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Extreme hydrological events (including droughts and floods) produce severe social and economic impacts. Monitoring hydrological processes from remote sensing is necessary to improve understanding and preparedness for these events, with current missions focusing on a range of hydrological variables (i.e., SWOT, SMAP, and GRACE). This study uses output from three state-of-the-art land surface assimilation models and an event clustering algorithm to identify the characteristic spatial and temporal scales of large-scale extreme dry and wet events in the contiguous United States for three major hydrological processes: precipitation, runoff, and soil moisture. We also examine the sensitivity of extreme event characteristics to model resolution and assess intermodel differences. We find that models generally agree in terms of the mean characteristics of events: precipitation dry events are of shorter duration in comparison with soil moisture and runoff events, and more intense events tend to be smaller in area. We also find that mean spatial and temporal characteristics are highly dependent on model resolution—important in the context of detecting and monitoring these events. Results from this study can be used to inform land surface model development, extreme hydrology event detection, and sampling requirements of upcoming remote sensing missions in hydrology. Significance Statement: Understanding the fundamental characteristics of dry and wet extreme events (droughts and floods) is of importance for improving our preparedness and response to events, as well as for designing satellite observing systems that can adequately monitor them. Here we use output from land surface models to determine the average size and duration of large-scale extreme events for the contiguous United States using fine temporal data. We find that events that are most extreme—the most severe floods and droughts—tend to be shorter in duration and smaller in size. We also present an assessment of how three commonly used land surface models detect extreme hydrological events, which is important for assessments based on models. These findings are important for understanding the proportion of events that may be not adequately resolved by current hydrology remote sensing missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound social and economic impact across the United States due to the lockdowns and consequent changes to everyday activities in social spaces. Methods: The COVID-19's Unequal Racial Burden (CURB) survey was a nationally representative, online survey of 5,500 American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, Black/African American, Latino (English- and Spanish-speaking), Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, White, and multiracial adults living in the U.S. For this analysis, we used data from the 1,931 participants who responded to the 6-month follow-up survey conducted between 8/16/2021-9/9/2021. As part of the follow-up survey, participants were asked "What was the worst thing about the pandemic that you experienced?" and "Was there anything positive in your life that resulted from the pandemic?" Verbatim responses were coded independently by two coders using open and axial coding techniques to identify salient themes, definitions of themes, and illustrative quotes, with reconciliation across coders. Chi-square tests were used to estimate the association between sociodemographics and salient themes. Results: Commonly reported negative themes among participants reflected disrupted lifestyle/routine (27.4%), not seeing family and friends (9.8%), and negative economic impacts (10.0%). Positive themes included improved relationships (16.9%), improved financial situation (10.1%), and positive employment changes (9.8%). Differences in themes were seen across race-ethnicity, gender, and age; for example, adults ≥ 65 years old, compared to adults 18–64, were more likely to report disrupted routine/lifestyle (37.6% vs. 24.2%, p < 0.001) as a negative aspect of the pandemic, and Spanish-speaking Latino adults were much more likely to report improved relationships compared to other racial-ethnic groups (31.1% vs. 14.8–18.6%, p = 0.03). Discussion: Positive and negative experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic varied widely and differed across race-ethnicity, gender, and age. Future public health interventions should work to mitigate negative social and economic impacts and facilitate posttraumatic growth associated with pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the changing nature of quality employment in the United States, considering the social and economic consequences of neoliberal policies on the quality and availability of good jobs. Neoliberalism and its policies have profoundly influenced the American economy and impaired the socioeconomic landscape. Access to quality employment is a critical component of the future of work, as it shapes worker identities and empowers them to meet household needs. Quality employment can curb rising inequality, reduce job polarization, close urban-rural divides, and halt the corrosion of trust in American social democracy. This paper proposes a new conceptual and analytical approach to evaluating trends and structural changes in quality employment across American industries. The analytical framework involves a composite indicator — the Quality Employment Index (QEI) — that measures industries' capacity to offer quality employment relative to one another. We use the QEI to rank fifteen American manufacturing industries from 2001 to 2018, and evaluate them in the context of the U.S. political economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Historical & Cultural Studies an Academic Magazine is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Historical & Cultural Studies an Academic Magazine is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines how two major news outlets framed COVID-19 in the months leading up to COVID-19 being declared a pandemic. A combination of computational and manual coding found that the dominant media frames were outbreak, economic consequences, and social consequences. A secondary component of the analysis examined the sources quoted in early media coverage and found that citizens, interest group individuals, and politicians were quoted the most. This suggests that