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Living according to one's personal values is expected to promote mental health and satisfaction with life. However, there is scarce empirical research on the effects of the relative importance of values and their realization in daily life. We implemented a new measure to examine the realization of Schwartz's values and its correlation with mental health and satisfaction with life in two German online samples. Analysis of sample 1 ( n = 6,989; 70.2% female) reveals that both the importance and realization of Schwartz's values have a hierarchical organization corresponding to basic requirements of successful social functioning. Correlational analyses between the importance and realization of values indicate that with respect to their importance, values representing conservation are more consistently realized than values representing self-transcendence, self-enhancement, and openness to change. In sample 2 ( n = 163; 71.3% female), hierarchical regression analysis show that realization of values significantly predicts mental health and satisfaction with life. The realization of values indicating openness to change (e.g., stimulation, hedonism) is especially associated with better mental health and higher satisfaction with life. The health-promoting and health-harming effects of value realization as well as discrepancies between value importance and realization might be considered in clinical interventions and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored the different factors that affect mental health of adolescents. A total of 1209 adolescents participated of which 591 adolescents responded in English and 618 adolescents responded in Hindi. The participants were given a language choice. About 1089 adolescents were attending school and 120 adolescents were school dropouts. In the current study, original tripartite structure of Hindi-translated Mental Health Continuum Short Form was confirmed. The measurement invariance results indicated that Mental Health Continuum Short Form is a valid scale in English and Hindi languages. Multivariate results indicated age group (early vs. middle vs. late), type of school (government vs. private), place of residence (urban vs. rural), ability to express thoughts and opinion in front of parents, presence of relaxed environment at home and satisfaction with dressing style affected adolescent's mental health. Adolescents attending school displayed better mental health functioning than drop outs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In her searching paper “Going Too Far: Relational Heroines and Relational Excess,” (this issue) Slochower finds the potential for excess as inherent in any psychoanalytic theory. I argue that context is key in understanding this phenomenon within relational psychoanalysis; what she describes may not be the case for other theories. The beginnings of relational theory as a movement, generational and radical, could lead to therapeutic overconfidence or certainty around countertransference insights and disclosures. Slochower sees an abundance of certainty in this stance, as well as pressure for premature mutuality. As a complement or balance to this intense mode of interpersonal engagement, Slochower elaborates her own work on holding, wherein the analyst “brackets” her experience and respects the patient’s need for privacy and nonimpingement. Uncertainty is an affirmative stance in letting the patient’s inner life come into being. There are a number of polarities in Slochower’s paper—between mutuality and privacy, certainty and uncertainty, and in the origin story of relational psychoanalysis between relational and classical theories. I argue that pluralism offers a path forward from polarities to a rich complex world of multiple possibilities and recognition of different minds and theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This response to the commentaries by Drs. Willock and Cornell explores themes raised in their commentaries related to regression, containment, and unconscious processes in analyses that feature intergenerational trauma. In addition, this response seeks to elaborate on how a psychoanalyst and patient might respond clinically to the “errand” presented to them by previous generations that “haunt” the treatment as ghosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I respond to Dr. Slochower’s “Going Too Far: Relational Heroines and Relational Excess” from my vantage point as a second generation relational analyst. While mindful of the risks of overemphasizing expressiveness and interaction (Stern, 2014), I do not see the pervasive clinical excess Dr. Slochower critiques as representative of relational work today. I appreciate many of Dr. Slochower’s suggestions for advancing the “individual element” and focusing on the inner world. My principle differences involve some of the assumptions that underlie Dr. Slochower’s discussion in her paper. Specifically, I believe that relational psychoanalysis represents a paradigm shift and not an over-reach in a dialogic pendulum. I question the shaping role Dr. Slochower assigns to analytic ideals in contemporary theory and practice. I differ with her interpretation of mutuality and uncertainty, which I understand to be descriptions of aspects of the analytic relationship and the analyst’s relationship to knowledge, rather than ideals that direct clinical conduct. I suggest that analytic intent, which I define by building on Mitchell’s (2000) notion of the analyst’s intention with the addition of analytic love, offers a more useful compass for navigating the therapeutic journey than the concept of relational ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined adolescents' ability to utilize emotional repair-to actively change negative moods to more positive moods-as a predictor of the quality of their developing peer and romantic relationships over time. Utilizing observational data and partners' reports, adolescents ( N = 184), their close peers, and their romantic partners were followed from ages 15-19. Adolescents with initially stronger emotional repair abilities were rated as increasingly socially competent over time, and both displayed and experienced increasingly positive interactive behaviors with close peers over time. These adolescents' romantic partners also reported more positive relationships, with enhanced communication, and fewer critical, blaming, or hostile interactions. Implications for the role of emotional repair abilities in the development of successful relationships during adolescence are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aims to define the characteristics of adolescents who have engaged in self-harm behavior and ascertain the risk factors. Methods From January 2013 to January 2014, 4,176 adolescents from senior middle schools in Linyi, China, were administered four questionnaire surveys to ascertain the following: incidence of self-harm behavior regarding the frequency of different self-harm behaviors by group (never/one to five times/greater than five times in the last 6 months) and then comparing the self-harm behavior of the different subgroups; symptom self-check, comparing the differences between the adolescents with self-harm behavior and without in nine subscales (somatization, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, fear, paranoid, and psychosis); Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check List scores; and Egna Minnenav Barndoms Uppfostran (EMBU) scores. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors of self-harm in adolescents. Results The incidence of adolescent self-harm was 27.60%; the occurrence of adolescent self-harm was closely related to their mental health status, stressful life events, and EMBU. Being female, an urban student, or an only child; having poor school performance or experiences of stressful life events, harsh parenting styles, or excessive interference; and poor mental health were the risk factors for adolescent self-harm. Conclusions The incidence of adolescent self-harm was high, and their mental health status, stressful life events, and EMBU affected the occurrence of adolescent self-harm, which is an issue that needs greater attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Little attention has been paid to potential relationships between mental health, trauma, and personal exposures to Ebola virus disease (EVD) and health behaviors in post-conflict West Africa. We tested a conceptual model linking mental health and trauma to EVD risk behaviors and EVD prevention behaviors.Methods and Findings: Using survey data from a representative sample in the Western Urban and Western Rural districts of Sierra Leone, this study examines associations between war exposures, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depression, anxiety, and personal EVD exposure (e.g., having family members or friends diagnosed with EVD) and EVD-related health behaviors among 1,008 adults (98% response rate) from 63 census enumeration areas of the Western Rural and Western Urban districts randomly sampled at the height of the EVD epidemic (January-April 2015). Primary outcomes were EVD risk behaviors (14 items, Cronbach's α = 0.84) and EVD prevention behaviors (16 items, Cronbach's α = 0.88). Main predictors comprised war exposures (8 items, Cronbach's α = 0.85), anxiety (10 items, Cronbach's α = 0.93), depression (15 items, Cronbach's α = 0.91), and PTSD symptoms (16 items, Cronbach's α = 0.93). Data were analyzed using two-level, population-weighted hierarchical linear models