chemistry ,Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management ,0502 economics and business ,050211 marketing ,Psychology ,Carbon ,Social psychology ,050212 sport, leisure & tourism ,Cognitive appraisal ,media_common - Abstract
Utilizing two studies, determinants of travelers’ carbon offsetting attitudes and the role that gender plays in cognitive appraisal and attitude formation are examined by exploring the interactions...
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- 2021
15. ‘Anxiety, frustration and understanding’. Swedish personal social service workers’ cognitive appraisals of encounters with violent clients
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Jimmy Stephen Munobwa, Peter Öberg, and Fereshteh Ahmadi
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Social work ,Workplace violence ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Frustration ,Social Welfare ,Cognition ,0506 political science ,050602 political science & public administration ,medicine ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDSOCIETY ,Anxiety ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,media_common ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
Workplace violence and threats from social service users towards social workers (client violence) is a problem in Sweden and internationally. This article explores the circumstances that make clien...
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- 2021
16. The associations between African American emerging adults’ racial discrimination and civic engagement via emotion regulation
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Tennisha N. Riley, Eryn DeLaney, Deon Brown, Fantasy T. Lozada, Chelsea Derlan Williams, null The Spit for Science Working Group, and Danielle M. Dick
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Universities ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,050109 social psychology ,PsycINFO ,Racism ,Developmental psychology ,Young Adult ,Humans ,Civic engagement ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Students ,Association (psychology) ,media_common ,African american ,Sociopolitical development ,05 social sciences ,Cognition ,humanities ,Emotional Regulation ,Black or African American ,Female ,Psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study tested direct and indirect associations between racial discrimination and civic engagement via emotion regulation strategies. Differences between males and females were also explored. METHOD African American college students (76% female; Mage = 18.42) participating in a university-wide research study provided self-reports of their racial discrimination experiences, use of emotion regulation strategies, and civic engagement attitudes and beliefs. RESULTS Greater racial discrimination was associated with less use of reappraisal (i.e., thinking about emotions in a different way) and, in turn, use of reappraisal was associated with greater civic engagement attitudes. The same association was found for civic engagement behaviors. However, reappraisal was associated with greater civic engagement behaviors for females and less civic engagement behaviors for males. CONCLUSION The current study highlights the need to consider the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on college students' sociopolitical development and civic engagement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2021
17. Examining the Role of Deception on Employees’ Threat Appraisal Process, Coping Appraisal Process and Unethical Behavior in Organization
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Taslima Jannat, Nor Asiah Omar, and Syed Shah Alam
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Coping (psychology) ,employee ,Employee perceptions ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Deception ,threat appraisal process ,lcsh:Business ,Structural equation modeling ,deception ,unethical behavior ,Antecedent (behavioral psychology) ,Perception ,lcsh:Finance ,lcsh:HG1-9999 ,Psychology ,lcsh:HF5001-6182 ,Social psychology ,coping appraisal process ,media_common ,Cognitive appraisal ,Appraisal process - Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine whether deception influences unethical behavior, employee perceptions of threat, and their coping appraisal processes. It also examines the role of deception in influencing employees' threat appraisal and coping appraisal processing. Using the structural equation model (PLS-SEM), this study reveals a strong relationship between deception, unethical behavior, employees' perceived threat appraisal process, and the coping appraisal process. The empirical findings suggest that deception is a common practice in organizations and significantly influences unethical behavior. This study also finds that deception plays a crucial role in reducing employees' perceptions of threat regarding negative outcomes for engaging in unethical behavior while significantly influencing employees' perceived coping appraisal process, which suggests that deceptive behavior can protect them from the threat of detection their unethical behavior. The findings provide new insights into the relationship among deception, employees' perceived threat appraisal process, coping appraisal process, and unethical behavior and paves the way for further research in this area.JEL Classification: L3, M1, M10, M14, M48How to Cite:Jannat, T., Omar, N. A., & Alam, S. H. (2021). Is Deception an Antecedent for Employees’ Cognitive Appraisal Proceses and Unethical Behavior?. Etikonomi, 20(1), 153 – 168. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v20i1.15433.
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- 2021
18. Hurts so good: Pain as an emotion regulation strategy
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Wesley Ellen Gregory, Brandon Joachim, Steven Freed, Ashley Doukas, Greg J. Siegle, Kellie Ann Lee, Kendall A. Pfeffer, McWelling Todman, Gabriella Robinson, Wendy D'Andrea, and Vivian Khedari-DePierro
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Adult ,Male ,Coping (psychology) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Emotions ,05 social sciences ,Pain ,PsycINFO ,050105 experimental psychology ,Emotional Regulation ,Cognitive reappraisal ,Feeling ,Distraction ,Adaptation, Psychological ,Sensation ,Humans ,Distressing ,Female ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,Cognitive appraisal ,media_common - Abstract
In the field of emotion regulation studies, cognitive reappraisal has been established as the preferred strategy for coping with painful negative feelings. For some, however, asking them to think more about an already distressing situation can be quite literally "like pulling teeth." Indeed, many people voluntarily cause themselves physical pain during upsetting situations (e.g., getting a deep tissue massage after a stressful week or hitting a punching bag when angry); however, there is currently little empirical evidence of the relative effectiveness of such behaviors. The present study tested two primary hypotheses: (a) some people will choose to inflict pain to regulate negative emotional states; and (b) pain provides effective short-term relief from negative emotion. The findings from these two studies demonstrate that, given the opportunity, participants will choose to use physical pain in addition to other strategies, like reappraisal or distraction, to cope with various sources of negative emotion. We further show that physical sensation in general, and pain in particular, are equally effective in coping with negative emotion. These results suggest a reconsideration of the dominance of cognitively based emotion regulation. We discuss the implication that benign physical pain may be a broadly effective and underrecognized coping strategy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2020
19. The impact of cognitive-behavioural stress management coaching on changes in cognitive appraisal and the stress response: a field experiment
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Martin Pömmer, Eva Traut-Mattausch, and Sabine Junker
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Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management ,Stress management ,Coping (psychology) ,Social Psychology ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Applied psychology ,Cognition ,Coaching ,050106 general psychology & cognitive sciences ,Transactional leadership ,0502 economics and business ,Stress (linguistics) ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Occupational stress ,Psychology ,business ,050203 business & management ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
Building on the transactional model of stress and coping, we examined the effectiveness of a cognitive–behavioural coaching programme. In a randomised controlled field study, undergraduates were in...