early news coverage of COVID-19 might have contributed to the current politicization of the virus in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do people and communities respond to catastrophes? A natural disaster is a type of external, quasi-random and unexpected catastrophic shock that generates psychological, social and economic implications. Using detailed county level administrative data of charitable contributions, crime and natural hazards in the USA in the recent decade, we empirically identify and quantify the causal effect of natural disasters on prosocial and antisocial behavioral reactions. Our main finding is that while monetary contributions decline in the local affected community in the aftermath of natural disasters, the neighboring and more distant communities react by increasing their charitable giving. Additionally, we find that in the affected community, natural disasters effect crime negatively, dispelling popular conceptions regarding looting, and that while federal assistance crowds out charitable contributions, it does not change the residents reaction to natural disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario Colombiano de Derecho Internacional is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: An overview of the IMPLAN input/output model which is the dominant economic impact model used in the USA, focused on the ways it is abused. Design/methodology/approach: Review of the literature. Findings: 25 ways in which IMPLAN is abused. Research limitations/implications: Continued refinement of IMPLAN in the USA; potential of its extension to other contexts. Practical implications: Beware it is frequently used to confirm an advocacy position of those who commission studies, rather than a search for truth. Social implications: Profound potential for creating falsified outcomes to support sponsor advocacy. Originality/value: Synopsis of IMPLAN literature and identification of abuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Of the 102 studies analyzed, 36 used data from the United States. • Between 2001 and 2018, 2015 was the year with the largest number of published works. • Most studies analyzed data primarily from the period 2000 to 2003. • Construction, agriculture, and transportation has more occupational accidents. • Studies rely heavily on national reporting systems and census as data sources. Abstract Considering that more than half of the world's population is economically active, safe working environments are vital to improving their overall quality of life. The significant social and economic impacts of workplace fatalities highlight the need to better understanding this subject. The present study aims to investigate the economic sectors and geographic regions that have the largest number of studies on the subject of work-related fatal accidents. The following databases were used in order to conduct the literature mapping: PubMed, VHL Brazil, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Our research includes studies published between 2001 and 2018, that used data ranging from 1946 to 2016 drawn from more than 30 countries, and over 10 sectors with fatal occupational accidents. Of the 102 studies analyzed, 36 used data from the United States, making it the country with the largest number of studies published on fatal occupational accidents. Moreover, 2015 was found to be the year with the largest number of published works on the subject, analyzing data primarily from the period 2000 to 2003. Construction, agriculture, and transportation emerged as the economic sectors with the highest mortality risk due to occupational accidents, followed by the fishing and forestry industries. The analysis of the terms in the abstracts highlighted the emphasis on national reporting systems and census data as the primary sources for mortality data. These results pave the way for an analysis of the relationship between number of studies and mortality rates, as well as methodology and the coverage of studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its inception, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has sponsored studies of the space program's ancillary effects. This article reviews the major studies of NASA's economic, technological, scientific, management, and social impacts. In addition, the article presents the results of a Columbia University research project which investigated NASA's influence on the U.S. computer and semiconductor industries and the agency's impact on astronomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of acute and chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) in the United States is more than 10,000 per year, resulting in 720 cases per million persons enduring permanent disability each year. The economic impact of SCI is estimated to be more than 4 billion dollars annually. Preclinical studies, case reports, and small clinical trials suggest that early treatment may improve neurological recovery. To date, no proven therapeutic modality exists that has demonstrated a positive effect on neurological outcome. Emerging data from recent preclinical and clinical studies offer hope for this devastating condition. This review gives an overview of current basic research and clinical studies for the treatment of SCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case begins with a contextual overview of the educational plight of Latino students in U.S. public schools. This pervasive plight has economic and social implications in the lives of these students. Using a Borderlands Cultural Wealth framework, the case focuses on the educational challenges of Mexican American and immigrant students in one of the poorest areas in the Rio Grande Valley of south Texas. The school principal is faced with the challenge of trying to reform educational practices, but the deficit perspectives of the teachers are in direct contrast to what the students need to be successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the report entitled "Child Food Insecurity: The Economic Impact on our Nation," commissioned by Feeding America and the ConAgra Foods Foundation. The report provides an overview of the impact of food insecurity and hunger on children in the U.S. It also notes the themes emerge in the report including the problem of child hunger, child hunger is an educational problem and child hunger is a workforce job-readiness problem.