with 20 multiply imputed datasets. EVD risk behaviors were associated with intensity of depression symptoms (b = 0.05; 95% CI 0.00, 0.10; p = 0.037), PTSD symptoms (b = 0.10; 95% CI 0.03, 0.17; p = 0.008), having a friend diagnosed with EVD (b = -0.04; 95% CI -0.08, -0.00; p = 0.036), and war exposures (b = -0.09; 95% CI -0.17, -0.02; p = 0.013). EVD prevention behaviors were associated with higher anxiety (b = 0.23; 95% CI 0.06, 0.40; p = 0.008), having a friend diagnosed with EVD (b = 0.15; 95% CI 0.04, 0.27; p = 0.011), and higher levels of war exposure (b = 0.45; 95% CI 0.16, 0.74; p = 0.003), independent of mental health. PTSD symptoms were associated with lower levels of EVD prevention behavior (b = -0.24; 95% CI -0.43, -0.06; p = 0.009).Conclusions: In post-conflict settings, past war trauma and mental health problems are associated with health behaviors related to combatting EVD. The associations between war trauma and both EVD risk behaviors and EVD prevention behaviors may be mediated through two key mental health variables: depression and PTSD symptoms. Considering the role of mental health in the prevention of disease transmission may help fight continuing and future Ebola outbreaks in post-conflict Sierra Leone. This sample is specific to Freetown and the Western Area and may not be representative of all of Sierra Leone. In addition, our main outcomes as well as personal EVD exposure, war exposures, and mental health predictors rely on self-report, and therefore raise the possibility of common methods bias. However, the findings of this study may be relevant for understanding dynamics related to EVD and mental health in other major capital cities in the EVD-affected countries of West Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although recent studies have found contingent self-esteem (CSE) to be negatively related to individuals' well-being, research concerning its implications for motivation and engagement is scarce. In two studies, we investigated the relation between CSE, motivation, and engagement in achievement-related situations. A first cross-sectional study among second year high school students (N = 641; 54.1% female) confirmed the hypothesized motivational ambiguity associated with academic CSE. Beyond the contribution of academic self-esteem, academic CSE was positively related to behavioral and emotional engagement, but also to emotional disaffection and test anxiety. These associations could partially be explained by motivational quality, as CSE was also positively related to both autonomous and controlled types of motivation. In a second experimental study among university students (N = 72; 70.8% female), who participated in a tangram puzzle task under varying feedback circumstances, global CSE related to more tension, while predicting less behavioral task perseverance. These effects were not moderated by the type of feedback provided (i.e., positive vs. negative). Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ways in which a neighborhood environment may affect depression and depressive symptoms have not been thoroughly explored. This study used longitudinal data from 5475 adults in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis to investigate associations of time-varying depressive symptoms between 2000 and 2012 (measured using the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)) with survey-based measures of neighborhood safety and social cohesion (both individual-level perceptions and neighborhood-level aggregates) and densities of social engagement destinations. Linear mixed models were used to examine associations of baseline cross-sectional associations and cumulative exposures with changes over time in CES-D. Econometric fixed effects models were utilized to investigate associations of within-person changes in neighborhood exposures with within-person changes in CES-D. Adjusting for relevant covariates, higher safety and social cohesion and greater density of social engagement destinations were associated with lower CES-D at baseline. Greater cumulative exposure to these features was not associated with progression of CES-D over 10 years. Within-person increases in safety and in social cohesion were associated with decreases in CES-D, although associations with cohesion were not statistically significant. Social elements of neighborhoods should be considered by community planners and public health practitioners to achieve optimal mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's insights on the cognitive and emotional aspects of people. Topics mentioned include the importance of mental healht to the well-being of people, the social aspects of imagination and consciousness, and the insights of author Ralf Schneider on the cognitive approach of people when reading fiction books.

