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This article explores significant factors influencing the process of Arab American racial formation. I bring into conversation theories of racial formation and ‘political shock’ in social movement scholarship to develop the notion of ‘racialized political shock’ as an important factor in how racial and ethnic groups mobilize and organize. Many moments of political shock are highly racialized and have the potential to reorder the racial and ethnic landscape in ways that can open opportunities or introduce constraints to mobilizations around racial formation. Drawing on existing studies of Arab Americans, this paper highlights how Arab American racial formation has been galvanized during moments of racialized political shock. In the Arab American case, these moments have led to a call for recognition outside the category of white. I conclude by outlining ways forward in the study of Arab Americans, who have been overlooked in studies of race and ethnicity in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The study investigates Arab and Muslim students’ social relationships on 21 community college campuses in the USA (N = 753), with comparison groups of African Americans, Latinos, Asians, and Whites (N = 567). Survey findings revealed a positive relationship between campus friendships and sense of belonging, controlling for ethnic and religious identities, and perceived discrimination on campus. Individual group differences were found among Arab Christians, Arab Muslims, and non-Arab Muslims, and the comparison group. As an earlier publication based on the same study revealed, 75% of Arab and Muslim students’ campus friendships were either same ethnic and/or same faith, with only a quarter of campus friendships being of different ethnicity and different religion. Although such results suggest the existence of ethno-religious enclaves, this paper concludes that Arab and Muslim students are not purposely enacting their own ethno-religious balkanization, but—like other ethnic groups—forging their own campus communities within the larger campus community. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A literary criticism of "The Reluctant Fundamentalist" book by Mohsin Hamid is presented. Topics discussed include analysis of changes in social conditions of Muslims in the U.S. after terrorist attack of September 11, 2001; assessment of coup d'état in Chile on September 11, 1973 with involvement of the U.S.; and rediscovery of Chile's incident as repercussions of the U.S. terrorist attack historizing conditions.

The article presents information on the traditional and religious attire of Muslim females in Western countries, Europe especially Great Britain, as a result of the anti Muslim sentiment after the 9/11 incident in the U.S. It discusses the psychology of population when it feels threatened. The Muslim community felt threatened after the 9/11 incident and they reacted by attaching themselves strongly to their religion. In most European countries, the ban on wearing the veil was implemented without consulting women, the prime stake holders of the ban, and was interpreted as saving Muslim women. It also mentions that the freedom of women to wear what they want is compromised with the implementation of the legislation.

In 2011, al-Qaeda leader, Osama Bin Laden, was killed in Pakistan and the US president, Barack Obama, concluded a decade of global ‘war against terror’. In light of this, it seems only sensible to explore what implications the post-9/11 international developments have had on a local basis in specific national contexts. With this in mind, this article focuses on Denmark and discusses how the critical event of 9/11 motivated a security/integration response, including various pre-emptive measures that have cast the Muslim population asthe usual suspects. It will discuss how these changes have affected the everyday lives of ordinary Danish Muslims over the last ten years and changed the relationship between majorities and minorities. Finally, it will also examine how and why recent national and international events have created the potential for another shift in majority–minority relations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers information on the demographic changes and cultural division that took place in Europe after the terrorist attacks in the U.S. by Al-Qaeda on September 11, 2001. Topics discussed include Islamophobia and the fear of the Islamic religion and Muslims, the rise of anti-Muslim parties like the British National Party (BNP), and social and racial homogeneity. The social integration of Muslim immigrants in Europe is also discussed.

After 9/11 the definition of terrorism flourished inside and outside of US. However, terrorism and taking hostage were so old so imperialism. In this paper, we examine critically the argument of a senior Scholar of tourism and hospitality fields, Sevil Somnez. Based on the paper Tourism, Terrorism, and Political Instability, we highlight not only her findings, because she was a pioneer in these types of studies, and merits credit for that, but also painstakingly delve our attention into the limitations, flaws or misunderstanding of her text. From Somnez's onwards, many scholars have proposed to take tourism-industry as a peace-promoting resource in order for states to eradicate terrorism. But what would happen if tourism would be terrorism by other means?. This and other troubling points will be critically explored in this essay review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an examination of the reaction that conservatives in the United States had to the election of U.S. President Barack Obama. It responds to the article "Of Teachable Moments and Specters of Race" by Kevin Gaines in the same issue and asserts that religion, as well as race, was a central factor in the far right's response to President Obama's election. It examines the 2008 election in light of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and explores the religious and racial tones that accompany anti-Muslim attitudes. Additionally, it discusses the global popularity of U.S. President Barack Obama.

The article presents the author's views on the issues related to the foreigners such as their identities, and how they are treated and interrogated in the United States and Canada after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The author also talks about the book "Of Hospitality," by Jacques Derrida, and mentions on the "economy of hospitality." Being a foreigner in the United States, the author mentions about his personal experience on the issues related to foreigners. While talking about law of hospitality, the author mentions about Derrida's conditional and unconditional laws of hospitality.

A letter to the editor is provided in response to the article "Doing science while black," by E.J. Smith in the Working Life column of the September 30, 2016 and to questions concerning prejudgment based on appearance in science, preventing prejudice and advice on confronting prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]