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Although referees who officiate in the amateur football leagues are exposed to various stressors that can negatively affect their mental health (MH), little is known about their MH symptoms. The purpose of the study was to evaluate MH symptoms of referees who officiate in the Turkish amateur football leagues. An online survey was sent to all referees in the Turkish amateur football leagues (n = 4,900) incorporating standardized scales assessing depression, anxiety, and stress. A total of 1,279 referees participated in the study. Female referees reported higher depression (p <.01) and anxiety (p =.02) scores than males. Younger referees (23–27 years) reported higher depression (p =.01) and anxiety (p <.01) scores than older (>38 years) referees. Results showed that symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress scores were associated with marital status (being single), lower incomes, severe sports injury history, and inadequate social support. In light of these results, MH assessments should be undertaken to detect which referees are at greater risk of MH problems and facilitate appropriate and timely MH interventions. Further study is needed to inform MH risk reduction strategies and/or programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apartheid South Africa remains an important theme in sport history. The study of South African football has produced a handful of monographs and several research articles. In this body of literature, relatively few studies acknowledge the migratory flows of South African footballers to various levels of British football. Often omitted altogether in these studies is the acknowledgment of the hundreds of British players, coaches, and referees who visited South Africa after the introduction of apartheid in 1948. Many of these football migrants moved to the country for employment opportunities and played the game on a recreational and professional basis. Significant numbers also migrated because of the football opportunities offered in the segregated game. Some of these migrants were involved in the burgeoning black and non-racial game in the country too. From the mid-1950s through to the 1980s, hundreds of British football migrants made South Africa their home for varying lengths of time. In many cases, despite the broader socio-political context, this was too good of a financial opportunity to turn down. To appreciate the complexities of apartheid football, cognizance of the British contribution to upholding, challenging, and overcoming the status quo in South African football is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the omnipresence of business and the potential role of business anthropology. It highlights the intertwining of sport, politics, and business, using the example of the European football championships. The article argues that business is omnipresent and urges anthropologists to explore and work with business from an anthropological perspective. The article also includes two research articles on data sharing in the infrastructure sector and tech entrepreneurship competitions in China, as well as a book review and a section on anthropologists creating value in business. [Extracted from the article]

Bunk uses a case study analysis centered on soccer in the city of Pittsburgh to highlight the expansion and subsequent downfall of adult soccer clubs in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The rise of stable professional soccer leagues in the United States is providing youth participants with more outlets for soccer competition and allowing greater social bonding opportunities for fans of these teams. One of the strongest contributions that I From Football to Soccer i provides to the field of sport sociology is a deep exploration into underresearched areas of U.S. soccer history. [Extracted from the article]

The women's national football team of Iceland, from a population of 350,000, has written its name in the history books by qualifying for four consecutive European Championship finals (from 2009), reaching the quarter finals in 2013. However, the women's team has stood in the shadow of the men's national football team of Iceland, which has attracted international attention. Thus, in the male-dominated world of football, the success of the women's team has largely gone unnoticed. This paper seeks to analyze a particular case of the rise of women's football, as it sheds light on the development and success of Icelandic women's football and frames this development in a socio-cultural context. More precisely, Icelandic women's football is emerging from within: a relatively gender equal Nordic culture; increased sport professionalism; and general strong national sentiments among Icelanders, which, when combined, have made women players the new and emerging stars of Iceland's football. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the latter part of the paper, I review aspects of three stages of Curry's comprehensive six-stage model of modern football development and diffusion[12] - namely Stage 2 - Revisionist Forms of the Game; Stage 3 -the Public Schools (and notably the status rivalry hypothesis) and Stage 4 - University Compromise, again identifying areas of concern or issues for further study. Both the Eton and the Rugby rules were produced by those charged as "keepers" and conservers of their school's games in order to ensure that their respective internal and ever-growing audiences grasped the rules of football "as I played i at" their schools. And whereas public schoolboys generally experienced school life as an "inner directed existence",[85] it was as undergraduates or after leaving school that pupils moved beyond the limits of the "total institution"[86] that was their particular school and, on entering Oxbridge came into direct contact I on the field i with other public schoolboys whose experience of football or rowing was often different from their own. 