This pilot study tested the efficacy of a 30-min audio-visual stimulation (AVS) program for the treatment of chronic insomnia in older adults. Chronic insomnia has been conceptualized as entailing increased cortical high frequency EEG activity at sleep onset and during NREM sleep. We hypothesized that an AVS program gradually descending from 8 to 1 Hz would potentially reduce the excessive cortical activation that is thought to contribute to difficulties with initiating and maintaining sleep. Accordingly, we conducted an intervention study of AVS using a pre-post design. Eight older adults (88 ± 8.7 years) complaining of chronic insomnia self-administered a 30-min AVS program nightly at bedtime for one month. Sleep was assessed at baseline and throughout the 4-week intervention. After using AVS for 4 weeks, significant improvement was reported in insomnia symptoms (ISI, p = 0.002) and sleep quality (PSQI, p = 0.004); with moderate to large effect sizes (Partial Eta2: 0.20-0.55)(Cohen's d: 0.7-2.3). The training effect (self-reported sleep improvement) was observed at the end of week one and persisted through the 1-month intervention. The results from this pilot study suggest that further exploration of AVS as a treatment for insomnia is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined social information processing factors that could represent pathways through which posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms relate to anger expression and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration in returning U.S. veterans. The sample included 92 male Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans, primarily Caucasian (77.4%), with smaller numbers of African American, Asian, Hispanic or Latino, American Indian or Alaskan Native, and other minority participants (9.7%, 2.2%, 2.2%, 3.2%, and 5.3% respectively). The average age was 40.37 ( SD = 9.63) years. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires (PTSD Checklist, State-Trait Anger Expression Scale, Revised Conflict Tactics Scales) and the Articulated Thoughts in Simulated Situations experimental protocol. Laboratory-based assessment of cognitive biases and hostile attributions were tested as mediators of associations between PTSD symptoms and anger expression and IPV. Among the PTSD symptom clusters, hyperarousal symptoms were most strongly associated with anger expression ( r = .50) and IPV perpetration ( r = .27). Cognitive biases mediated associations between PTSD total scores and 3 of 4 PTSD cluster scores as well as anger expression. Hostile attribution biases were also associated with IPV perpetration ( r = .23). We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding social information processing mechanisms for the relationship between PTSD symptoms and aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youths’ ability to positively cope with negative emotions and their self-perceived friendship competence were examined as potential moderators of links between multiple aspects of romantic relationships and residualized increases in depressive symptoms from late adolescence into early adulthood. Participants included 184 teens (46% male; 42% non-White) assessed at ages 15 to 19 and 21, as well as a subsample of 62 romantic partners of participants assessed when teens were 18. Results of hierarchical linear regressions showed that positive coping served as a buffer against depressive symptoms for romantically involved adolescents and also for teens receiving more intense emotional support from their romantic partners, but not for youth whose relationship had ended and had not been replaced by a new relationship. Higher perceived friendship competence served as a buffer against depressive symptoms for youth enduring the dissolution and nonreplacement of their romantic relationship. Greater use of positive coping skills and higher perceived friendship competence may help protect adolescents from depressive symptoms in different types of romantic experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activities designed to be performed outside of the intervention are considered an essential aspect of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy. However, these have received little attention in interventions aimed at individuals with subclinical depressive symptoms who do not yet meet diagnostic criteria for depression (indicated prevention). In this study, the completion of tasks given as homework and their relationship with post-treatment depressive symptoms was with relation to an indicated prevention of depression intervention. Eighty-nine female non-professional caregivers recruited from an official registry completed an intervention involving 11 homework tasks. Tasks performed were recorded and depressive symptoms were assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Among caregivers, 80.9% completed 9-11 tasks. The number of tasks performed was associated with post-treatment depressive symptoms, with 9 being optimal for clinically signifi cant improvement. These findings highlight the relationship between homework and post-treatment depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the cross-cultural generalizability of theories about different variants of psychopathy was tested in 125 detained male adolescents between the ages of 14 and 18 years old. Participants were recruited from two juvenile detention facilities in Romania situated in two different regions of the country. The results of the current study suggest that detained adolescents with high rates of callous-unemotional (CU) traits and high levels of anxiety/depression scored higher on measures of impulsivity, aggression and adjustment associated with emotional dysregulation than groups high on CU traits only or groups low on both CU and anxiety/depression. Also, the only measure in which the group high on CU traits but low on anxiety differed from those low on both dimensions was in showing higher levels of proactive relational aggression. The implications of these findings for the cross-cultural generalizability of theories of primary and secondary