- Published
- 2020
20. Emotion regulation in undergraduate students with posttraumatic stress symptoms: A multimethod study
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Susan M. Hannan and Holly K. Orcutt
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Universities ,Social Psychology ,education ,Poison control ,Human factors and ergonomics ,PsycINFO ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,Emotional Regulation ,Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ,Young Adult ,Clinical Psychology ,mental disorders ,Injury prevention ,Humans ,Female ,Self Report ,Young adult ,Students ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
Objective: Existing literature suggests strong positive associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and emotion regulation difficulties; however, many of these findings are the result of monomethodological approaches (e.g., self-report questionnaires) versus multimethodological approaches. The current study utilized both self-report questionnaires and an emotion regulation choice paradigm (see Sheppes, Scheibe, Suri, & Gross, 2011) to assess various facets of emotion dysregulation in a sample of trauma-exposed undergraduate students with varying levels of self-reported PTSD symptoms (measured by the PTSD Checklist, fifth edition). Method: Data were collected from 83 students who underwent a laboratory paradigm, followed by completion of numerous self-report measures of emotion regulation (e.g., the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire). Results: Students with probable PTSD (n = 25) exhibited greater emotion dysregulation on self-report measures compared with students with nonprobable PTSD (n = 58; ηp² ranged from .06 to .42). Additionally, results from the emotion regulation choice paradigm suggested that students with probable PTSD were more likely to exhibit regulatory inflexibility compared with students with nonprobable PTSD (ηp² = .05). In other words, students with probable PTSD were less likely to use reappraisal (vs. distraction) to help regulate their emotions in response to low-intensity negative stimuli compared with students with nonprobable PTSD. Conclusions: Students with probable PTSD report greater perceived emotion regulation difficulties on self-report questionnaires as well as greater behavioral regulatory inflexibility during a laboratory paradigm. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2020
21. Adolescents’ appraisal of responses to problem situations and their relation to aggression and nonviolent behavior
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Amie F. Bettencourt and Albert D. Farrell
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Health (social science) ,Social Psychology ,Aggression ,05 social sciences ,050301 education ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Poison control ,Suicide prevention ,Article ,Occupational safety and health ,Injury prevention ,medicine ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,0503 education ,Applied Psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Cognitive appraisal ,Qualitative research ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study investigated adolescents’ appraisals of responses to problematic situations and their relations to behavioral intentions for aggressive and nonviolent behavior. A key question was whether ratings of effective and ineffective nonviolent responses and aggressive responses reflect distinct constructs or opposite ends of a single dimension. METHOD: A sample of 183 students at three middle schools in an urban public school system serving a mostly African American population completed measures of aggression, and rated responses to hypothetical situations on five dimensions: behavioral intention, effectiveness, descriptive norms, and anticipated reactions from friends and parents. Responses included nonviolent responses and aggressive responses to problematic situations identified in previous qualitative studies. Nonviolent responses were categorized as effective or ineffective based on ratings by a community sample of youth and adults. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analyses supported separate factors representing ratings of effective responses and aggressive responses for each domain. Regression analyses indicated that ratings of aggressive responses were more strongly related to aggressive intentions, and ratings of effective responses were more strongly related to intentions to use effective responses. Adolescents who varied in their level of aggression differed in their ratings of aggressive and nonviolent responses. Those reporting higher levels of aggression showed less differentiation between effective and ineffective nonviolent responses compared with those reporting lower levels. CONCLUSIONS: These findings underscore the need for further efforts to identify factors that promote effective nonviolent behavior versus those that support aggression. They have important implications for the development of violence prevention programs.
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- 2020
22. Shame, guilt, and secrets on the mind
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Elise K. Kalokerinos, James N. Kirby, and Michael L. Slepian
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Adult ,Male ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Shame ,PsycINFO ,050105 experimental psychology ,Social relation ,Interpersonal relationship ,Well-being ,Secrecy ,Mind-wandering ,Guilt ,Humans ,Female ,Interpersonal Relations ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,Cognitive appraisal ,media_common - Abstract
Recent work suggests that what is harmful about secrecy is not active concealment within social interactions but rather mind wandering to a secret outside of concealment contexts. However, it is not yet clear what predicts mind wandering to and concealing secrets. We proposed that emotional appraisals of shame and guilt for secrecy would predict how secrecy is experienced. Four studies with 1,000 participants keeping more than 6,000 secrets demonstrated that shame was linked with increased mind wandering to the secret. Guilt, in contrast, was linked with reduced mind wandering to the secret. The current work represents the first test of how emotions from secrecy determine how that secrecy is experienced. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2020
23. In the Eye of the Beholder: How Proactive Coping Alters Perceptions of Insecurity
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Jessie Koen, Sharon K. Parker, and Arbeids- en Organisatie Psychologie (Psychologie, FMG)
- Subjects
Adult ,Employment ,Male ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Emotions ,Job Satisfaction ,Occupational Stress ,Moderated mediation ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Perception ,Adaptation, Psychological ,0502 economics and business ,Causal chain ,Humans ,Occupations ,Workplace ,Internal-External Control ,Applied Psychology ,media_common ,ComputingMilieux_THECOMPUTINGPROFESSION ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Appraisal theory ,Middle Aged ,Europe ,Job security ,ComputingMilieux_MANAGEMENTOFCOMPUTINGANDINFORMATIONSYSTEMS ,8. Economic growth ,Female ,Job satisfaction ,Psychology ,Construct (philosophy) ,Social psychology ,050203 business & management ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
Why do some workers experience less insecurity than others even when facing the same objectively insecure work situation? Combining appraisal theory with the construct of proactive coping, we propose that proactive career behavior represents a form of resource accumulation that mitigates the extent to which insecure work situations result in perceived insecurity. We hypothesize that proactive career behavior moderates the effect of an acute insecure work situation (time remaining before contract expiration) and a chronic insecure work situation (probability of digitalization) on control appraisals of these situations and, in turn, perceptions of job and employment insecurity. We tested this moderated mediation model in a 3-wave field study with 2 samples. First, workers in unstable temporary jobs (with no renewed contract, N = 227) perceived higher lack of control and hence higher job insecurity as their contract got closer to expiring. As hypothesized, this process was mitigated by proactive career behavior. Second, workers in stable jobs (with a renewed contract or a permanent contract, N = 205) perceived higher lack of control and hence higher employment insecurity, as their occupation had a higher probability of digitalization. In contrast to our hypothesis, proactive career behavior did not mitigate this effect. Results further replicated established relationships between perceived insecurity and later stress and career dissatisfaction. By moving up the causal chain and focusing on the emergence of insecurity rather than the more common emphasis on consequences of insecurity, our study uncovers the role of proactive coping in the job insecurity process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2020
24. An empirical study of personality traits, job market appraisal and self-perceived employability in an uncertain environment
- Author
-
Brownhilder Ngek Neneh
- Subjects
Agreeableness ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,050109 social psychology ,Conscientiousness ,Appraisal theory ,Employability ,Education ,0502 economics and business ,Openness to experience ,Personality ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Big Five personality traits ,Life-span and Life-course Studies ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,050203 business & management ,Cognitive appraisal ,media_common - Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether personality traits play a significant role in understanding students’ self-perceived employability and test if the associations are influenced by the student’s job market appraisal. This is important as perceptions about one’s employability hold invaluable importance for students in uncertain job environments as they might need to form strategies to cope with unemployment until they find a job.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 296 using a questionnaire survey approach and analyzed using hierarchical regression to test the hypothesized associations.FindingsThe findings showed that agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience are positive and significantly associated with self-perceived employability. Also, job market appraisal played a momentous role in predicting self-perceived employability both directly and via interaction with conscientiousness and openness to experience.Practical implicationsThe present study is valuable to different stakeholders such as educators, employers and students as it identifies the personality dispositions that should be encouraged among students while also indicating the need for fostering student’s reappraisal of uncertain job markets.Originality/valueThis study presents new evidence on the application of the appraisal theory by indicating the interaction between personality traits and cognitive appraisal. This advances the current theoretical understanding of the mechanism through which personality traits can best explain individual differences in self-perceived employability.