'The close-knit community of the [great]public schools,[83] increasingly progressing into the universities from the late 18th century, was to be all-important in transmitting the sports of the schools into adult recreation'.[84] While the parallels between the development of cricket and football at the universities are seen largely in relation to club formation, financial organization and types and degree of associativity of members of those clubs, the parallels between the development of rowing and the development of football are much closer. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Historical Journal / Historijski Zbornik is the property of Drustvo za Hrvatsku Povjesnicu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The issue of entrepreneurship in sports joins the more general trend of catching up with the long Renaissance period of "reflecting" on the character of the professional sportsman (athlete), so peculiarly overlooked, and one of the main protagonists of the culture of antiquity, alongside the artist or philosopher. The author of the article adopts the convention of the 'corporate athlete', for which he sees a contemporary exemplification in football, the most popular sport. The examples cited from the economic history of football, preceded by an outline of the basic categories of entrepreneurship, are an attempt to show the essence of an economic, two-way view of these issues. The description of the institutionalisation of analytics and football's 'information bank', highlights the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary approach to entrepreneurship in sport. In contrast, the characterisation of the re-engineering carried out at FC Barcelona is a case of an approach that treats sport as a natural economic environment. Providing a wholesome, inspirational building block, grounding some elements of management and entrepreneurial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stell and Reid focus their attention on women footballers, yet one can understand the social patterns of the phenomenon under analysis (the emergence of football played by women). In I Women in Boots: Football and Feminism in the 1970s i , Marion Stell and Heather Reid present a historical account of the foundation of contemporary women's football in Australia and New Zealand. The chapter describes the football beginnings of these footballers, and the background of each player includes a description of their first football boots. [Extracted from the article]

Japanese educational institutions remain the country's prominent football culture exponents since its emergence in higher education extra-curricular activities during the late nineteenth century. In Britain, whilst professional football culture evolved rapidly following the sport's re-organisation in English public schools; Japan maintained a prolonged period of amateurism, which endured until establishing the professional J. League in 1992. After its acceptance as a physical education activity, football slowly circulated from extra-curricular activities at higher educational schools to secondary and elementary schools. From the introductory period to establishing the Japanese professional football league, football cemented its relationship with education, with university clubs dominating nationwide competitions and their prominent involvement in the Japanese national team. Also, despite the establishment of professionalism, educational institutions continue to significantly influence football culture throughout the country in terms of both the recruitment of players and the game's ethics. In particular, the efficacy of extra-curricular activities as a medium for Japanese youths' moral education and the cultural significance such institutions continue to retain are contributing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Exacta is the property of Exacta - Engenharia de Producao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wednesday, 28 May 1924 is a seminal date in the history of Irish sport. On this date, the footballers of the Football Association of the Irish Free State became the first representatives of independent Ireland to engage in Olympic competition. The footballers were representing an association that had its jurisdiction limited to the territory of the Irish Free State, at a time when the British Olympic Association were raising questions about the jurisdiction of the Irish Olympic Council which claimed to manage Olympic sport on an all-Ireland basis. Irish footballers competed in the 1948 Games at a time when the International Olympic Council had decided that the jurisdiction of the Irish Olympic Council did not extend to Northern Ireland. The Irish council fiercely resisted this move and this had implications for domestic sport, particularly athletics, and had the potential to prevent the Irish football team's entry for the London Games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Ken McCue demonstrates, many soccer clubs and administrative bodies have been reluctant to tackle the problem of racism within Irish soccer. 24 Ó Maonaigh, A. " "Who Were the Shoneens?" Irish Militant Nationalists and Association Football, 1913-1923." in New Perspectives on Association Football in Irish History, ed. Hunt's work adds greatly to what we know about the early years of soccer in the new Free State and the teething problems experienced by soccer administrators which came with trying to gain recognition at domestic and international level and organizing a representative selection. Future studies on the history of Irish soccer This special collection is by no means a comprehensive study of soccer's development in Dublin and the League of Ireland and much more remains to be written. [Extracted from the article]