psychopathy and for the designating groups of detained adolescents with significant mental health needs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current supremacy of the 'bio-bio-bio' model within the discipline of psychiatry has progressively marginalized social science approaches to mental health. This situation begs the question, what role is there for the anthropology of mental health? In this essay, I contend that there are three essential roles for the anthropology of mental health in an era of biological psychiatry. These roles are to (i) provide a meaningful critique of practices, beliefs, and movements within current psychiatry; (ii) illuminate the socio-cultural, clinical, and familial context of suffering and healing regarding emotional distress/mental illness; and (iii) act as a catalyst for positive change regarding healing, services and provisions for people with emotional distress/mental illness. My argument is unified by my contention that a credible anthropology of mental health intending to make a societal contribution should offer no opposition without proposition. In other words, any critique must be counter-balanced by the detailing of solutions and proposals for change. This will ensure that the anthropology of mental health continues to contribute critical knowledge to the understanding of mental suffering, distress, and healing. Such social and cultural approaches are becoming especially important given the widespread disenchantment with an increasingly dominant biological psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are all narcissists, and necessarily so, since healthy narcissism is one of the main routes available to us for nourishing and protecting ourselves. Like all personality traits, narcissism is dimensional. For our own good, and for that of those whose lives we touch, it is useful to know what kind of narcissist we are, and to what effect. When my own narcissism was tweaked by an event that left most people relatively nonplussed, I examined the implications of this psychic insult. I looked to the contents of my narcissistic mirror, asking who and what had contributed to that template. After this analysis, I was able to see more clearly and concretely how helpful the concept of narcissism can be when trying to understand both normal and pathological behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Research shows that education favors mental health, in part, because it helps to develop a greater sense of control. To this point, however, it is unclear whether this process varies according to race and ethnicity. Methods Building on previous research, we use data collected from a large probability sample of Texas adults to test the extent to which the education-control-distress (E-C-D) model varies across three race and ethnic groups, including whites, blacks, and Mexican Americans. Results The results of our simple mediation analyses validate the E-C-D model for each race/ethnic group. Our moderated mediation analyses suggest that the indirect effect of education on psychological distress through the sense of control is comparable across race/ethnic groups. Conclusion The mediating influence of the sense of control does not appear to vary according to the three race/ethnic groups included in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article critiques the reductionist perspective that holds biology to be the determining factor of human nature referred to as biologism, which is allegedly held by scientists and public intellectuals as of the Spring 2013. The author evaluates neuroscience, including the belief within the neuroscience community that the human brain is the cause of instincts, perception, actions and feelings. The relationship between biologism and psychology, including the putative reliance on pharmaceutical drugs to maintain mental health, is discussed.

Governments around the world are recognising the importance of measuring subjective well-being as an indicator of progress. But how should well-being be measured? A conceptual framework is offered which equates high well-being with positive mental health. Well-being is seen as lying at the opposite end of a spectrum to the common mental disorders (depression, anxiety). By examining internationally agreed criteria for depression and anxiety (DSM and ICD classifications), and defining the opposite of each symptom, we identify ten features of positive well-being. These combine feeling and functioning, i.e. hedonic and eudaimonic aspects of well-being: competence, emotional stability, engagement, meaning, optimism, positive emotion, positive relationships, resilience, self esteem, and vitality. An operational definition of flourishing is developed, based on psychometric analysis of indicators of these ten features, using data from a representative sample of 43,000 Europeans. Application of this definition to respondents from the 23 countries which participated in the European Social Survey (Round 3) reveals a four-fold difference in flourishing rate, from 41% in Denmark to less than 10% in Slovakia, Russia and Portugal. There are also striking differences in country profiles across the 10 features. These profiles offer fresh insight into cultural differences in well-being, and indicate which features may provide the most promising targets for policies to improve well-being. Comparison with a life satisfaction measure shows that valuable information would be lost if well-being was measured by life satisfaction. Taken together, our findings reinforce the need to measure subjective well-being as a multi-dimensional construct in future surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a roundtable discussion hosted by the periodical "Communication Monographs," about the connection between communication and mental illness and health in 2012. Conversations explore the importance of social connections to others for mental health and well-being, the effects of prior experience with cancer on interactions with cancer patients, and the difficulties of generalizing communicative features that contribute to mental health.

