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Prior studies found small effects of chronic smoking on spatial and color vision, but they were inconclusive. This study tries to: (1) replicate and extend these previous findings, and (2) rule in that this relationship is pronounced by tobacco addiction. Data were recorded in 71 healthy controls (M = 33.5 years; SD = 5.4 years) and 63 individuals with tobacco addiction (M = 34.7 years; SD = 4.8 years). Visual processing was assessed in the forms of contrast sensitivity for linear sine-wave gratings (spatial frequencies ranging between 0.2 and 16 cycles per degree) and color discrimination (using the Ellipse and Trivector subtests). The groups were matched for age, gender and level of education. The group with heavy smokers had reduced sensitivity for all spatial frequencies (p < .001), and impairments in color discrimination for both Trivector (all p-values < .001 for Protan, Deutan and Tritan) and Ellipse (all p-values < .001). This study consistently replicates and extended previous findings, and showed that visual processing can be strongly associated with tobacco addiction. These results indicate that excessive use of cigarettes, or chronic exposure to their compounds, affects visual discrimination, supporting the existence of overall deficits in visual processing in tobacco addiction., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Introduction: We assessed the differences in overall use of tobacco and in the use of various tobacco products, by sex and by frequency of use across various demographic groups., Methods: We used data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), conducted in 2009 in Egypt. The data consist of answers to GATS by 20,924 respondents from a nationally representative, multistage probability sample of adults aged 15 years or older from all regions of Egypt. Current tobacco use was defined as current smoking or use of smokeless tobacco products, either daily or occasionally. We analyzed the differences in current cigarette, shisha, and smokeless tobacco use by sex and frequency of use (daily or occasional); and by demographic characteristics that included age, region, education level and employment status., Results: Overall, 19.7% of the Egyptian population currently use some form of tobacco. Men (38.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 36.8-39.4]) are much more likely than women (0.6% [95% CI 0.4-0.9]) to use tobacco. Almost 96% of men who use tobacco, do so daily. Men are more likely to use manufactured cigarettes (31.8% [95% CI 30.6-33.1]) than shisha (6.2% [95% CI 5.6-6.9]) or smokeless tobacco (4.1% [95% CI 3.4-4.8]). Few women use tobacco (cigarettes (0.2%), shisha (0.3%) and smokeless tobacco (0.3%)); however, all women who currently smoke shisha, do so daily. Lower educational status, being between ages 25-64 and being employed predicted a higher use of tobacco., Conclusion: Egypt has implemented several initiatives to reduce tobacco use. The World Health Organization (WHO) MPOWER technical package, which aims to reverse the tobacco epidemic, is implemented at various levels throughout the country. Our findings show that there is significant variation in the prevalence of tobacco use and types of tobacco used by adult men and women in Egypt. GATS data can be used to better understand comparative patterns of tobacco use by adults, which in turn can be used to develop interventions., (© The Author(s) 2013.)