Christian churches have assumed a central role in the social, economic, and political life of Sāmoa. Sāmoans are intensely committed to religion and express this commitment in participation in, and support for, the work of the churches. This article makes no comment on the rights of churches to seek contributions from their adherents, or of adherents to make contributions. However, the cash and labor contributed to churches has economic and social consequences for the trajectory of both village and national development. This article presents a profile of these contributions, a preliminary estimate of the scale of contributions to the Church, and an evaluation of the significance of these levels of support for the Church foe Samoan village and national economies. This article also considers the sustainability of the trends outlined and some evidence of shifts in these historical patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes theoretical venture capital (VC) industry development aspects. We present statistical data of social and economical impact related to U.S. and European VC market examples. Reviewing the taxes and fiscal regime initiatives specific to the Canary Islands, we create a VC impact model for social and economical development. We summarize experts' opinions regarding impediments to a successful VC market in the Canary Islands. Summarizing theoretical and practical aspects and following other countries' examples, we suggest the models and recommendations on how to build venture capital industry in the Canary Islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the primary mode of atmospheric variability over the Atlantic Ocean and plays an important role in climate variability over eastern North America. The frequency of extreme climate events and the associated social and economic impacts is also tied to the strength and phase of the NAO. In this study, seasonal phases of the NAO are compared to changes in the frequency and distribution of winter season (December–March) precipitation-type observations for the years 1961–2001 in the eastern U.S. Statistically significant increases in the frequency of rain observations across the study region are associated with positive NAO phases. Additionally, significant increases in the occurrence of snow are confined to the northern portion of the eastern U.S. during positive NAO phases. Connections between the phase of the NAO and the prevailing synoptic-scale circulation, at least partially, explain the inter-seasonal distribution of precipitation types across the eastern U.S. Using an intra-seasonal or intra-monthly NAO index may reveal a more robust relationship between snowfall observations across the eastern U.S. and surface pressure variability over the North Atlantic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the significance of using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) modelling in the U.S. It states that the usage of GIS has two foci that are coincident with the two scales of mine action which has been delegated to the realm of remote sensing and large-scale action which is the main focus of GIS. It also mentions that the key concept to be aware of is that GIS based mine action is an effort toward area reduction. In addition, the landmine crisis is one that is of great importance to the global community in terms of the economic impact and in terms of cost of human-life.

Based upon a review of current literature, a comprehensive overview of the economic and social impacts on immigrants as a result of September 11th, 2001 and the erosion of legal, civil and social rights stem- ming from policies instituted in its aftermath are presented. Restrictionist and exclusionary social policies initiated in the United States prior to the events of September 11th are also discussed. These will be analyzed in the context of globalization and the increased migration that has been taking place since the 1990s, considering how all of these factors intersect and threaten the human rights of large numbers of immigrants. Finally current immigration policy alternatives and their implications for human rights and social inclusion are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a longtime member of the Senate Appropriations Committee, Senator Robert C. Byrd has earned a reputation for successfully procuring supplemental federal spending for West Virginia. Indeed, Byrd has become nearly synonymous with 'pork barrel' spending in both the national and West Virginia press. This article attempts to elucidate the connections between pork spending, honorary place names, and political stature by focusing on Senator Byrd's efforts since 1989. After describing illustrative spending projects related to transportation and higher education, this article suggests how these expenditures may affect economic growth, electoral results, and political stature. While the economic impact of pork in this case is debatable, it is likely that its political significance, especially the practice of naming projects after Senator Byrd, plays a more substantive role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a demographic portrait of young Hispanic children compared to young non-Hispanic Whites. New results from Census 2000 describe family and economic circumstances of children aged 08, as well as pre-K/nursery school and kindergarten enrollment for the United States, and for the 9 states with the largest number of young Hispanic children (Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, and Texas). Most results in this article are presented in Tables 1 and 2, and these results along with many additional topics are available at the website of the Center for Social and Demographic Analysis, University at Albany, State University of New York: www.albany.edu/CSDA/children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article identifies the independent effect of Wal-Mart Stores Inc.'s (WMS) retail stores on changes in social capital in the U.S. in the 1990's. A conceptual model of the processes leading to changes in social capital is proposed. Researchers hypothesize that big-box corporations depress social capital stocks in local communities. This intensifies the adverse effects of losing local philanthropic capacity, reinvestment of surpluses and community-specific knowledge or capital. It is found that social capital stocks are lower in communities in which new WMS stores were built and in communities that already had a WMS at the beginning of the 1990's.