- Published
- 2019
25. The curious case of threat-awe: A theoretical and empirical reconceptualization
- Author
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Nitika Garg, Srinwanti H. Chaudhury, and Zixi Jiang
- Subjects
Pride ,Conceptualization ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Emotions ,Happiness ,Fear ,Ambivalence ,Wonder ,Affect ,Exploratory Behavior ,Humans ,Valence (psychology) ,Situational ethics ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,media_common ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
Threat-based awe, or threat-awe, has been conceptualized as a fear-centric, negative-valenced variant of awe, although awe is a positive emotion embodying wonder and amazement. This research, however, argues that threat-awe is a mixed emotion rather than a negatively valenced subaspect of awe. We tested this conceptualization using two methodologies: (a) the theoretical framework of cognitive appraisals and (b) measures of ambivalence (an emotion co-occurrence index of bivalence, the Evaluative Space Grid, and a four-item scale to measure mixed emotions). Five studies (N = 1,140) compared threat-awe's appraisal profile and valence perceptions to univalenced, positive (awe, pride, happiness) and negative (fear) emotions. Research suggests that appraisal profiles of mixed emotions are close to their component emotions but distinct on certain appraisal dimensions. The empirical measures of valence demonstrate that threat-awe is felt as awe and fear in concert. Further, in terms of appraisals, threat-awe's appraisal profile is distinct from awe and fear on the dimensions of vastness, pleasantness, and situational control. Together, the two approaches-cognitive appraisals and measures of valence-provide convergent evidence that threat-awe is a mixed emotion. In conceptually clarifying threat-awe, we contribute to the nascent literature on mixed emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2021
26. Cognitive appraisal contributes to feeling generation through emotional evidence accumulation rate: Evidence from instructed fictional reappraisal
- Author
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Nachshon Meiran and Ella Singer-Landau
- Subjects
Operationalization ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Emotions ,Cognition ,PsycINFO ,humanities ,Feeling ,Pleasant Feeling ,Humans ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,Cognitive appraisal ,media_common - Abstract
How do (reportable) emotional feelings come to be? Following William James and many others, Givon et al. (2020) described the generation of feelings as evidence accumulation toward a boundary. In this work, we began clarifying the nature of "evidence". In two preregistered experiments, participants were presented with normed emotion-evoking negative/positive pictures that were described as reflecting either authentic or fictitious happenings ("fictional reappraisal"). In negative pictures (but contrary to our predictions, not in positive pictures), fictional reappraisal slowed feeling reports and reduced the rate of unpleasant feeling reports. An evidence accumulation model, the Hierarchical Linear Ballistic Accumulator model, was fit to the results from negative stimuli. This analysis indicated that fictional reappraisal selectively slowed the rate of evidence accumulation favoring (the normatively "correct") unpleasant feeling reports and speeded evidence accumulation favoring (the normatively "wrong") pleasant feeling reports. Fictional reappraisal did not change the response criterion, specifying the required amount of evidence for report. These results suggest that cognitive appraisals contribute to (and are a part of) emotional evidence, as operationalized in evidence accumulation models, and provide additional support for the usefulness of these models for the study of feeling reports. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2021
27. Something Scary Is Out There: Remembrances of Where the Threat Was Located by Preschool Children and Adults with Nighttime Fear
- Author
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Richard G. Coss
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Arboreal locomotion ,Social Psychology ,Nighttime fear ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Predation ,03 medical and health sciences ,Clinical Research ,Antipredator behavior ,030304 developmental biology ,Evolutionary persistence ,0303 health sciences ,Natural selection ,biology ,Preschool children ,Cognition ,biology.organism_classification ,Anticipation ,Australopithecines ,Relaxed selection ,Sexual dimorphism ,Psychology ,Australopithecus afarensis ,Demography ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
Young children frequently report imaginary scary things in their bedrooms at night. This study examined the remembrances of 140 preschool children and 404 adults selecting either above, side, or below locations for a scary thing relative to their beds. The theoretical framework for this investigation posited that sexual-size dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis, the presumed human ancestor in the Middle Pliocene, constrained sleeping site choice to mitigate predation. Smaller-bodied females nesting in trees would have anticipated predatory attacks from below, while male nesting on the ground would have anticipated attacks from their side. Such anticipation of nighttime attacks from below is present in many arboreal primates and might still persist as a cognitive relict in humans. In remembrances of nighttime fear, girls and women were predicted to select the below location and males the side location. Following interviews of children and adult questionnaires, multinomial log-linear analyses indicated statistically significant interactions (p p Homo in the Late Pliocene.
- Published
- 2021
28. Suffering Job Insecurity: Will the Employees Take the Proactive Behavior or Not?
- Author
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Huiqin Zhang, Meng Li, and Xun Yao
- Subjects
Mediation (statistics) ,ComputingMilieux_THECOMPUTINGPROFESSION ,social cognitive theory ,Appraisal theory ,Proactivity ,Moderation ,BF1-990 ,ComputingMilieux_MANAGEMENTOFCOMPUTINGANDINFORMATIONSYSTEMS ,Moderated mediation ,cognitive appraisal theory ,Human resource management ,Psychology ,job insecurity ,cognitive appraisal ,Social psychology ,self-efficacy ,General Psychology ,Social cognitive theory ,proactive behavior ,Cognitive appraisal ,Original Research - Abstract
Job insecurity is considered an important antecedent of an employee’s creativity. Though, the relationship between job insecurity and proactive behavior has been neglected in previous human resources management studies. The aim of this study is to explore the influence of job insecurity on employees’ proactive behavior and its mechanism. Based on the social cognitive theory and cognitive appraisal theory, two types of cognitive appraisal of employee’s job insecurity (hindrance vs. challenge) as mediator variables of job insecurity and proactive behavior association. In addition, the moderator roles of self-efficacy are examined. This study is carried out with 257 employees from Chinese firms to examine the hypothesized moderated mediation model by using the hierarchical regression analysis and the bootstrap. The results showed a different effect of job insecurity depending on its conceptualization. The results show that job insecurity has a negative effect on employees’ proactive behavior. At the same time, cognitive appraisal of employees’ job insecurity mediated the association between job insecurity and employee’s proactive behavior. Self-efficacy not only moderates the relationship between job insecurity and cognitive appraisal but also moderate the cognitive appraisal’s mediation effect between job insecurity and proactive behavior. The study’s theoretical and practical contributions and future research are discussed.