Introduction: Tobacco smoke is a global health problem, and the largest avoidable cause of death in the world. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of tobacco smoking in schools in Dakar area (Senegal)., Materiel and Methods: This descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was performed from September 2011 to June 2012 in 27 schools of the Dakar area., Results: We questioned 1654 students over a 9-month school period. The mean age was 15±2.5years (range 11-22). The sample included 848 boys (51.3 %), therefore a sex ratio of 1.05. There were 68 smokers (4.1 %) and 60 ex-smokers (3.6 %). The mean age of the smokers was 16.9±2.2years (range 11-22) with a male preponderance of 70.6 % (n=48). Smoking in family members was the initiating factor most frequently reported by smokers (25 %). The average age of ex-smokers was 16.4±2years. Fear of parents' reactions was the most frequently invoked reason for stopping smoking (41.7 %)., Conclusion: This study confirms the reality of smoking among school children in Senegal and highlights the urgency of the installation of a prevention policy near the young people., (Copyright © 2014 SPLF. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Aims: To assess whether immunization attenuates nicotinic stimulation of the brain and elucidate brain and behavioural responses during exposure to smoking cues and a working memory task., Design: Randomized, placebo-controlled parallel-group, repeated-measures design., Setting: Maastricht University, the Netherlands., Participants: Forty-eight male smokers were randomized to receive five injections with either 400 μg/ml of the 3'-aminomethylnicotine Pseudomonas aeruginosa r-Exoprotein-conjugated vaccine or placebo. Subjects were tested on two occasions, once after a nicotine challenge and once after a placebo challenge, and were asked to refrain from smoking 10 hours before testing., Measurements: Reaction-times and accuracies were recorded during an n-back task. Moreover, regional blood oxygenated level-dependent (BOLD) response was measured during this task and during smoking cue exposure., Findings: Greater activation was found in response to smoking cues compared to neutral cues in bilateral trans-occipital sulcus (P < 0.005); however, this effect did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. There was no difference in brain activity to smoking cues between the treatment groups and no effects of acute nicotine challenge were established. For the n-back task we found working memory load-sensitive increases in brain activity in several frontal and parietal areas (P < 0.0025). However, no effects of immunization or nicotine challenge were observed., Conclusion: No significant effects of immunization on brain activity in response to a nicotine challenge were established. Therefore this vaccine is not likely to be an effective aid in smoking cessation., (© 2014 Society for the Study of Addiction.)

Many brain regions are involved in smoking addiction (e.g. insula, ventral tegmental area, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus), and the manipulation of the activity of these brain regions can show a modification of smoking behavior. Low current transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive way to manipulate cortical excitability, and thus brain function and associated behaviors. In this study, we examined the effects of inhibiting the frontal-parietal-temporal association area (FPT) on attention bias to smoking-related cues and smoking behavior in tobacco users. This inhibition is induced by cathodal tDCS stimulation. We tested three stimulation conditions: 1) bilateral cathodal over both sides of FPT; 2) cathodal over right FPT; and 3) sham-tDCS. Visual attention bias to smoking-related cues was evaluated using an eye tracking system. The measurement for smoking behavior was the number of daily cigarettes consumed before and after tDCS treatment. We found that, after bilateral cathodal stimulation of the FPT area, while the attention to smoking-related cues showed a decreased trend, the effects were not significantly different from sham stimulation. The daily cigarette consumption was reduced to a significant level. These effects were not seen under single cathodal tDCS or sham-tDCS. Our results show that low current tDCS of FPT area attenuates smoking cue-related attention and smoking behavior. This non-invasive brain stimulation technique, targeted at FPT areas, might be a promising method for treating smoking behavior., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cigarette smoking remains a leading cause of preventable disease and death worldwide. Due to the devastating negative health effects of smoking, many users attempt to quit, but few are successful in the long-term. Thus, there is a critical need for novel therapeutic approaches. In these investigations, we sought to examine whether cannabidiol (CBD) has the potential to be repurposed as a nicotine cessation therapeutic. In the first study, male and female mice were trained to respond for intravenous nicotine infusions at either a low or moderate nicotine dose and then were pretreated with CBD prior to their drug-taking session. We found that CBD produced a significant decrease in the number of nicotine rewards earned, and this effect was evidenced across CBD doses and with both the low and moderate levels of nicotine intake. These effects on drug intake were not due to general motor-related effects, since mice self-administering food pellets did not alter their behavior with CBD administration. The potential effects of CBD in mitigating nicotine withdrawal symptoms were then investigated. We found that CBD attenuated the somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal and prevented nicotine's hyperalgesia-inducing effects. Taken together, these results demonstrate that modulation of cannabinoid signaling may be a viable therapeutic option as a smoking cessation aid.