Caring for a dependent relative is a stressful situation that can put the psychological health of the caregiver at risk, and which requires a level of psychological adaptation. We aimed to investigate whether adaptation to the caregiving situation can imply the existence of differential personality styles, independently of the specific characteristics of the care situation; and, secondly, if the differences in psychological health among caregivers are related to specific profiles of personality. This study involved 105 caregivers (average of age = 56.06, SD = 15.97) of dependent relatives, mainly elderly people, who completed Millon's Inventory of Personality Styles and the GHQ-12. Altogether, the results show the existence of preferred psychological styles in this group of caregivers (Other-Nurturing, Realistic/Sensing, Feeling-Guided, Submissive/Yielding and Cooperative/Agreeing). The caregivers with worse mental health scored lower in the Pleasure-Enhancing, Externally Focused, Gregarious-Outgoing, Confident-Asserting and Dominant-Controlling scales, and higher in Pain-Avoiding, Internally Focused, Asocial-Withdrawing and Anxious-Hesitating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although smoking rates among mental health/substance abusing populations are very high, the focus of treatment and research has tended to be on substances other than tobacco. A range of harm-reduction strategies is needed, including long-term nicotine maintenance, smokeless tobacco and 'clean' nicotine products. For those who cannot or will not quit, assistance in reducing smoking should be given. Interventions for smoking among people with mental health/substance use problems may best be delivered by addressing multiple health-risk behaviours, especially physical activity, around the same time. [Baker AL, Callister R, Kelly PJ, Kypri K. 'Do more, smoke less!' Harm reduction in action for smokers with mental health/substance use problems who cannot or will not quit. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:714[ndsh]717] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisexual women often report higher rates of depression and mental health problems than their heterosexual and lesbian counterparts. These disparities likely occur, in part, as a result of the unique stigma that bisexual women face and experience. Such stigma can in turn operate as a stressor, thereby contributing to poor mental health status. This pilot study tested a new measure of bisexual stigma and its association with mental health. Results suggest a moderate positive correlation between the two and point to areas for future consideration when measuring bisexual stigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on a positive aspect of resilience among siblings of persons with major mental illness. A cross-national sample of 68 U.S. siblings and 62 Japanese siblings was analyzed to explore the role of social support that may play in their positive experiences, particularly in the domain of self development or growth. Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between the two variables, suggesting that those who have had more social support are likely to gain more sense of growth out of their mental illness-related experiences. Implications for mental health practice have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic stress greatly increases the likelihood of mental health issues occurring within a family. Although this is widely known within the mental health profession, there is a lack of literature that assists therapists in working effectively with low-income clients. As a result, marriage and family therapists may be ill equipped to meet the needs of those in poverty, and may even be conducting therapy that is ethically unsound. The authors of this article discuss several ethical and professional issues regarding therapy with families in poverty. A number of suggestions are presented for improving the effectiveness of therapy with low-income clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study compares the effects of structural bases and functional elements of social support on mental health in Taiwan and the United States, using the study conducted in the United States by Lin, Ye, and Ensel (1999) as a reference. Based on a nationally representative sample of Taiwanese adults (n = 2,835), a fundamental similarity in social support structure and function between the two countries was observed. First, the structural bases of social support had a hierarchical order in their effects on depression: Binding (presence of an intimate relationship) was the strongest in reducing depression, whereas belonging (community participation) was the weakest, with bonding (social networks) in between. Regarding the functional elements, perceived social support was a better protector of mental health than actual social support, a finding in line with previous research. On the other hand, several notable differences in the structural bases and functional elements of social support between the two societies were observed, possibly due to the differential cultural and historical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on World Mental Health Day with a particular focus on dignity in relevance with mental health, including information on denied access, fragmented access, and quality compromised access.

Deals with the institutional and organizational rationalization in the mental health system. Details of the crisis in the mental health system in the U.S. in terms of organization and technology; Institutional construction of mental health; Problematics of the social construction of mental health.