- Published
- 2021
29. Mindfulness Versus Cognitive Reappraisal: the Impact of Mindfulness‑Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on the Early and Late Brain Potential Markers of Emotion Regulation
- Author
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Rebekah Jane Kaunhoven and Dusana Dorjee
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,Mindfulness ,Social Psychology ,05 social sciences ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,050105 experimental psychology ,Task (project management) ,Mindfulness-based stress reduction ,Cognitive reappraisal ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Trait ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Expressive Suppression ,Association (psychology) ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Applied Psychology ,Cognitive appraisal ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Objectives A positive association between trait mindfulness and cognitive reappraisal has previously been found. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we investigated the impact of an 8-week MBSR course on early and late stages of emotion regulation using mindfulness and reappraisal. Methods Participants were allocated into an 8-week MBSR training group (n = 14 for task reports and self-reports; n = 10 for ERPs) or a wait-list control group (n = 15 for task reports and self-reports; n = 11 for ERPs). Pre and post the 8-week training, participants completed an affective picture viewing task and were instructed to regulate their responses to negative and neutral images using mindfulness, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Results At post-test, only the training group showed significant improvements in self-reported trait mindfulness and trait cognitive reappraisal, together with improvements in the self-reported ability to employ mindfulness and cognitive reappraisal during the task. The training group showed decreased 200–280 ms positivity across all three strategies at post-test. The LPP did not change over time but overall showed more positive mean amplitudes to cognitive appraisal. Conclusions These findings suggest that MBSR may adaptively modulate early attention deployment to emotional stimuli, but modulations of later stages of emotion processing may require more extensive mindfulness training. In addition, conscious employment of mindfulness may require less cognitive effort than cognitive reappraisal.
- Published
- 2021
30. Emocionalne odrednice naglašavanja razlika između kategorija
- Author
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Mia Čehajić and Sasa Drace
- Subjects
Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,emotion ,categorical accentuation ,cognitive appraisal ,uncertainty ,Certainty ,BF1-990 ,Clinical Psychology ,naglašavanje razlika između kategorija ,emocije ,kognitivna procjena ,nesigurnost ,Phenomenon ,Psychology ,Categorical variable ,Applied Psychology ,media_common ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
The present study aimed to provide preliminary evidence for the role of uncertainty related emotions in categorical accentuation. Participants had to estimate the length of lines varying in length, which depending on the conditions were or were not associated with categorical labels. To explore the emotional determinants of categorical accentuation we included additional label condition, in which participants were induced to feel fear (i.e. the emotion theoretically defined by the appraisal of low certainty). Consistent with the past research the results revealed a classic accentuation effect with participants in label condition showing higher differentiation at category boundaries compared to those in no label condition. More importantly, this effect was strengthened in the condition in which participants were induced with fear suggesting that uncertainty-related emotions could play an important role in the accentuation phenomenon., Cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio ponuditi preliminarni dokaz o ulozi emocija povezanih s osjećajem nesigurnosti kod fenomena naglašavanja razlika između kategorija. Zadatak sudionika bila je procjena duljine crta koje su se razlikovale duljinom i kojima je, ovisno o uvjetu, dodijeljena ili nije dodijeljena oznaka koja je ukazivala na pripadnost crta različitim kategorijama. S ciljem ispitivanja emocionalnih odrednica naglašavanja razlika između kategorija uveden je dodatni uvjet s crtama kojima su dodijeljene kategorijalne oznake u kojemu su sudionici bili izloženi indukciji straha (emocije koju teorijski karakterizira procjena niske sigurnosti). Očekivano, u skladu s ranijim istraživanjima, rezultati su ukazali na klasični efekt naglašavanja. Sudionici u uvjetu s podražajima s kategorijalnim oznakama pokazivali su veće razlikovanje među crtama koje su se nalazile na granici definiranih kategorija u odnosu na uvjet s podražajima bez kategorijalnih oznaka. Važno je istaknuti da je taj efekt bio dodatno pojačan u uvjetu u kojemu je kod sudionika induciran osjećaj straha, što jasno sugerira da bi emocije koje su povezane s procjenom nesigurnosti mogle igrati važnu ulogu u fenomenu naglašavanja razlika između kategorija.
- Published
- 2021
31. University academics’ state emotions and appraisal antecedents: an intraindividual analysis
- Author
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Katharina Thies and Robert Kordts-Freudinger
- Subjects
Value (ethics) ,Experience sampling method ,Higher education ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,050301 education ,Cognition ,Education ,Self-determination ,0502 economics and business ,Well-being ,Time management ,Psychology ,business ,0503 education ,Social psychology ,050203 business & management ,media_common ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
This study investigates university academics’ emotions in the moment they occurred, and value and control appraisal dimensions on an intraindividual level. Applying the Experience-Sampling ...
- Published
- 2019
32. The role of cognitive appraisal, emotion and commitment in affecting resident support toward tourism performing arts development
- Author
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Jigang Bao, Danni Zheng, Pierre Benckendorff, and Brent W. Ritchie
- Subjects
genetic structures ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Lens (geology) ,Cognition ,Cultural tourism ,Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management ,Perception ,0502 economics and business ,050211 marketing ,Local population ,Performing arts ,Psychology ,human activities ,Social psychology ,health care economics and organizations ,050212 sport, leisure & tourism ,Tourism ,Cognitive appraisal ,media_common - Abstract
While residents’ perceptions of tourism development have been widely explored through a rational cost-benefit lens, little is known about residents’ emotional responses and their influences on resi...
- Published
- 2019
33. Role of affect in marketplace rumor propagation
- Author
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Anandakuttan B. Unnithan and Subin Sudhir
- Subjects
Marketing ,05 social sciences ,Word of mouth ,Appraisal theory ,Rumor ,Affect (psychology) ,0502 economics and business ,Credibility ,050211 marketing ,Valence (psychology) ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,050203 business & management ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
Purpose Rumors about products and brands are common occurrence in the marketplace. Often these rumors are shared among consumers using the word of mouth channel. The spread of these rumors is fast and can lead to significant consequences to products and brands. The purpose of this paper is to explore the dynamics of such rumor sharing behavior among consumers. Specifically, this paper investigates the role of positive affect and negative affect in rumor sharing behavior. Three key rumor characteristics (valence, involvement and credibility) are explored as antecedents to positive affect and negative affect. Design/methodology/approach The paper collects data from 236 respondents using Amazon MTurk, and conducts a PLS–SEM analysis to explore the role of positive affect and negative affect in rumor sharing contexts. Findings Both positive affect and negative affect were found to be significant factors leading to rumor sharing, furthermore positive affect was found to have a stronger influence on rumor sharing as compared to negative affect. The study also delineates the role of valence, involvement and credibility in rumor sharing scenarios, all of which have a strong role in shaping positive affect and negative affect. Originality/value The study is novel in using cognitive appraisal theory to illustrate the formation of positive affect and negative affect in rumor encounters. The study conclusively illustrates the role of cognitive appraisal and emotional experiences in the rumor propagation context, and advances the marketing scholarship’s understanding significantly.
