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Background: The main factors that affect the success of an endodontic infection are effective cleaning and shaping of the root canal system including complete disinfection by using chemical irrigating solutions and obturation with an endodontic sealer to provide a fluid-tight seal. Using rotary and hand instruments for shaping and cleaning the root canal along with irrigants produces a smear layer on the surface of root dentin affecting the penetration of the endodontic sealer into the dentinal tubules. This smear is difficult to remove with the use of only endodontic irrigants, hence, chelating agents were introduced in adjunct with irrigating solutions for irrigation protocol for effective removal of smear layer which effect the penetration of endodontic sealers into the dentinal tubules. Methods: 32 mandibular premolar teeth were used. The biomechanical preparation was done till Protaper F3 size. Irrigation was done with 2.5 mL sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution after each instrumentation change for 1 min. Samples were then divided into 4 groups according to the irrigating solution used as the final rinse used with passive ultrasonic agitation. The groups were: Group I: 5 ml of saline, Group II: 5ml of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, Group III: 5 ml of 10% citric acid, Group IV: 5 ml of 7% maleic acid each for one minute. All the canals were obturated with BioRoot tm RCS with gutta-percha using the ultrasonic condensation technique. For staining the samples for Confocal LASER microscopy, BioRoot tm RCS was mixed with Rhodamine B dye. Results: The maximum penetration of bio-ceramic sealer was observed in the coronal region. At the apical third, the maximum sealer penetration was seen with 7% maleic acid. Conclusions: Maximum sealer penetration was seen in the coronal section followed by the middle and apical section. Maximum sealer penetration was seen with 7 % maleic acid at the apical third., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2022 Shekhar S et al.)

Background: The main factors that affect the success of an endodontic infection are effective cleaning and shaping of the root canal system including complete disinfection by using chemical irrigating solutions and obturation with an endodontic sealer to provide a fluid-tight seal. Using rotary and hand instruments for shaping and cleaning the root canal along with irrigants produces a smear layer on the surface of the root dentin affecting the penetration of the endodontic sealer into the dentinal tubules. This smear is difficult to remove with the use of only endodontic irrigants, hence, chelating agents were introduced in adjunct with irrigating solutions for irrigation protocol for effective removal of smear layer which affect the penetration of endodontic sealers into the dentinal tubules. Methods: 32 mandibular premolar teeth were used. The biomechanical preparation was done till Protaper F3 size. Irrigation was done with 2.5 mL sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution after each instrumentation change for 1 min. Samples were then divided into 4 groups according to the irrigating solution used as the final rinse used with passive ultrasonic agitation. The groups were: Group I: 5 ml of saline, Group II: 5ml of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, Group III: 5 ml of 10% citric acid, Group IV: 5 ml of 7% maleic acid each for one minute. All the canals were obturated with BioRoot tm RCS with gutta-percha using the ultrasonic condensation technique. For staining the samples for Confocal LASER microscopy, BioRoot tm RCS was mixed with Rhodamine B dye. Results: The maximum penetration of bio-ceramic sealer was observed in the coronal region. At the apical third, the maximum sealer penetration was seen with 7% maleic acid. Conclusions: Maximum sealer penetration was seen in the coronal section followed by the middle and apical section. Maximum sealer penetration was seen with 7 % maleic acid at the apical third., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2023 Shekhar S et al.)

To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of HybenX, an endodontic irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and determine its efficacy in removal of smear layer. Forty root canals were inoculated with E. faecalis for three weeks, divided into 4 groups and irrigated with: Group1: 5 ml 2.5% sodium hypochlorite; Group2: 5 ml 2% chlorhexidine gluconate; Group3: 5 ml HybenX; Group4: 5 ml distilled water (control). Dentin shavings were collected and plated on agar plates, followed by colony forming unit (CFU) determination. For smear layer removal examination, 30 single rooted teeth were instrumented and divided into 3 groups and treated with: GroupI: 5 ml of 17% EDTA; GroupII:5 ml of HybenX; and GroupIII: 5 ml of distilled water. Samples were then subjected to SEM examination. All irrigants showed a significant reduction in CFUs compared to the control group (P⟨ .001), but none compared to each other. Regarding smear layer removal in the apical third, EDTA removed smear layer more effectively than HybenX (P = .014). HybenX demonstrated good antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis biofilm and removed the smear layer effectively in coronal and middle third of the root canal system. HybenX can be considered as a promising irrigating agent in root canal treatment of infected teeth., (Copyright© 2021 Dennis Barber Ltd.)

This study evaluated different irrigation methods in smear layer removal from the root canal walls using maleic acid (MA). Maxillary anterior teeth (N=30, n=10 per group) were decoronated, canals were enlarged with Protaper (size F4) and allocated to three groups: EndoUltra: 2.5 ml of 7% MA was irrigated for 30 s, followed by EndoUltra activation for 30 s; EndoSafe: EndoSafe irrigation system was used for 1 minute using 5 ml of 7% MA; Side-vented needle: 30 gauge needle irrigation was performed for 1 min using 5 ml of 7% MA. After SEM analysis, the inter-examiner reliability was verified using Kendall's Co-efficient and data were analyzed using Pearson Chi-Square test. No statistical significant differences were found between the two examiners (p⟩0.05). In intra-group comparison, needle and EndoSafe irrigation demonstrated significantly better smear layer removal at middle third of the root canal system (p⟨0.05) when compared to apical third. In inter-group comparison, smear layer was minimally removed with needle irrigation. In the apical third, EndoUltra group removed smear layer more effectively. Endosafe needle irrigation in combination with 7% MA removed the smear layer in the root canal at best, while the EndoUltra performed the best at the apical third of the root., (Copyright© 2019 Dennis Barber Ltd.)