An essential requirement of sport, and especially elite professional sport, are umpires, judges, referees, and other adjudicators of the rules of the games. Yet studies of match officials, in the social sciences especially, have only relatively recently begun to gain traction. This article traces the challenges and opportunities association football match officials (referees and assistant referees) in the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) faced in response to the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 and early 2021. It provides an overview of the strategies and actions that the AFC took, primarily drawing on analysis of ethnographic observations, documentary evidence and notes from the research diary of an AFC elite referee with the Chinese Taipei Football Association (CTFA). The article identifies key aspects of pandemic-related developments and indicates how these may have altered future processes of training and development of referees in the AFC for good. The article thus offers a distinctive contribution to the development of referee studies focussing as it does on the experiences of match officials outside of Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Football proved to be one of the few areas that fueled West Germany's ambition to reintegrate Saarland into the fractured post-war republic. Denied participation with the German football federation in the wake of the Second World War, yet unwilling to don French colors, Saarland's national football team (Saarländische Fußballnationalmannschaft) epitomised the uneasy space embodied by its citizens. Unable to compete in the 1950 World Cup – despite FIFA recognition – Saarland focused instead on dominating the lower French leagues and creating their own tournament. Despite two losses to eventual champions West Germany in the qualifying round of the 1954 World Cup, Saarland's footballers and their supporters left no doubt as to their cultural and political desire to reunite with the nation that had been denied to them. Studying Saarland and its football team this way, this paper juxtaposes sport, politics, and nationalism within the context of post-WWII German history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first decades of the twentieth century were part of Uruguay's modernization period. During this time, the government started to promote physical culture and the installation of public spaces for sporting practices. However, this dissemination process and subsequent control of sporting practices did not happen at the same pace nationwide. This paper analyses the relations between the development of physical culture and the modernization in a specific context in the countryside, Paysandú. It focuses on horseracing and football, demonstrating how these practices constituted vital elements in the city's social life. It also demonstrates how their bureaucratization processes exemplify the local impact of nationwide events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1930s and 1940s Italy, alongside France, played England more times than any other foreign country. Moreover, the games played in 1939 and 1948, represented in the media as 'matches of the century', matched England, the 'Masters of Football', with Italy, the World Cup champions. The two countries were rivals also off the pitch, as highlighted by the Second World War. For British governments, these two fixtures possessed considerable significance because of not only soccer's instrumental role as cultural propaganda but also concerns about Italy's politico-diplomatic alignment both before and after the War. Official discussions inspired by the 1948 game prompted the Foreign Office to press the case for a more proactive government approach towards British sport. In the event, this policy initiative proved abortive, but did mark significant advances in both Foreign Office thinking about international sport and its working relationship with The Football Association, especially Stanley Rous, and the Rugby Football Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the pottery and ceramic industry in Britain became synonymous with a collection of six towns located in North Staffordshire. These towns would later amalgamate and become the modern city of Stoke-on-Trent, with the area commonly referred to as The Potteries. However, whilst the industrial history of The Potteries has received considerable scholarly attention, few researchers have sought to examine the development of sport in the area. During the nineteenth century, Britain underwent a 'sporting revolution' where modern forms of sport began to emerge, be codified and grow significantly in popularity. This paper provides an initial survey of the development of sport in The Potteries and considers the four most prominent activities that became established in the area – athletics, association football, cricket and horse racing – whilst also considering the importance of 'the wakes' in facilitating the popularization of sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on interviews conducted with Brazilians football players who played abroad, we aim to discuss elements related to the theoretical-methodological aspect of Oral History. Thus, we work the relationship between present and past, memory and history, remembrance and forgetting are triggered to contribute to the understanding of the importance of the method. Next, we sought to differentiate an Oral History interview from a journalistic interview, as well as to reflect on which are the contributions of researches that aim at the production of oral sources when thinking on the field of sport studies. As a conclusion, we emphasize the importance of building new sources on football, in the same way that this field brings theoretical-methodological challenges to Oral History. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic scholarship on Australian soccer is now approaching its fifth decade. Whilst Australian soccer has moved and evolved, the scholarship on it has, largely, still focused on the themes of ethnicity. Undeniably, ethnicity still plays its part in the sport. Also, clearly, it was the dominant feature of soccer in Australia in the second half of the 20th century. However, the Australian soccer landscape changed considerably in the first decades of the 21st century following the intervention of the Federal Government in 2003. This paper, therefore, provides a thorough analysis and overview of the literature pertaining to the sport. In so doing it both highlights the depth of the ethnicity theme - something which originally gave soccer studies legitimacy in academia – whilst also encouraging the scholarship to open its lens to greater sophistication and diversity, including topic areas, methodology and theory. This will enable the story and state of Australian soccer to be presented in a more wholistic and comprehensive light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many scholarly outputs have focused on soccer (hereafter referred to as football). Although no causation is directly drawn, the chapter's writing style forwards a suggestion that football fans continue to be gripped by football today due to the influence of Gale. For example, authors have attempted to promote social change[1] using football or enhance practice such as football coaching (e.g. the use of Small Sides Games).[2] These contributions have somewhat advanced our understanding of football. [Extracted from the article]

The article contributes to the field of cultural studies and radio history by focusing on soccer (or fútbol), arguably the most significant mass spectacle in twentieth-century Latin America. By exploring the trajectories, iconic voices and styles of sportscasters, the article reconstructs the masculine soundscape of soccer in Argentina and Chile between the 1920s and 1960s. Play-by-play announcers, who ranged from second-rate actors and singers to professional journalists, crafted their own versions of masculinity and nationalism that were central to representing sports culture in an increasingly transnational context. The article pays special attention to the sporting press, audio records and sports films, since many commentators borrowed heavily from other forms of mass culture. Their oral representations of the game, loaded with moral evaluations and political statements, can be seen as cultural texts because they enabled new ways of imagining sports for much larger audiences than those sitting in the stadium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes that the governance of the Chinese football industry since 1994 can be best described as having undergone three stages of development: a primary stage (1994-2003) in which the early form of a Chinese football industry was established; a stage of development challenges (2004-2012) in which the Chinese football industry faced a slowdown of growth and challenges of governance failure and a decline in market appeal; and a revitalized development stage (from 2013 to 2019) in which the Chinese football industry gave signs of strong recovery. After more than two decades of development, China's football industry has become more economically independent of government, though the industry still faces a series of problems and dilemmas. These problems include a poor management system; the ongoing financial deficits of its football clubs; inadequate market expansion; the football bubble economy phenomenon; and the absence of a brand culture for the football clubs. All of these factors continue to restrict the healthy development of the governance of China's football industry. However, escalating reform in the industry and the increasing importance attached to it by the Chinese Central Government suggests improved prospects for the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia: Questoes & Debates is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Football, or soccer, is a simple game. It requires very little in the way of practical resources. Markers for a goal, a ball-shaped object. This simplicity enables the sport to be undertaken almost anywhere. Yet the beach is one place the game requires a substantial rethink in approach and participation. The best players do not necessarily make the best beach soccer players. For many Australians, the coastal edge of their continent is more than a key location for leisure and pleasure. The beach is an integral part of their culture, a symbol of their egalitarian nature, with a history of iconic sporting competitions, including the Sydney 2000 Olympics beach volleyball. Where beach soccer draws on notions of literal and figurative level-playing fields, this paper examines histories, practices, and myths and offers the first academic insight and discussion of Australian beach soccer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years there has been an increase in the number of publications on the history of women's football. This will prove useful for any future historical research as fan opinions and behaviours in women's football is an under-researched area of study. In the sixth chapter, Dunn gives an overview of the media coverage of the tournament, and the fans' perceptions of it. [Extracted from the article]

Within the growing body of academic literature on South African sport, there remains room for considering the close relationship between football and apartheid politics during the 1970s. Drawing on archival documentation and contemporary media reports, this analysis constitutes a contribution in this regard. The primary focus is on three high-profile football tournaments that were played within the framework of the apartheid government's multinational sports policy, devised in the early 1970s. Consequently, this represents an exploration of the complex contours of multinational football under apartheid. It will be argued that football was a significant tool for experimentation during the 1970s and a deeper analysis of these ventures is needed in order to gain an improved understanding of sport's complicated – and often paradoxical – relationship with apartheid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]