- Published
- 2019
34. A self-regulation perspective on how and when regulatory focus differentially relates to citizenship behaviors
- Author
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Russell E. Johnson, Guofeng Wang, Klodiana Lanaj, Junqi Shi, Mo Wang, and Jaclyn Koopmann
- Subjects
Adult ,Employment ,Male ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Emotions ,Context (language use) ,PsycINFO ,Nursing Staff, Hospital ,Self-Control ,Promotion (rank) ,0502 economics and business ,Humans ,Social Behavior ,Emotional exhaustion ,Burnout, Professional ,Applied Psychology ,media_common ,Organizational citizenship behavior ,05 social sciences ,Regulatory focus theory ,Trait ,Female ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,050203 business & management ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
Although previous research suggests that regulatory focus matters for organizational citizenship behaviors, it is unclear how promotion and prevention focus relate to such behaviors. Integrating regulatory focus theory with theories of self-regulation, we propose a conceptual model that links trait promotion and prevention foci with specific citizenship behaviors through an emotion-related self-regulation mechanism. Using a sample of 227 nurses working in a hospital context, we observed that trait promotion focus and trait prevention focus predict helping and voice via differential effects on emotional exhaustion. Specifically, trait promotion focus had unconditional indirect effects on helping (positive) and voice (negative) through lower levels of emotional exhaustion. In contrast, trait prevention focus was positively related to voice but negatively related to helping through higher levels of emotional exhaustion. Moreover, these indirect effects of trait prevention focus were moderated by employees' reappraisal of their emotional experiences at work, such that trait prevention focus had weaker relations with helping and voice when reappraisal was higher (vs. lower). We discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings and highlight avenues for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2019
35. Emotions at the border: Increased punishment behavior during fair interpersonal exchanges in borderline personality disorder
- Author
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Chiara De Panfilis, Carlo Marchesi, Luigi Alberto Gozzi, Paolo Ossola, Graziana Schito, Irene Generali, and Alessandro Grecucci
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,emotion regulation ,050103 clinical psychology ,Adolescent ,Punishment (psychology) ,Distancing ,Decision Making ,Emotions ,cooperation ,fairness ,Borderline Personality Disorder ,interpersonal dysfunction ,social expectations ,Interpersonal communication ,PsycINFO ,Young Adult ,Punishment ,medicine ,Humans ,Interpersonal Relations ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Borderline personality disorder ,Biological Psychiatry ,Analysis of Variance ,Equity (economics) ,Ultimatum game ,05 social sciences ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Clinical Psychology ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Case-Control Studies ,Female ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
This study evaluated whether the impairment in cooperation that characterizes individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) can be explained by the difficulty to use emotion regulation strategies and to accurately perceive the fairness of others' behavior. Forty-one patients with BPD and 41 sex and age matched healthy controls (HC) played the responder's role in a Modified Ultimatum Game during which they were asked to apply 3 different emotion regulation strategies: look, distancing, and reappraisal. Offer rejection rates were used as an index of punishment behavior. After the experiment, participants also rated the degree of perceived equity of the offers after receiving fair and unfair offers. Reappraisal was effective in decreasing punishment behaviors for unfair offers in both the BPD and HC groups. By contrast, BPD patients displayed a different behavior than HC when making decisions upon fair offers, independently from the regulation strategies adopted. In fact, they rejected higher rates of fair offers than HC. Further, BPD patients judged fair offers as less fair than HC. This indicates an altered judgment and decision making on fair interpersonal exchanges. In conclusion, BPD patients exhibit increased punishment behavior during fair, "favorable" social exchanges, which they tend to perceive as less fair than controls. Thus, BPD patients may be biased toward underestimating positive feedback from others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2019
36. Beyond Essentialism: Cultural Differences in Emotions Revisited
- Author
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Vinai Norasakkunkit, Jozefien De Leersnyder, Batja Mesquita, Yukiko Uchida, Eva Ceulemans, Michael Boiger, and Sociale Psychologie (Psychologie, FMG)
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Essentialism ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Culture ,Emotions ,Population ,Shame ,050109 social psychology ,Anger ,050105 experimental psychology ,context ,Social group ,Young Adult ,Cultural diversity ,Humans ,Personality ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,education ,General Psychology ,media_common ,education.field_of_study ,anger ,05 social sciences ,shame ,culture ,Female ,population thinking ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
The current research offers an alternative to essentialism for studying cultural variation in emotional experience. Rather than assuming that individuals always experience an emotion in the same way, our starting point was that the experience of an emotion like anger or shame may vary from one instance to another. We expected to find different anger and shame experience types, that is, groups of people who differ in the instances of anger and shame that they experience. We proposed that studying cultural differences in emotional experience means studying differences in the distribution of these types across cultural contexts: There should be systematic differences in the types that are most common in each culture. Students from the United States, Japan, and Belgium (N = 928) indicated their emotional experiences in terms of appraisals and action tendencies in response to 15 hypothetical anger or shame situations. Using an inductive clustering approach, we identified anger and shame types who were characterized by different patterns of anger and shame experience. As expected, we found that the distribution of these types differed across the three cultural contexts: Of the two anger types, one was common in Japan and one in the United States and Belgium; the three shame types were each most prevalent in a different cultural context. Participants' anger and shame types were primarily predicted by their culture of origin (with an accuracy of 72.3% for anger and 74.0% for shame) and not, or much less, by their ethnic origin, socioeconomic status, gender, self-construal, or personality. (PsycINFO Database Record ispartof: Emotion vol:18 issue:8 pages:1142-1162 ispartof: location:United States status: published
- Published
- 2018
37. Racialized images: Tracing appraisals of police force and protest
- Author
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Colin Wayne Leach and Mora A. Reinka
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Coping (psychology) ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Emotions ,Black People ,Blood Pressure ,050109 social psychology ,Anger ,White People ,050105 experimental psychology ,Young Adult ,Cognition ,Humans ,Attention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Students ,Evoked Potentials ,media_common ,Police psychology ,Motivation ,05 social sciences ,Novelty ,Appraisal theory ,Police ,Surprise ,Female ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
As race acts as a social frame of reference, it should guide individual's appraisal of visual representations of social events and issues. Thus, grounded in Scherer's (2009) model of appraisal as a sequential process, in 2 experiments (N = 133, 166) we used early event-related potentials (ERPs) of brain activity (the N100, P200, P300) to examine Black and White participants' appraisals of the novelty of images of police force against Black (and White) targets, as well as of Black-led protest. We used a later ERP (the late positive potential, LPP) as well as blood pressure to assess their appraisal of motivational relevance, and self-reported affect and emotion to assess conscious experience. White participants' early ERPs suggested that they appraised the images as more novel than did Black participants. Nevertheless, Black participants' later (LPP) ERP, and blood pressure, suggested that they appraised the images as more motivationally relevant. Consistent with this, Black participants expressed more attentiveness, anger, and empowerment at the images, whereas White participants expressed more surprise. A mediation model in Experiment 2 showed that self-reported familiarity with past racial violence, as well as surprise and attentiveness to the images, explained the difference between Black and White participants' appraisals of motivational relevance (i.e., the LPP). We discuss implications for appraisal theory, stress and coping, and societally situated cognition and affect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2018
38. Emotional exhaustion in front-line healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China: the effects of time pressure, social sharing and cognitive appraisal
- Author
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Xu Luo, Hao Wu, Huan Wang, Hua Zhang, Xiuli Jia, Junying Ye, Caiping Song, and Xinyao Zhou
- Subjects
China ,Mental fatigue ,Health Personnel ,Social support ,Cognitive reappraisal ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cognition ,0302 clinical medicine ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,0502 economics and business ,Health care ,Humans ,Healthcare workers ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Emotional exhaustion ,Pandemics ,SARS-CoV-2 ,business.industry ,Research ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,COVID-19 ,Occupational stress ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Biostatistics ,business ,Social psychology ,050203 business & management ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
BackgroundWith the increasing spread of COVID-19, healthcare workers, especially front-line medical staff, have become more vulnerable to emotional exhaustion.ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the influence of time pressure on the emotional exhaustion of front-line healthcare workers, and explore the effects of social sharing and cognitive reappraisal on this.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2020. A total of 232 questionnaires were completed by front-line healthcare workers in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China. Hierarchical linear regression and conditional process analysis were performed to explore the relationships among time pressure, social sharing, cognitive reappraisal, and emotional exhaustion.ResultsTime pressure was positively associated with social sharing and emotional exhaustion. Social sharing presented the dark side, a negative effect that was always kept concealed, in terms of the impact on emotional exhaustion. Cognitive reappraisal negatively moderated the relationship between time pressure and social sharing, and it further indirectly influenced the relationship between time pressure and emotional exhaustion through social sharing.ConclusionsOur findings shed light on how time pressure influences the emotional exhaustion of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 period. Although social sharing is commonly regarded as a positive behavior, we identified a dark side in terms of its impact. We also identified that improving cognitive reappraisal may present a positive strategy toward alleviating emotional exhaustion.
