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Background: The Canadian 24-hour movement behavior (24-HMB) guidelines recommend an adequate level of physical activity (PA), a limited amount of screen time (ST), and a sufficient sleep duration (SLP) to promote the healthy development of children. Although the positive effects of adhering to the 24-HMB guidelines have been established for several health parameters, less is known about how adherence to the 24-HMB guidelines relates to the myopia risk (i.e., inability to see distant objects properly). Thus, this study investigated associations between meeting 24-HMB guidelines and myopia risk in school-aged children., Method: Using a questionnaire survey, this cross-sectional study was conducted among parents of school-aged children (5-13 years) in China from 15 th September to 15 th October 2022, with a total of 1423 respondents with complete data for analysis. Parents reported their child's time spent in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA), SLP, and ST. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between measures of PA, ST, and SLP alone and in combination, and the occurrence of myopia., Results: A relatively low percentage of the children being included in the current study (4.92%) met all 24-HMB guidelines, while 32.46% had myopia. Girls had a significantly higher risk of myopia compared to boys (OR = 1.3, 1.002 to 1.68, p = 0.049). Children of parents without myopia had a lower risk of myopia (OR = 0.45, 0.34-0.59, p < 0.001). Children who lived in urban areas (OR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.33 to 2.52, p < 0.001) or towns (OR = 1.60, 1.03 to 2.47, p = 0.04) had a significantly higher risk of myopia compared to those living in rural areas. Meeting SLP guidelines (OR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.82, p < 0.01), meeting ST + SLP guidelines (OR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.32-0.69, <0.001), and meeting all three guidelines were associated with significantly lower risk of myopia (OR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.20-0.82, p = 0.01). Meeting more 24-HMB guidelines was associated with a reduced risk of myopia., Conclusions: Our data suggest that adhering to SLP, ST + SLP, and ST + SLP + PA guidelines is associated with the risk of myopia. Future research investigating dose-response associations, and potential mechanisms, is necessary to achieve a more nuanced understanding of the observed associations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Evidence-based 24-h movement behavior (24-HMB) guidelines have been developed to integrate recommendations for the time spent on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep. For children and adolescents, these 24-HMB guidelines recommend a maximum of two hours of recreational screen time (as part of sedentary behavior), a minimum of 60 min per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and an age-appropriate sleep duration (9–11 h for 5 to 13-year-olds; 8–10 h for 14 to 17-year-olds). Although adherence to the guidelines has been associated with positive health outcomes, the effects of adhering to the 24-HMB recommendations have not been fully examined in children and adolescents with attention eficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Therefore, this study examined potential associations between meeting the 24-HMB guidelines and indicators of cognitive and social difficulties in children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods: Cross-sectional data on 3470 children and adolescents with ADHD aged between 6 and 17 years was extracted from the National Survey for Children's Health (NSCH 2020). Adherence to 24-HMB guidelines comprised screen time, physical activity, and sleep. ADHD-related outcomes included four indicators; one relating to cognitive difficulties (i.e., serious difficulties in concentrating, remembering, or making decisions) and three indicators of social difficulties (i.e., difficulties in making or keeping friends, bullying others, being bullied). Logistic regression was performed to determine the associations between adherence to 24-HMB guidelines and the cognitive and social outcomes described above, while adjusting for confounders. Results: In total, 44.8% of participants met at least one movement behavior guideline, while only 5.7% met all three. Adjusted logistic regressions further showed that meeting all three guidelines was associated with lower odds of cognitive difficulties in relation to none of the guidelines, but the strongest model included only screen time and physical activity as predictors (OR = 0.26, 95% CI 0.12–0.53, p <.001). For social relationships, meeting all three guidelines was associated with lower odds of difficulty keeping friends (OR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.21–0.97, p =.04) in relation to none of the guidelines. Meeting the guideline for screen time was associated with lower odds of being bullied (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.39–0.97, p =.04) in relation to none of the guidelines. While screen time only, sleep only and the combination of both were associated with lower odds of bullying others, sleep alone was the strongest predictor (OR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.26–0.76, p =.003) in relation to none of the guidelines. Conclusion: Meeting 24-HMB guidelines was associated with reduced likelihood of cognitive and social difficulties in children and adolescents with ADHD. These findings highlight the importance of adhering to healthy lifestyle behaviors as outlined in the 24-HMB recommendations with regard to cognitive and social difficulties in children and adolescents with ADHD. These results need to be confirmed by longitudinal and interventional studies with a large sample size. Highlights: Meeting the combination of all three 24-HMB guidelines, or a combination of screen time and physical activity, was associated with reduced odds of serious difficulties in concentrating, remembering, or making decisions. Meeting the combination of all three 24-HMB guidelines was associated with reduced odds of difficulties making and keeping friends. Meeting the 24-HMB guideline for screen time was associated with reduced odds of being bullied. Meeting the individual guidelines for screen time or sleep duration or a combination of both was associated with reduced odds of bullying others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vision health is crucial for many aspects of life especially in developing populations such as children and adolescents. However, there is a high proportion of children and adolescents who suffer from visual impairments. Notably, accumulating evidence indicates that meeting the 24-hour movement behaviors (24-HMB) guidelines is associated with positive physical and mental health outcomes in children and adolescents. However, the relationship between being prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and meeting the 24-HMB guidelines has yet to be investigated. Thus, this study aimed to address this gap in the existing literature by using the 2021 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) dataset. In this cross-sectional study, data was retrieved from the 2021 NSCH. A total of 14,193 U.S. children and adolescents aged between 6 and 17 years were included for data analyses. We used items of the NSCH concerning the 24-HMB guidelines (i.e., physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration) and prescription of eyeglasses/contact lenses that were answered by the legal guardian of the children. Binary