Copyright of Journal of Ilahiyat Researches / Ilahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tobacco addiction, which causes the death of more than 8.5 million people in the world every year, is a preventable global public health problem. There are 1.1 billion adult smokers worldwide and 60% of them desire or intend to quit but unfortunately, the tobacco industry continues to profit at the expense of people's lives by marketing electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products as a smoking cessation method and they continue to poison young people with new threat tobacco products, promising a "smoke-free future" Turkish Thoracic Society is actively involved in the implementation of the National Tobacco Control Program to protect public health and has warned and raised awareness of new threats to the youth, such as electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products. The purpose of this report is to provide information about electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products and to present TTJ's position on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco addiction is one of the biggest health emergencies in the world, Antismoking Public Service Announcements (PSAs) represent the main public tool against smoking; however, smoking-related cues (SCs) often included in PSAs can trigger ambiguous cerebral reactions that could impact the persuasiveness and efficacy of the antismoking message. This study aimed to investigate the electroencephalographic (EEG) response in adult smokers and non-smokers during the exposure to SCs presented in antismoking PSAs video, in order to identify eventual neurophysiological features of SCs' 'boomerang effect' elicited in smokers. EEG frontal Alpha asymmetry and frontal Theta were analyzed in 92 adults (30 no smokers, 31 low smokers, 31 high smokers) from EEG recorded during the vision of 3 antismoking PSAs, statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA. Main results showed a significant interaction between smoking cue condition (Pre and Post) and smoking habit (in particular for female heavy smokers) for the frontal Alpha asymmetry. Since the relative higher right frontal Alpha activity is associated with approach towards a stimulus, it is suggested that the relative left frontal Alpha increase in response to SCs might reflect an appetitive approach in response to it. In the light of the Incentive Sensitization Theory, this pattern can be interpreted as a neurophysiological signal in response to SCs that could undermine the message's effectiveness contributing to the maintenance of the addiction. • Tobacco addiction predicted several EEG activity patterns to smoking cues exposure. • Heavy smokers women exhibited higher approach tendency in response to smoking cues. • Smoking cues into antismoking PSAs can elicit harmful boomerang effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SDG3 emphasizes "Good Health and Well-being", however amid COVID-19, SDG 3 is challenged, one of the primary reasons for the existence of tobacco smoking culture and climate prevailing in our society. Tobacco Smoking weakens the immunity system and thus clears the way for COVID-19 infection. Smoking is injurious to health; however, the surrounding beings also get impacted along with the smoker. Research data reveal that Mindfulness meditation is essentially a "mini-retreat" in which people learn how to separate themselves from their emotions and pay attention to what is going on around them; there has been researched to help in stopping smoking or nicotine addiction; to understand further the reality of the impact of MM, a systematic review of the literature on tobacco addiction and mindfulness is conducted, It is found that some literature contradicts the opinion that mindfulness is an effective way to treat nicotine addiction, some of the research has proposed that high powered RCTs should be performed. Overall, Mindfulness intervention did not significantly influence abstinence or achieve minimal, infrequent cigarette intake. Mindfulness Meditation needs integration furthermore to be more effective for Recovery from Tobacco Addiction. The effectiveness of such an intervention is subjected to further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the analysis provided, of the literary data on smoking and smoking cessation influence on coronary bypass surgery efficacy and life duration of the patients. Most scientific articles provide data on the increase of both the mortality and complications number in smokers. Meta-analysis of 564 works on the influence of smoking on coronary bypass outcomes, convincing evidence was provided on the necessity to quit smoking. Ten, 20- and 30-year lasting observations post coronary bypass surgery demonstrate the benefits of smoking cessation for life duration increase in coronary heart disease. Meta-analysis of the various approaches efficacy in cardiovascular patients has been done in 2017 and shows the efficacy of medication therapy. Among the drugs for nicotin addiction treatment in cardiovascular patients, the most effective is varenicline, with confirmed safety in chronic stable cardiovascular disorders patients, as in acute coronary heart disease patients. To overcome the psychological component of the addiction it is worthy to conduct cognitive-behavioral therapy that can be done by the specialists of Call Center for smoking cessation organized by the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation.