- Published
- 2021
39. Income robustly predicts self-regard emotions
- Author
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Ed Diener, Eri Sasaki, Elizabeth D. A. Chin, Vincent Y. S. Oh, Eddie M. W. Tong, Paul Reddish, and Weiting Ng
- Subjects
Pride ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Emotions ,Happiness ,Fear ,Anger ,Anxiety ,Affect (psychology) ,050105 experimental psychology ,Gratitude ,Well-being ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,media_common ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
There is robust evidence that higher income makes people evaluate their lives more favorably, but there is no consistent evidence on whether it makes people feel better. Analyzing data from five large surveys spanning 162 countries, we predicted and found the most comprehensive evidence to date that income reliably predicted greater positive self-regard emotions (e.g., pride) and lower negative self-regard emotions (e.g., anxiety). In contrast, its relationships with other-regard emotions (e.g., gratitude, anger) and global emotions (e.g., happiness) were weaker in magnitude and difficult to replicate. In addition, income predicted higher (lower) levels of positive (negative) self-regard emotions about 10 years later, controlling for the same self-regard emotions at baseline. Sense of control mediated the relationships between income and both positive and negative self-regard emotions. Income predicted self-regard emotions as strongly as it has been known to predict life evaluation. Hence, having more money makes people feel more proud, contented, and confident and less sad, afraid, and ashamed, but does not affect whether they feel grateful, caring, and angry. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2021
40. Life seems different with you around: Differential shifts in cognitive appraisal in the mere presence of others for neuroticism and impression management.
- Author
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Uziel, Liad
- Subjects
- *
COGNITIVE ability , *NEUROTICISM , *IMPRESSION formation (Psychology) , *SOCIAL psychology , *SOCIAL context - Abstract
How does mere social presence affect cognitive processes? The extant literature has focused on the impact of social presence on cognitive resources. The present study extends this work by focusing on the positivity of cognitive appraisal. Building on recent findings it was predicted that the traits neuroticism and impression management will differentially moderate the effect, such that neuroticism will be associated with a negative shift in appraisal, and impression management with a positive shift. In an experiment, participants ( N = 158) formed evaluations of life events either alone or in social presence. The results supported the predictions. The findings advance the knowledge about the effect of social presence on cognition, and about the role of personality in moderating responses in public social contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Associations between relationship quality, social network resources, appraisals, coping, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms
- Author
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Laura Jobson and Megan Hansford
- Subjects
Male ,Coping (psychology) ,Social Psychology ,Social network ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Social Support ,Cognition ,PsycINFO ,Social Networking ,Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ,Clinical Psychology ,Social support ,Adaptation, Psychological ,mental disorders ,Humans ,Female ,Quality (business) ,Survivors ,business ,Association (psychology) ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology ,media_common ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to explore whether posttrauma cognitions and maladaptive coping strategies mediated the association between perceived social support (availability of social network and quality of specific relationships) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Method: A community sample of trauma survivors (N = 67, 84% female) completed self-report measures assessing relationship quality, perceived availability of social network support, PTSD symptoms, negative posttrauma appraisals and maladaptive coping strategies. Results: Posttrauma appraisals mediated the association between quality of relationships (support, conflict and depth) and PTSD symptoms, and between availability of social network support and PTSD symptoms. Further, there was an indirect pathway between social support (quality of relationship and availability of social network) and PTSD symptoms through negative cognitive appraisals and maladaptive coping strategies (serial mediation). Conclusions: Our results are consistent with theoretical predictions that socially supportive (support, depth and social network availability) and unsupportive (conflict) relationships are associated with PTSD, through cognitive appraisal and coping processes. Clinical implications for further integrating interpersonal support into cognitive therapies were discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2021
42. Teachers navigating distance learning during COVID-19 without feeling emotionally exhausted: the protective role of self-efficacy
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Emanuele Politi, Maria Cristina Matteucci, Annalisa Soncini, and Annalisa Soncini, Emanuele Politi, Maria Cristina Matteucci
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RESOURCES ,IMPACT ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Distance education ,Emotions ,Psychological intervention ,Social Sciences ,Context (language use) ,Education ,Education, Distance ,Perception ,teachers' self-efficacy ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,Psychology ,Emotional exhaustion ,threats appraisal ,media_common ,Self-efficacy ,OUTCOMES ,emotional exhaustion ,SARS-CoV-2 ,SCHOOL-PSYCHOLOGY ,Psychology, Educational ,COVID-19, threats appraisal, teachers’ self-efficacy, distance learning, emotional exhaustion ,COVID-19 ,Self Efficacy ,PROFESSIONAL-DEVELOPMENT ,Feeling ,JOB DEMANDS ,distance learning ,BURNOUT ,HEALTH ,Social psychology ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
In the context of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, teachers faced unprecedented challenges and threats while implementing distance learning. Consequently, teachers may have experienced emotional exhaustion. The aim of our study was threefold: To explore teachers' threat appraisals, to investigate the relation between teachers' threat appraisals and their emotional exhaustion, and to examine processes protecting teachers from emotional exhaustion. Self-efficacy belief, especially, may have driven teachers' perceptions of distance learning as an opportunity (i.e., distance learning strengths), rather than an impediment (i.e., distance learning weakness) to teaching. During the first wave of COVID-19, Italian teachers (N = 1,036) filled in an online survey. A mixed-method design was used to address our three research aims. Findings indicated that, above and beyond other COVID-19 threats, one third of teachers reported worries, fears, and concerns related to their job (i.e., job-related threats). Furthermore, those who mentioned job-related threats experienced greater emotional exhaustion. Finally, teachers' self-efficacy was related to lower emotional exhaustion both directly and indirectly via teachers' perceptions of distance learning. Indeed, distance learning weaknesses (but not distance learning strengths) mediated the negative relationship between self-efficacy and emotional exhaustion. Altogether, our findings encourage reflection on possible interventions to reduce teachers' job-related threats and help them navigate distance learning effectively. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved). ispartof: SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY vol:36 issue:6 pages:494-503 ispartof: location:United States status: published