The holiday effect phenomenon has been studied in industry sectors such as securities, retail, and so on. Literature is devoid of a purposeful study specific to the hospitality industry that evaluates the economic impact of holidays on the hotel industry. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of holidays on hotel daily revenue. Using daily occupancy data of the U.S. lodging industry between January 2000 and February 2004, the study found a significant holiday effect prevalent in the hotel industry. Findings indicate that individual effects of holidays on hotel daily revenue differ significantly from one to another In addition, some holidays have differential impacts depending on the day of the week on which they fall. Findings can be used to develop more targeted strategies by the lodging industry as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought events across the United States since 1995 illustrate the country’s continuing vulnerability to drought. Officials are beginning to recognize the need for enhanced mitigation actions to reduce the increasing economic, environmental, and social impacts of droughts. One way to better understand a region’s drought vulnerability and identify the appropriate mitigation actions to take is to conduct a drought risk analysis. However, drought risk can be a confusing concept for many planners. For this reason, a simplified, flexible framework for conducting a drought risk analysis is presented. This framework is based on a combination of natural hazards theory and interactions with a variety of drought planners in the field, and is intended to be a practical, action-oriented model to assist drought planners on a variety of political and geographic scales. Several case studies are also discussed to demonstrate the application of such a model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the impact of technology on privacy and security. The United States Constitution declares a level of protection for the rights of individual citizens against oppression by their government that has made the U.S. unique. The right to privacy is one right that has become a firmly entrenched American value, even though it is not explicitly enumerated in the Constitution. Since face recognition systems represent leading-edge and rapidly changing technology, this technology is currently a major issue in the area of social impact of technology.

Abstract: How will progress against mortality affect the size and age composition of the United States population over the next century? To gain some insight into this question, three scenarios are examined: no future progress against mortality; steady reductions in mortality at all ages at a rate of 2 per ¢ per year; and a radical breakthrough in the year 2000 that cuts mortality in half. All three scenarios substantially shift the composition of the US population toward older ages, steady progress resulting in the most radical change. If mortality is reduced 2 per ¢ per year, by 2080 almost two-fifths of the population would be above age 65 and the number of centenarians would approach 19 million. The social, economic, and public health consequences of this new demography, although speculative and uncertain, are so important that detailed analysis and planning are warranted. (Am! J Public Health 1986; 76:430-433.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most analyses of the 1974 congressional elections have failed to find significant effects for either Watergate or personal financial conditions, despite the prominence of both of these issues in the campaign. An alternative thesis argues that the effect was indirect, through the selection of better-than-usual Democratic candidates and weaker Republican contestants for House seats. Reanalyzing campaign finance data, we challenge this thesis and then move on to a different type of analysis from that which traditionally has been done in retrospective voting studies. With the use of the 1972-1974 panel of the Center for Political Studies, we examine separately the voting behavior of what V. O. Key, Jr. called "standpatters"and "switchers." The former are motivated primarily by party identification, with small Watergate effects. Our probit analylsis for switchers, on the other hand, finds much weaker party identification effects, but, interestingly, much more pronounced Watergate and economic impacts. Furthermore, an analysis of the sample compared to the population of districts in 1974 suggests that a more representative sample would lead to even more pronounced impacts for Watergate and the economy than even we have found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the perceptions of citizens on the economic impact of the auto assembly plant of the Saturn Corp. during 1990 and 1991. Many local residents hold Saturn responsible for causing property tax increases and for causing school overcrowding and increased housing costs. In this respect, Saturn assumes primacy in shaping local policy decisions. Residents of Maury County have not shared much in new employment opportunities nor do they feel that Saturn has paid its fair share for the services it receives. Rather, most residents of Maury County, at least, thought in 1991 that Saturn made their community a worse place to live. Most Williamson County residents, in contrast, held more favorable opinions about Saturn's impacts. Further, the opinion treads in Maury County portend considerably more conflict over local resource allocation decisions to expand services believed to be occasioned by Saturn. If the growing popular dissatisfaction with Saturn translates into greater community activism and expression at the polls, more challenges to the community's policies to accommodate or promote growth can be expected. Local business interests may have a disproportionate influence on local development policy, but a popular basis for new challenges to the growth machine exists if more residents perceive the costs of growth to outweigh its benefits.