Cigarette smoking is a complex phenomenon and its consequences for human body are increasingly known. Basing on the results from previous research on relationship between Mindfulness and smoking abstinence in which it emerged that subjects who had high levels of dispositional Mindfulness had a greater chance of success in a smoking cessation program, the aim of the present study was to extend the analysis in a larger group of individuals subjected to pharmacological treatment and motivational counselling, which were monitored both at the first 24-h of complete abstention and at the follow-up. The study involved 53 individuals who participated to a smoke cessation program completing the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND), the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Abstinence was recorded in several sessions also through the quantitative determination of the value of carbon monoxide on the expired air (CO) from the lungs that contributes to a greater objectivity of the outcome measure. Data did not confirm the role of Mindfulness as a predictor of abstinence. MAAS and GHQ-12 scores did not result in relationship with the outcome of nicotine cessation program. Therefore, Mindfulness construct would seem not to be a predictor of success in a smoking cessation program. The use of more sensitive tools in detecting the Mindfulness trait could lead to appropriate results as a more structured cognitive behavioural treatment could be contributing to support habitual smokers quit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many psychological, neurobiological and social factors are involved in tobacco abuse. Research on nicotine addiction has achieved partial results in identifying useful variables as indicators of treatment outcomes of tobacco smoking cessation. The aim of our research is to analyse the relationships between the mindfulness construct and smoking abstinence in individuals subjected to pharmacological treatment and motivational counselling, exploring whether the mindful construct is associated with increased likelihood of smoking cessation. In this paper, preliminary data from a pilot study carried out in Northern Italy with a sample of 25 smokers enrolled from a smoking cessation programme are described. Participants were evaluated with the Fagerström Test of the Nicotine Dependence (FTND), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and had a target-quit date of 24-h, which represented the first day of complete abstinence. Results indicated that the Mindful score appears as a salient factor for abstinence. More research is warranted in order to confirm our findings and identify the most effective ways to modify pre-quit characteristics that may help smokers to achieve the first smoking cessation milestone. In this way, it will possible to design training addressed to increasing awareness levels that could improve the outcome of smoking cessation programmes and prevent patient relapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of tobacco smoking among people with severe mental illness (SMI) substantially exceeds smoking rates in the general population and has been identified as the largest contributor to health inequalities in this group. Historically deeply embedded in the culture of mental health treatment environments, smoking until very recently was the norm in inpatient settings and still prevails in many settings internationally. In England however, mental health Trusts are currently implementing recent national guidance, according to which mental health settings will become entirely smokefree, with no exemptions, providing comprehensive evidence-based support to patients for smoking cessation and smoking abstinence during the inpatient stay. Aim: The aim of this article is to summarise the rationale for and the debate surrounding smokefree mental health inpatient settings, and to review and discuss the evidence on challenges, opportunities and impact of smokefree policy implementation in these settings, with a focus on the English debate and experience to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking prevalence in patients who are diagnosed with schizophrenia (SCZ) is higher than in the general population. Chronic tobacco use in SCZ patients may reduce the side effects of antipsychotic drugs, thus serving as a self-medication for such side effects. Understanding the ways in which chronic tobacco use influences visual sensitivity has clinical implications, which may serve as a tool for non-invasively diagnosing early-stage visual processing deficits. The present study evaluated the effects of chronic tobacco use on visual sensitivity in SCZ patients. Our purpose was to provide new directions for future research, mainly psychophysical and electrophysiological studies. In the present study, 40 smoker controls (SC), 20 SCZ tobacco users, and 20 SCZ tobacco nonusers were recruited from the Psychosocial Care Center. Visual sensitivity was compared between both SCZ groups and the SC group. Patients with SCZ who were chronic tobacco users presented lower visual sensitivity for chromatic (p < 0.001) and achromatic (p < 0.001) stimuli compared with the other groups. Our findings highlight the need to evaluate possible addictive behavior in patients with SCZ, which may contribute to public policies that seek to improve the quality of life of SCZ patients and their families.

