Search

Pyrolysis of deodar has been carried out at 350 and 400 °C at 0.1, 1, 2 and 3 MPa hydrogen pressure. Pyrolysis under nitrogen atmosphere has been carried out at 300, 350, 400 and 450 °C. The favourable process conditions under hydrogen environment were found to be 400 °C and 2 MPa pressure and in case of nitrogen environment was found to be 350 °C. The products have been characterised using GC–MS, 1 H NMR, FT-IR and SEM. It has been observed that the bio-oil is rich in phenolic compounds under nitrogen and hydrogen atmospheres. Selectivity towards certain compounds such as catechol, vanillin and its derivatives etc. are high under hydrogen atmosphere. Deodar has undergone decomposition significantly which is evident by the absence of most functionality in bio-char and loss of crystallinity. The products formed under hydrogen and nitrogen environments are different from each other owing to the differences in reaction mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slow pyrolysis of wheat straw and wheat husk has been carried out using microporous zeolite catalysts such as H-ZSM-5, mordenite and Y zeolite. Catalyst testing has been carried out at two positions in the reactor; one where it is mixed with the feed and other, by placing it in a catalyst boat to allow vapour phase contact. The thermal experiments have been carried out at 300, 350, 400 and 450 °C and the catalytic experiments have been carried out at 350 °C. Bio-oil yields are lower in all cases of catalytic pyrolysis of wheat straw compared to thermal run. With wheat husk, most cases of catalytic pyrolysis produced more bio-oil than thermal run. The bio-oil has been characterised using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) and 1 H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( 1 H NMR) and bio-char using Fourier Transform-Infra Red spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It has been observed that the pyrolysis product profile and decomposition mechanism is dependent on the method of contact of catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis of azolla, sargassum tenerrimum and water hyacinth were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor at different temperatures in the range of 300–450 °C in the presence of nitrogen (inert atmosphere). The objective of this study is to understand the effect of compositional changes of various aquatic biomass samples on product distribution and nature of products during slow pyrolysis. The maximum liquid product yield of azolla, sargassum tenerrimum and water hyacinth (38.5, 43.4 and 24.6 wt.% respectively) obtained at 400, 450 and 400 °C. Detailed analysis of the bio-oil and bio-char was investigated using 1 H NMR, FT-IR, and XRD. The characterization of bio-oil showed a high percentage of aliphatic functional groups and presence of phenolic, ketones and nitrogen-containing group. The characterization results showed that the bio-oil obtained from azolla, sargassum tenerrimum and water hyacinth can be potentially valuable as a fuel and chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Valorisation of cashew skin (CS), shell (CSW), and deoiled cake (CDC) by slow pyrolysis at different temperatures. • 37.1, 48.6, and 54.9 wt% were observed as the maximum bio-oil yield for CS, CDC, and CSW respectively. • Optimised slow pyrolysis bio-oil for all three wastes is rich in phenolics. • GC-MS, FTIR, and 1HNMR revealed the different functionalities in bio-oil. • XRD, SEM, FTIR, elemental analysis and Py-GC/MS disclosed the nature of biochar. A huge amount of waste is generated by the cashew processing industries. This study aims to valorise these cashew wastes generated at different levels while processing cashew nuts in factories. The feedstocks include cashew skin, cashew shell and cashew shell de-oiled cake. Slow pyrolysis of these three different cashew wastes was performed at varying temperatures (300-500℃) at a heating rate of 10℃/min in a lab scale glass-tubular reactor under inert atmosphere of nitrogen with flow rate of 50 ml/min. The total bio-oil yield for cashew skin and the de-oiled shell cake was 37.1 and 48.6 wt% at 400℃ and 450℃, respectively. However, the maximum bio-oil yield obtained for cashew shell waste was 54.9 wt% at 500℃. The bio-oil was analysed using GC-MS, FTIR, and NMR. Along with the various functionalities observed in bio-oil through GC-MS, phenolics were observed to have maximum area% for all the feedstocks at all temperatures. At all the slow pyrolysis temperatures, cashew skin led to more biochar yield (40 wt%) as compared to cashew de-oiled cake (26 wt%) and cashew shell waste (22 wt%). Biochar was characterized by various analytical tools such as XRD, FTIR, Proximate analyser, CHNS, Py-GC/MS and SEM. Characterization of biochar revealed its carbonaceous and amorphous nature along with porosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis is an important thermo-chemical method for effective utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. The pyrolysis of rice straw has been carried out using fixed bed reactor under CO 2 environment at temperatures ranging from 300 to 450 °C to study the effect of CO 2 and temperature. The maximum oil yield (34.5 wt. %) was obtained at 400 °C. The solid residue yield decreased when the temperature increased from 300 to 450 °C, while the gas yields increased. The results showed that both the temperature and reaction atmosphere had an influence on the product distribution and nature of the products. The main compounds observed in the bio-oil were phenol, 2-ethyl-Phenol, 2-methyl-Phenol, 2-methoxy-Phenol, 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 2, 6-dimethoxy-Phenol. Liquid product obtained from pyrolysis of rice straw showed high proton percentage from region 1.5–3.0 ppm, around 31–34.5% of protons resonate in this region indicating that the liquid products have high aliphatic proton content. Bio-oil produced at 400 °C indicated the higher proton percentage 34.5% in this region (1.5–3.0 ppm), higher than the other conditions. The bio-chars were amorphous in nature. The SEM images revealed that with increase in temperature, the cracks and breakages on the char surface are clearly observed and retained less evidence of original cell structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Spent citronella biomass is pyrolyzed by slow and flash pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS). • Influence of temperature on products yield is revealed. • Maximum bio-oil yield of 37.7 wt% is observed at 450 °C with conversion of 71 wt%. • Phenolics showed maximum area% (60.05) at optimized temperature. • Flash pyrolysis with high heating rate led to maximum area% of carbonyls. Slow and flash pyrolysis of spent citronella biomass has been studied at varying temperatures. It is aimed to understand the pyrolytic behavior of spent citronella aromatic biomass with temperatures. Maximum bio-oil yield of 37.7 wt% was obtained with conversion of 71 wt% at 450 °C through slow pyrolysis. GC/MS, 1H NMR, and FTIR analysis of pyrolytic liquid (bio-oil) was done which indicated various functionalities with maximum area% for phenolics. However, flash pyrolysis at high heating rate of 20 °C/ms resulted into maximum area% for carbonyls at all temperatures. In addition, an increasing trend for phenolics with temperature was also observed. The properties of obtained biochar are analysed by CHNS, FTIR, TOC, XRD, and SEM, which confirmed the significant decomposition of biomass constituents. The characterisation results revealed the potential usage of pyrolytic liquid i.e., bio-oil and pyrolytic residue i.e., biochar for different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]