We review the history of gaming and its taxation in the U.S., particularly in regard to the idea of "sin taxes," which were often presented as policy instruments intended to control problem gamblers. The review suggests that raising taxes neither encourages moderation nor replaces negative external costs. We follow the review with a socioeconomic impact analysis of a proposed four percent Federal Gaming Tax by simulating its impact on Clark County, Nevada for the period 1995-2004 using a large scale econometric multi-regional model. Clark County is of interest because it is where Las Vegas is located. The analysis reveals that the proposed tax would lead to a measurable decline in Clark County's jobs, population, disposable income, and total industrial during the forecast period. By 2004, total industrial output would be 1.3 percent lower under the proposed tax and Clark County would experience a loss of $1.39 in real disposable income for every gaming tax dollar collected by Federal Government. These reductions, coupled particularly with the loss of thousands of jobs in Las Vegas area hotels/casinos predicted by the analysis suggest that increased demands on social services in Clark County would result. These findings, together with the lack of evidence that raising taxes would promote moderation or reduce external negative costs, lead us to argue that excise taxes represent an unattractive option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employee theft is estimated to cost American business up to $40 billion annually. The costs to society include increased business failures, along with the resulting losses in jobs and tax revenues, and higher prices passed on to consumers. An intangible societal cost is the operation of the private justice system, completely separate from the criminal justice system. Because private employers focus on preventing crimes against their businesses, including employee theft, apprehending and prosecuting criminals ex post facto is rarely a priority, and prosecution is often avoided as troublesome and unsettling. Employee thieves generally do not feel any long-term commitment to the employer and are not motivated by financial need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a report on the educational implications of social, economic, and political trends in the United States during the year 1934. A committee set up by the Department of Superintendence of the U.S.-based National Education Association prepared the report. Since the manipulation of government in the interests of minority, self-seeking groups had persisted through the ignorance of the general electorate, the lack of dissemination of facts and issues, it was clear that the educational program must accept its share of responsibility for correcting that evil. The report suggested that in order to accomplish this, the educational program must educate both the adults and the young people of the Nation in the general and specific purposes, which should be served by government. It should also develop the principles and outlines of a more functional democratic political system, which operated on clearly defined economic and social issues. The report also suggested that the new curriculum must become more and more realistic in considering the problems, which were most pertinent to the progress of civilization.

The social and economic implications of the Airbnb phenomenon have been the subject of much research. Yet, the academic literature on Airbnb is nascent. Specifically, the issue of whether major macroeconomic conditions affect the supply of Airbnb has not been investigated. To address this gap, we propose a conceptual model that explains the determinants of Airbnb supply and examine the extent to which major macroeconomic factors affect the supply of Airbnb. Specifically, we analyze the effects of hotel room rates (ADR), hotel demand, tourism demand, house prices, gross domestic product (GDP), wages and unemployment on the supply of Airbnb in 50 U.S. states. Results show that increases in hotel ADR, house prices, and GDP have contributed to an increase in the supply of Airbnb, whereas increases in unemployment rates and wages have adverse effects on Airbnb supply. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed within realms of macroeconomic theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gun violence remains a major burden on the US healthcare system, with annual cost exceeding $170 billion. Literature on the national trends in cost and survival of gun violence victims requiring operative interventions is lacking.Study Design: All adults admitted with a diagnosis of gunshot wound requiring operative intervention were identified using the 2005-2016 National Inpatient Sample. The ICD Injury Severity Score, a validated prediction tool, was used to quantify the extent of traumatic injuries. Survey-weighted methodology was used to provide national estimates. Hospitalizations exceeding the 66th percentile of annual cost were considered as high-cost tertile. Multivariable logistic regressions with stepwise forward selection were used to identify factors associated with mortality and high-cost tertile.Results: During the study period, 262,098 admissions met inclusion criteria with a significant increase in annual frequency and decrease in ICD Injury Severity Scores. A decline in mortality (8.6% to 7.6%; parametric test of trend = 0.03) was accompanied by increasing mean cost ($25,900 to $33,000; nonparametric test of trend < 0.001). After adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics, head and neck (adjusted odds ratio 31.2; 95% CI, 11.0 to 88.4; p < 0.001), vascular operations (adjusted odds ratio 24.5; 95% CI, 19.2 to 31.1; p < 0.001), and gastrointestinal (adjusted odds ratio 27.8; 95% CI, 17.2 to 44.8; p < 0.001) were independently associated with high-cost tertile designation compared with patients who did not undergo these operations.Conclusions: During the past decade, the increase in gun violence and severity has resulted in higher cost. Operations involving selected surgical treatments incurred higher in-hospital cost. Given the profound economic and social impact of surgically treated gunshot wounds, policy and public health efforts to reduce gun violence are imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on a survey on the relationship between family circumstances and child well-being in the U.S. It mentions that between 2007 and 2009 the economy of the U.S. experienced a severe recession effecting workers and their families. It also discusses prevalence of poorly controlled asthma in children with asthma and factors associated with poorly controlled asthma during the U.S. economic recession. It also presents information on the guidelines issued by the U.S. National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute in 2007 for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. It informs that prevalence of poorly controlled asthma did not vary significantly by age, gender, or race of the children.