Smoking prevalence in patients who are diagnosed with schizophrenia (SCZ) is higher than in the general population. Chronic tobacco use in SCZ patients may reduce the side effects of antipsychotic drugs, thus serving as a self-medication for such side effects. Understanding the ways in which chronic tobacco use influences visual sensitivity has clinical implications, which may serve as a tool for non-invasively diagnosing early-stage visual processing deficits. The present study evaluated the effects of chronic tobacco use on visual sensitivity in SCZ patients. Our purpose was to provide new directions for future research, mainly psychophysical and electrophysiological studies. In the present study, 40 smoker controls (SC), 20 SCZ tobacco users, and 20 SCZ tobacco nonusers were recruited from the Psychosocial Care Center. Visual sensitivity was compared between both SCZ groups and the SC group. Patients with SCZ who were chronic tobacco users presented lower visual sensitivity for chromatic (p < 0.001) and achromatic (p < 0.001) stimuli compared with the other groups. Our findings highlight the need to evaluate possible addictive behavior in patients with SCZ, which may contribute to public policies that seek to improve the quality of life of SCZ patients and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cigarette smoking and tobacco addiction is one of the major health issues worldwide. Tobacco addiction is generally related to health issues such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart disease hypertension. It is also said that tobacco addiction causes sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Aim and Objective: The aim of this study was to show direct correlation between tobacco addiction and SNHL. Materials and Methods: In our study, sixty participants who are addicted to tobacco products at least minimum of 20 years were taken as subjects and matched with age-specific controls who do not have any tobacco addiction. They were asked to undergo basic history taking session, otoscopy, and pure tone audiometry, and results were analyzed. Results: SNHL is more common in tobacco users than the age-specific control group. Conclusion: TObacco addiction (both smoking and tobacco chewing) is associated with increased risk of developing SNHL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Most habitual smokers find it difficult to quit smoking because they are dependent upon the nicotine present in tobacco smoke. Tobacco dependence is commonly treated pharmacologically using nicotine replacement therapy or drugs, such as varenicline, that target the nicotinic receptor. Relapse rates, however, remain high, and there remains a need to develop novel non-nicotinic pharmacotherapies for the dependence that are more effective than existing treatments. Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review the evidence from preclinical and clinical studies that drugs that antagonise the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) in the brain are likely to be efficacious as treatments for tobacco dependence. Results: Imaging studies reveal that chronic exposure to tobacco smoke reduces the density of mGluR5s in human brain. Preclinical results demonstrate that negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) at mGluR5 attenuate both nicotine self-administration and the reinstatement of responding evoked by exposure to conditioned cues paired with nicotine delivery. They also attenuate the effects of nicotine on brain dopamine pathways implicated in addiction. Conclusions: Although mGluR5 NAMs attenuate most of the key facets of nicotine dependence, they potentiate the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. This may limit their value as smoking cessation aids. The NAMs that have been employed most widely in preclinical studies of nicotine dependence have too many 'off-target' effects to be used clinically. However, newer mGluR5 NAMs have been developed for clinical use in other indications. Future studies will determine if these agents can also be used effectively and safely to treat tobacco dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco addiction represents one of the most grave worldwide public health problems, especially within populations of developing countries. Studies in Costa Rica and other countries demonstrate that this addiction frequently begins during adolescence. This study evaluated with a written questionnaire the general and specific knowledge of 529 students between the ages of 12 and 18 years of the health risks associated with tobacco addiction. It also evaluated their perceptions of the factors that predict the onset of adolescent tobacco addiction. The questionnaire was applied in three of the schools of Venecia and Aguas Zarcas, districts of the San Carlos canton of Costa Rica. The students demonstrated a basic knowledge of the health risks of tobacco addiction on the lungs, pregnancy complications, and cancer. The study indicated a lack of student knowledge of the adverse effects of tobacco on cardiovascular and female reproductive health. There existed a positive linear relation between median knowledge level and age (P≤0,0001; R2=5,45), as well as academic grade (P≤0,0001; R2=10,2). The predictive factors of adolescent tobacco addiction considered the most influential by the students were the influence of smokers within family and friend groups. The implementation of a comprehensive academic program for prevention of tobacco use and addiction that addresses both lack of knowledge and perceptions of these students related to tobacco addiction is recommended.