- Published
- 2021
43. Perceived value threats are related to fear of health impairments
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G. Arina, Marina Iosifyan, and University of St Andrews. School of Divinity
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Value (ethics) ,BF Psychology ,Social Psychology ,BF ,DAS ,Cognition ,Fear ,Values ,Disease ,Perceived values ,Health ,Openness to experience ,Threats ,Psychology ,Cognitive appraisal ,Clinical psychology ,Mental functioning - Abstract
Health impairments are problems in the body and mental functioning, which can be a result of a disease or side effects of treatment. Fear of health impairments plays an important role in decision-making and behavior. People might fear health impairments because of their beliefs about their dangerousness, but also because these impairments threaten important values. However, while the role of cognitive appraisal in the fear of health impairments is investigated, the role of motivation is less clear. To fill this gap, this study analyzed the role of values as motivational constructs in the fear of cognitive, motor, and sensory impairments, as well as impairments of reproductive functions and disfiguring impairments. Participants evaluated these health impairments as frightening or not. They also evaluated how these health impairments may threaten values and reported their value priorities. Health impairments are believed to threaten personally focused values (openness to change and self-enhancement) more than socially focused values (conservation and self-transcendence). Threats to personally focused values are related to higher fear of health impairments. Publisher PDF
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- 2021
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44. Psychological Stress and the Workplace: A Brief Comment on Lazarus’ Outlook
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Jennifer M. George and Arthur P. Brief
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Stress management ,Empirical research ,Stress (linguistics) ,Perspective (graphical) ,Social environment ,Occupational stress ,Appraisal theory ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
Professor Emeritus Richard S. Lazarus’ theorizing has had a major impact on our understanding of psychological stress. Lazarus’ apparent discomfort with such an approach may stem, in part, from his observations of what he calls the traditional outlook towards work stress. The study of work stress differs from the study of psychological stress at home, at school, or in any particular social context because of these contextual boundaries. The contribution of his theoretical perspective to the study of psychological stress is evidenced by the number of empirical studies his theoretical work has driven. Indeed, organizational stress researchers have much to gain by familiarizing themselves with Lazarus’ theoretical and empirical contributions. Lazarus identifies primary appraisal as one of two basic kinds of cognitive appraisal key to understanding stress. Primary appraisal addresses whether or not an individual sees a personal stake in an encounter.
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- 2020
45. Unveiling an exclusive link: Predicting behavior with personality, situation perception, and affect in a preregistered experience sampling study
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John F. Rauthmann, Kai T. Horstmann, Ryne A. Sherman, and Matthias Ziegler
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Experience sampling method ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,Ecological Momentary Assessment ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Emotions ,Happiness ,Affect (psychology) ,Perception ,Humans ,Personality ,Big Five personality traits ,DIAMONDS ,media_common ,Behavior ,situation perception ,experience sampling ,affect ,Trait ,Self Report ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
Affect and situation perception are intertwined in any given situation, but the extent to which both predict behavior jointly and uniquely has not yet been systematically examined so far. Using 2 studies with experience sampling methodology (ESM), we examine how trait-like variables (Big Six, trait affect, general situation experience) and state-like variables (momentary affect, happiness, and situation perception) account for variance in self-reported behavioral states of the Big Six. In Study 1, we reanalyzed data from Sherman, Rauthmann, Brown, Serfass, and Jones (2015) and found that situation perception explained variance in self-reported behavior in logically coherent ways, but only after considering happiness as an additional predictor. These results were replicated in preregistered Study 2, in which positive and negative affect were additionally assessed as distinct variables. Based on both studies, we conclude that personality traits, affect, and situation perception contribute uniquely to the explanation of self-reported behavior in daily life. Importantly, situation perceptions and affect do overlap, but they are neither the same nor redundant with each other. Indeed, theoretically justified and logically coherent links between situation perceptions and behavioral states remain intact once affect is controlled for, while the links not predicted by theory disappear. These results have implications for personality theories as well as appraisal theories of emotion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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- 2020
46. Examining the relationship between anhedonia symptoms and trait positive appraisal style in adolescents: A longitudinal survey study
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Barnaby D. Dunn, Tamsin Ford, Merve Yilmaz, and Lamprini Psychogiou
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Male ,Social Psychology ,Adolescent ,Anhedonia ,media_common.quotation_subject ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Pleasure ,Risk Factors ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Humans ,Longitudinal Studies ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,media_common ,Response rate (survey) ,Cognitive vulnerability ,Depression ,Survey research ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,behavior and behavior mechanisms ,Trait ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,psychological phenomena and processes ,Cognitive appraisal ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Introduction Anhedonia, defined as a loss of interest and pleasure in previously enjoyable activities, is a core symptom of depression that predicts a poor treatment response in adolescents. We know little about the cognitive vulnerability factors that contribute to the development of anhedonia in youth. This cross-sectional and longitudinal survey study investigated the link between anhedonia symptoms and cognitive appraisal of positive affect. Methods Baseline data were collected from 392 secondary school students in the UK (aged 13–16, 54 % Female), 170 of whom went on to complete the three-month follow-up assessment (a 43 % response rate). Participants rated their anhedonia symptoms and appraisal styles which were measured in terms of use of amplifying appraisals, dampening appraisals, and fear of positive emotion. Results At baseline, greater anhedonia was significantly associated with increased levels of dampening and reduced levels of amplifying but was not significantly related to fear of positive emotion. Prospectively, greater baseline levels of amplifying uniquely predicted lower anhedonia severity at three-month follow-up, and vice-versa. There was no evidence for reciprocal prospective associations between anhedonia and, appraisal styles of dampening and fear of positive emotion. Conclusion These results indicate that cognitive appraisal of positive affect is associated with concurrent and to some extent can predict future symptoms of anhedonia in youth.