logistic regression was performed to investigate whether meeting the 24-HMB guidelines is associated with prescription eyeglasses/contact lenses and whether wearing eyeglasses/contact lenses predicts adherence to the 24-HMB guidelines among children and adolescents. More than half of the participants (59.53%) wore eyeglasses/contact lenses and only 8.40% of them met all three of the 24-HMB guidelines. Compared to meeting none of the 24-HMB guidelines, meeting one (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.62–0.93, p = 0.008), two (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.43–0.67, p < 0.001), and all three 24-HMB guidelines (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.34–0.64, p < 0.001) were associated with a lower risk of being prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses among children and adolescents. The findings of the current study provided evidence that the prevalence of U.S. children and adolescents aged between 6 and 17 years who wore eyeglasses/contact lenses was relatively high. Furthermore, meeting the 24-HMB guidelines was associated with a lower risk of being prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses. Future studies focusing on the effects of 24-HMB interventions on vision health among children and adolescents are needed to better inform public health actions. • Among 14,193 children and adolescents, 59.53% of the selected sample were prescribed to wear eyeglasses/contact lenses. • Meeting the 24-HMB guidelines was associated with a lower risk of being prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses among children and adolescents. • The protective effect of healthy lifestyle behaviors as recommended in the 24-HMB guidelines increased with the number of the 24-HMB recommendations met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the prevalence of meeting 24-h movement behavior (24-HMB: physical activity [PA], screen time [ST], and sleep duration [SL]) guidelines in U.S. children and adolescents (youth) with prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and anxiety, followed by an investigation on its associated prevalence across specific demographic variables (e.g., ethnicity, highest level of education of household members). Youth (N = 1729) who were prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and had anxiety were included in this cross-sectional study. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine the odds ratio of meeting 24-HMB guidelines when considering specific sociodemographic factors. Most participants met some proportion of 24-HMB guidelines, with 407 participants (23.54%) meeting two guidelines (PA + ST, PA + SL, and ST + SL), while 103 participants (5.96%) met three guidelines (PA + ST + SL). Furthermore, youth with prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and anxiety demonstrated a significantly lower prevalence of meeting the combined guidelines (PA + SL, ST + SL, and PA + ST + SL) in relative to the age-matched group without prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and anxiety (ps < 0.001). Only a small percentage of the U.S. youth with prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and anxiety met the combined components of 24-HMB guidelines (especially compared with participants without prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and anxiety). Thus, there is a strong need for public health initiatives to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors in this vulnerable population including higher levels of regular physical activity, lower time spent sedentary and appropriate sleep duration. • A large percentage of youth with prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and anxiety failed to meet the integrated components of the 24-HMB guidelines. • Considering the low adherence to PA guideline and ST guideline, future public health actions should aim to reduce screen time and increase physical activity. • Encouraging youth with prescribed eyeglasses/contact lenses and anxiety to follow 24-HMB guidelines might support their overall healthy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: the current study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity (PA) level and inhibitory control performance and then to determine whether this association was mediated by multiple sleep parameters (i.e., subjective sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and sleep disturbance). Methods: 180 healthy university students (age: 20.15 ± 1.92 years) from the East China Normal University were recruited for the present study. PA level, sleep parameters, and inhibitory control performance were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scale (PSQI), and a Stroop test, respectively. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: A higher level of PA was linked to better cognitive performance. Furthermore, higher subjective sleep quality and sleep efficiency were associated with better inhibitory control performance. The mediation analysis revealed that subjective sleep quality and sleep efficiency mediated the relationship between PA level and inhibitory control performance. Conclusion: our results are in accordance with the literature and buttress the idea that a healthy lifestyle that involves a relatively high level of regular PA and adequate sleep patterns is beneficial for cognition (e.g., inhibitory control performance). Furthermore, our study adds to the literature that sleep quality and sleep efficiency mediates the relationship between PA and inhibitory control performance, expanding our knowledge in the field of exercise cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate associations of meeting 24-h movement behavior (24-HMB: physical activity [PA], screen time [ST] in the school-aged youth, and sleep) guidelines with indicators of academic engagement, psychological functioning, and cognitive function in a national representative sample of U.S. youth. In this cross-sectional study, 1794 participants aged 6 to 17 years old were included for multivariable logistic regression to determine the above-mentioned associations, while adjusting for sociodemographic and health covariates. The proportion of participants who met 24-HMB guideline(s) varied greatly (PA+ ST+ sleep = 34 [weighted 1.17 %], PA + ST = 23 [weighted 1.72 %], PA + sleep = 52 [weighted 2.15 %], PA = 34 [weighted 2.88 %], ST = 142 [weighted 7.5 %], ST+ sleep = 209 [weighted 11.86 %], sleep = 725 [weighted 35.5 %], none = 575 [weighted 37.22 %]). Participants who met ST guideline alone and integrated (ST + Sleep and ST + sleep + PA) guidelines demonstrated the consistently beneficial associations with learning interest/curiosity, caring for school performance, completing required homework, resilience, cognitive difficulties, self-regulation (ps < 0.05). Meeting 24-HMB guidelines in an isolated or integrative manner was associated with improved academic engagement, psychological functioning, and reduced cognitive difficulties. These findings highlight the importance of the promotion of 24-HMB guidelines in youth with internalizing problems. Future longitudinal studies are needed to investigate whether changes or modifications of meeting specific 24-HMB guidelines (especially ST) is beneficial for youth with internalizing problems. • A low number of them meets the 24-HMB guidelines. • Those who meet more components of the 24-HMB guidelines have better academic performance and psychological functioning. • ST is an important factor influencing measures of mental health and academic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]