Chronic smoking is a disease associated with, long-time daily consumption of tobacco products and is synonymous with nicotine dependence. Nicotine is the major determinant of tobacco addiction, causing psychoactive pharmacological effects, which together with the genetic, social and environmental factors, learned or conditioned, are the substrate of smoking status. We conducted a retrospective study on a cohort of 535 smokers presenting to the Smoking Cessation Counseling Medical Office of the Iasi Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital between January 2009 December 2012 aimed at studying the psychosocial and medical parameters associated with the vulnerability to nicotine addiction. The analyzed psychosocial factors were age, sex, marital status, absence or presence of other smokers in home and motivation to quit smoking. The measurable parameters of tobacco dependence were the number of previous attempts to quit smoking, the amount of cigarettes smoked (pack years), the carbon monoxide breath test, and score of Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence. The results showed that the profile of the smokers with nicotine addiction who attempts to quit smoking is middle-aged men, married, with smoking partner, and severe chronic smoking expressed in a large number of pack years and elevated breath CO levels, and concern with his own health status. The severity of nicotine dependence is best reflected by the objective medical parameters, but its psychological components are still undervalued in practice, the professionals involved in the fight against tobacco addiction being deprived of major levers for action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Cigarette smoking represents an enormous public health problem worldwide that leads to over 5 million deaths per year. The gradual reduction of the nicotine content of cigarettes below the threshold that is required to develop addiction is one strategy that might substantially reduce the number of addicted smokers and prevent adolescents from becoming addicted to nicotine (). While the potential public health benefits of this approach are enormous, the guiding concepts and relevant empirical evidence needed to support the implementation of a nicotine reduction policy require a critical examination. Methods: The purpose of this paper is to briefly review the current concepts and research regarding nicotine reduction while also discussing the utility of the addictive threshold for nicotine in this approach. The accurate determination of the nicotine addiction threshold presents some conceptual challenges as there is a lack of consensus on how to best measure nicotine addiction. This difficulty can impede the progress for developing a science-based tobacco control policy. As an alternative, the nicotine reinforcement threshold is a relatively clear concept, and well-accepted methods and criteria are available to measure nicotine reinforcement. Results: However, there are many gaps in our current knowledge concerning the nicotine reinforcement threshold in humans. The threshold for nicotine reinforcement remains to be determined in controlled settings using different populations of current or potential tobacco users. In addition, the value of the nicotine reinforcement threshold in predicting tobacco use in real-world settings needs to be examined. The results of such studies will determine the potential utility of the estimated threshold for nicotine reinforcement in developing science-based tobacco control policies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Rationale: Research using a drug discriminated goal-tracking (DGT) task showed that the N-methyl- d-aspartate (NMDA) channel blocker MK-801 (dizocilpine) reduced the nicotine-evoked conditioned response (CR). Objectives: Given the unknown mechanism of the effect, Experiment 1 replicated the MK-801 results and included tests with NMDA receptor ligands. Experiments 2a and 2b tested whether MK-801 pretreatment blocked DGT via a state-dependency effect. Methods: In Experiment 1, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received intermittent access to liquid sucrose following nicotine (0.4 mg base/kg); no sucrose was delivered on intermixed saline sessions. Conditioning was indicated by increased anticipatory dipper entries (goal-tracking) on nicotine compared to saline sessions. Antagonism and/or substitution tests were conducted with MK-801, phencyclidine, CGP 39551, d-CPPene (SDZ EAA 494), Ro 25,6981, L-701,324, ACPC, and NMDA. In Experiment 2a, rats received nicotine and sucrose on every session-no intermixed saline sessions without sucrose. Tests combined MK-801 or the non-competitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, mecamylamine with either nicotine or saline. Experiment 2b had sucrose delivered on saline sessions and no sucrose on intermixed nicotine sessions followed by MK-801 antagonism tests of the saline CS. Results: MK-801 and phencyclidine dose-dependently attenuated the CR in Experiment 1. Ro-25,6981 enhanced the CR, but did not substitute for nicotine. Other ligands showed inconsistent effects. In Experiment 2a, MK-801 pretreatment reduced goal-tracking when given before nicotine and saline test sessions; mecamylamine pretreatment had no effect. In Experiment 2b, MK-801 dose-dependently attenuated the saline-evoked CR. Conclusions: Combined, the results suggest that MK-801 blocks discriminated goal-tracking by virtue of state-changing properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychologie Française is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a study which aims to explore genetic variations in dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) and waterpipe smoking, motives, and addiction in Egyptian rural males. The authors state that the results of their study did not replicate the association between tobacco behavior and the DRD2 genotype described for cigarette smokers. They conclude that future studies are needed for the development of standardized methods for characterizing waterpipe smoking behavior.