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- 2020
47. Put you down versus tune you out: Further understanding active and passive e-mail incivility
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Michael T. Sliter, Zhenyu Yuan, and YoungAh Park
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Adult ,Male ,Incivility ,education ,PsycINFO ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Occupational safety and health ,Article ,Emotionality ,health services administration ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,0502 economics and business ,Humans ,Interpersonal Relations ,Workplace ,Applied Psychology ,health care economics and organizations ,Electronic Mail ,05 social sciences ,Multilevel model ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Middle Aged ,Confirmatory factor analysis ,humanities ,United States ,Diaries as Topic ,Well-being ,Female ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,050203 business & management ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
Although e-mail incivility is becoming a growing concern in the workplace, it remains an understudied topic. Scholars have paid inadequate attention to its dimensionality (i.e., active and passive e-mail incivility) and its impact on well-being outcomes, thus precluding a more comprehensive understanding of its implications in the workplace. To address these gaps, we conducted two studies to investigate the nature and outcomes of e-mail incivility. In Study 1, we surveyed a sample of working employees about their e-mail incivility experiences at work and collected their appraisals of a discrete e-mail incivility event. Confirmatory factor analysis results provide support for the empirical distinction between the 2 dimensions. Findings from event-level appraisals highlight that active e-mail incivility leads to a greater level of emotionality appraisal, whereas passive e-mail incivility is viewed as more ambiguous. In Study 2, we conducted a diary study to examine the spillover effects of e-mail incivility on well-being. Multilevel modeling results indicate that passive e-mail incivility is positively associated with insomnia, which then leads to heightened negative affect at the beginning of the workday. Overall, this research clarifies the nature of e-mail incivility dimensions, highlights their detrimental effects on employee well-being, and identifies important implications for occupational health scholars and practitioners. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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- 2020
48. The impact of event type and geographical proximity on threat appraisal and emotional reactions to Wikipedia articles
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Joachim Kimmerle and Hannah Greving
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Research Facilities ,Emotions ,Social Sciences ,050109 social psychology ,Anxiety ,Anger ,Geographical Locations ,Mathematical and Statistical Techniques ,Sociology ,Psychology ,Objectivity (science) ,Location ,media_common ,Multidisciplinary ,Statistics ,05 social sciences ,Online Encyclopedias ,Europe ,Sadness ,Online encyclopedia ,Physical Sciences ,Medicine ,Neutrality ,Research Laboratories ,Social psychology ,Research Article ,Asia ,Natural Disasters ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Science ,Research and Analysis Methods ,050105 experimental psychology ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Social media ,Mass Media ,Statistical Methods ,Analysis of Variance ,Cultural Characteristics ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Communications ,Attitude ,People and Places ,Earth Sciences ,Encyclopedias ,Terrorism ,Social Media ,Mathematics ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
The online encyclopedia Wikipedia strives for objectivity and neutrality. However, Wikipedia also provides articles about negative events (e.g., earthquakes, terrorist attacks) that likely elicit strong, negative emotions. These emotions might slip into Wikipedia articles. Previous research has demonstrated that Wikipedia articles on terrorist attacks contained more anger-related content than Wikipedia articles on earthquakes. This previous research focused on the expression of emotional reactions in existing Wikipedia articles and used an automatic linguistic analysis tool that counted the number of emotion-related words. In order to extend this approach, the first aim of the present research was to replicate these findings by focusing on the emotional reactions during and after reading the articles. Second, previous research did not look at the geographical location of the negative events, which may be a relevant, influential factor. Emotional reactions may be stronger for geographically closer events (i.e., Europe for Europeans) than for geographically more distant events (i.e., Asia). Two studies, one with few raters rating their emotional reactions to many Wikipedia articles (S1 Study) and another with many raters rating their emotional reactions to few Wikipedia articles (S1 Study), demonstrated that Wikipedia articles on terrorist attacks elicited more threat, anger, sadness, and anxiety than Wikipedia articles on earthquakes. These effects occurred for negative events in Europe but were absent for events in Asia, with one exception. The anger effect was the same across Europe and Asia. Thus, event type and geographical proximity are relevant factors for explaining threat and emotional reactions to Wikipedia articles.
- Published
- 2020
49. Positive Balance at the Emotional Level: Hedonic Well-Being
- Author
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M. Joseph Sirgy
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media_common.quotation_subject ,Contentment ,Jealousy ,Anger ,Disgust ,Sadness ,mental disorders ,Well-being ,Happiness ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,psychological phenomena and processes ,media_common ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
In this chapter I discuss the concept of positive balance at an emotional level. I define positive mental health as follows: Individuals with high levels of well-being experience a preponderance of positive emotions (happiness, joy, elation, contentment, serenity, etc.) relative to negative emotions (anger, hate, disgust, fear, jealousy, envy, etc.). This definition of positive mental health at the emotional level is based on much of the research related to three programs of research in well-being, namely the measurement of positive and negative affect, the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, and flow theory. Furthermore, well-being at the physiological level (neurochemicals associated with the reward system and stress) is said to influence the formation of well-being at the emotional level (hedonic well-being). Positive neurochemicals (dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin) at the physiological level mediated by a process of cognitive appraisal (positive frame) result into positive affect (happiness, joy, contentment, etc.) at the emotional level; and conversely, negative neurochemicals (cortisol) mediated by a process of cognitive appraisal (negative frame) result into negative affect (anger, sadness, jealousy, envy, depression, etc.
- Published
- 2020
50. Target Meaning-Making of Workplace Incivility Based on Perceived Personality Similarity with Perpetrators
- Author
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Daniel Krenn, Dana Kabat-Farr, Benjamin Biermeier-Hanson, and Lisa A. Marchiondo
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Adult ,Male ,Incivility ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Emotions ,050109 social psychology ,Education ,Hostility ,0502 economics and business ,Similarity (psychology) ,Meaning-making ,Humans ,Workplace incivility ,Personality ,Interpersonal Relations ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Workplace ,General Psychology ,media_common ,Mechanism (biology) ,05 social sciences ,Middle Aged ,Social Perception ,Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous) ,Female ,Attribution ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,050203 business & management ,Cognitive appraisal - Abstract
Target meaning-making of incivility (i.e., the ways targets assess uncivil events) has received attention as an important mediating mechanism in explaining the varied outcomes of incivility. The present study draws on person-environment (PE) fit theory, as well as the similarity-attraction paradigm and repulsion hypothesis, to uncover how perceived personality (dis)similarity affects both cognitive (i.e., attribution, negative appraisal) and emotional reactions (i.e., hostility) to incivility. Specifically, we examine whether incongruence between target personality and perceived perpetrator personality worsens target meaning-making (vice versa for personality congruence). Study 1 (N = 479 employees) addressed (dis)similarity in agreeableness, while Study 2 (N = 296 working adults) addressed (dis)similarity in neuroticism. Based on polynomial regressions with response surface modeling, the results generally supported the hypotheses. Along the line of dissimilarity, targets often assessed (i.e., attributed intent to, appraised, reacted emotionally to) uncivil events more negatively when they perceived personality dissimilarity with perpetrators. However, similarity in personality did not always have the opposite effect by buffering against negative assessments; meaning-making was worse when both parties scored high on neuroticism. Implications for workplace incivility and PE fit literatures are discussed, along with practical implications that highlight information elaboration and perspective taking.
- Published
- 2018
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