Aims Attempts to further our understanding of the determinants of cigarette smoking, tobacco addiction and related behaviours have included the dissection of genetic influences on these phenotypes. This review summarizes the current state of evidence from both twin and adoption studies and molecular genetic studies. We also review future research horizons and the direction which studies of this kind are likely to take in the near future. Findings There is consistent evidence from twin and adoption studies that genetic factors play a role in the aetiology of cigarette smoking. Nevertheless, despite a large number of candidate gene studies, and a smaller number of linkage studies, few reported associations and chromosomal regions of interest have proved to replicate reliably. This is due most probably to the small effects of individual loci on complex behaviours such as smoking. Conclusions Future research is likely to include the study of gene × environment interactions (including gene × treatment interactions, which offer the prospect of genetically tailored smoking cessation treatment) and the use of more sophisticated smoking-related phenotypes, such as longitudinal smoking trajectories, and intermediate phenotypes which use technologies such as neuroimaging and other laboratory and biobehavioural measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dental profession has recognized tobacco cessation as an important part of comprehensive dental care, yet implementation of the Public Health Service clinical practice guideline on "Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence" remains a challenge. This is especially the case for patients presenting in dental clinics for whom smoking represents a large financial burden. Many of these smoking-addicted patients also present with multiple risk factors: dental, medical, and psychiatric. Innovative approaches are necessary to reduce barriers to providing smoking cessation services to underserved and high-risk smokers. A tobacco cessation clinic in a dental school setting provides an opportunity for dental students to learn about the management of difficult-to-treat cases and to bring their enhanced intervention skills back into the primary care dental setting. This paper describes a multidisciplinary approach to tobacco cessation in a dental school clinic within an academic medical center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated (1) how the coronavirus pandemic impacted tobacco addiction, (2) which smoker segments were more vulnerable, and (3) how the changes in tobacco consumption were associated with smokers' satisfaction with physical health and psychological well-being. Data from a large-scale cross-sectional study of adults in China were analyzed. Outcome measures were the quantity of cigarettes consumed per day prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the quantity after the nationwide outbreak had been contained, satisfaction with physical health, and emotional well-being. Analyses revealed that, after the nationwide outbreak, more individuals quit (vs. started) smoking. Compared to their pre-COVID-19 consumption levels, smokers significantly reduced the quantity of cigarettes they consumed after the nationwide outbreak had been contained. However, there were substantial disparities across individuals: male (vs. female) smokers were less able to curb their smoking; smokers residing in urban (vs. rural) areas or with a longer smoking history were also less able to reduce their smoking. Importantly, a greater reduction in smoking was associated with higher satisfaction with physical health and better emotional well-being. Furthermore, a follow-up investigation revealed that concerns about increased COVID-19 health risks due to smoking were a primary factor driving smokers' behavior change. Overall, these results suggest that, to help smokers fight tobacco addiction and improve well-being, pandemic health policies need to take account of the differences in vulnerability across individuals and leverage the psychological factors that can facilitate behavior change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]