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The language of literary texts is a complex and multiform phenomenon. One of the problems connected with it is the employment of non-standard linguistic varieties. This paper focuses on the especial situation in Czech culture in the 1950s. In that decade, literary critics and linguists strictly required the use of Standard Czech and the restriction of non-standard varieties in literary texts. On the other hand, various inedited works were written the language of which was based on the so-called Common Czech, colloquialisms and slangs. The main part of the paper describes the language of stories by Jan Zábrana (from the years 1954 to 1957) in relation to the official requirements. Zábrana's stories (published posthumously in the 1990s) represent a radical denying of these requirements. Zábrana depicts spontaneous and informal spoken communication that differs from the idea of cultivated standard expression. Both the figures and the narrator consistently use nonstandard linguistic means and colloquial lexicon (including vulgarisms). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper embarks upon ascertaining the chronological advance in the modern Egyptian-Arabic slang usage over a span of more than one hundred years, from the earlier decades of the twentieth century to the first decade of the twenty-first. The sociolinguistic survey is implemented via a close reading of modern Egyptian-Arabic fiction works authored in different stages in recent Egyptian history, and which have been mostly written in informal, colloquial language. The conversational parts of these modern novels yield, via a sociolinguistic exploration, several slang expressions that have been subject to many changes with the passing of time, yet special reference is given to four books of fiction as typical epitomes of the sequential eras. A big number of modern Egyptian-Arabic movies have been fashioned out of narrative works, so if media productions are considered as windows for informal language, recent and contemporary fiction might be one of the chief sources where a reader can learn about the various slang idioms and how these terms have developed all through ages. This study pays meticulous attention to the following modern novels: Ihsan Abdel-Quddus' Ana Hurra (I am Free) (1954), Yusuf Al-Qaeed'sLaban Al-asfour (The Sparrow's Milk (1994)Khaled Al-Khamissi'sTaksy (Taxi)(2006) -Youssef Maaty'sKalamAbeehGeddan (Very Dirty Words)(2009). Lexicographers have noted that a significant shift happened in Egyptian-Arabic prose writing in the early decades of the twentieth century, in which a further amount of everyday speech began to enter the narrative style. Due to its sociological and scholastic weight, both the marks and the minute down-to-earth progress of such change is the focus of this study. Modern Egyptian-Arabic slang register has grown in Egyptian-Arabic novels from around the 1920s to the 2010s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on the idea of a “word-creator”, a lexical machine that combines semantic devices like metaphor and metonymy and formal devices (mainly borrowed from Tournier’s lexicogenic devices) to produce new lexical items, a process that is especially observable in slang and colloquial language, both in English and in French, this paper focuses on series of synonymous slang and colloquial language words and expressions. Some of these are built around what we call a “semantic equation”, or a semantic trait that is brought into sharp focus. Other sets of expressions, which are much larger, are built around the iteration and slight deformation of a prototypical expression that ends up being forgotten in the rather mechanical re-use of the expression’s general outline. It is argued here that this mechanism illustrates the notion of slang as wordplay as the expressions thus created seem to echo one another over time and to build upon one another in a sort of attempt at being funnier, or more original or more absurd than those who came before.

Copyright of Filologija is the property of Croatian Academy of Sciences & Arts (HAZU) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Folia Litteraria Romanica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Albanian spoken language offers a variety of grammatical features, which include changes in sentence construction, connections between simple and compound sentences, new types of word order, usages of reported and indirect speech, tense shifts within a phrase, fragmentation of dialogues, and use of words that disrupt the normative syntactic structure. The impact of borrowings from other languages in Albanian is huge on most of the linguistic features mentioned above. Owing to their versatile nature, borrowings are mostly used in colloquial speech and slang. They adapt themselves when used in phrases and sentences, hence they undergo complete or partial changes following the rules of the Albanian language. The article points out several linguistic characteristics to illustrate how borrowings behave during the process of adaptation from one language into another. The linguistic phenomenon mostly used to adapt borrowings into Albanian is word formation. For this purpose, a study has been conducted in which speech has been observed mainly in situations of daily usage of language involving conversational and slang styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyses lexical imitation and creation in contemporary Romanian, as two important processes of developing the individual and collective lexis, along with the various forms of borrowing and the internal lexicalgrammatical techniques of vocabulary enrichment. Setting the perimeter of the investigation entails: 1) clarifying the two concepts and, due to the complexity of the phenomena and the diversity of occurrences both in the specialised language, in the non-specialized language, as well as in the colloquial and argotic language, a typological approach will follow. The subsequent objective 2) consists in the identification and description of the lexical-semantic mechanisms involved in lexical imitation and creation. Furthermore, as lexical imitation and lexical creation are substantial sources of expressiveness, my endeavour also involves 3) studying their special role in the dynamics of the slang, depending on the degree of communicational complicity determined by such special lexical items. The accomplishment of these objectives requires a chiefly linguistic methodology and the instruments used pertain mainly to the semantic and lexicalparadigmatic patterns of analysis. Given the necessity of considering the context, the discursive parameters and the quantification of the expressiveness of the argotic terms, the present investigation will require instruments of pragmastylistics and sociolinguistics analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Theoretical Studies of Literature & Art / Wenyi Lilun Yanjiu is the property of Editorial Board of Theoretical Studies in Literature & Art and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Victorian period in Britain saw the curious emergence of the word 'brick' as a term of high praise, picking out for commendation certain qualities of character: reliability and a lack of whimsy. The novels and everyday conversation of the period were full of such phrases as 'you're a brick' or 'he's a regular brick'. In this paper, I trace the history of this phrase in the respectable as well as popular literature of the period, including some ironic attempts to claim for it a classical pedigree. I offer some hypotheses about how we might understand the metaphor of the brick in terms of the needs and values of mainstream British (and more generally, imperial) culture in the period. As an illuminating contrast, I consider the fate of a similar metaphor from mid-twentieth-century culture, 'square', which picks out roughly similar qualities of character but to reprove them. I conclude with some theoretical reflections on how the study of outdated colloquialisms might bring the resources of historical linguistics to bear on the study of the history of moral concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Folia Litteraria Romanica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Knowledge of how rhyming slang works has often led scholars and laypeople to assume, without a shred of evidence, that many words of unknown derivation have their origins in this form of slang. Some of these assumptions are based on the premise that, if two synonymous words or phrases rhyme, one of them must derive from the other, while others hinge on the supposed existence of a full form whose second element helps unravel the puzzle. This tendency to folk-etymologise by resorting to rhyme is also reflected in many terms resulting from a conflation of a non-rhyming slang word and an underlying rhyme, the former usually being regarded as an elliptical version of the full rhyming slang term, rather than one of its etymons. Drawing on data from a range of primary and secondary sources, this article examines the inner workings of a number of false but widely entertained rhyming slang etymologies and shows how some of the mechanisms that triggered them have long been used in the creation of genuine folk-etymological elaborations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical contacts, state formations, the setting of market relations, the appearance of foreign goods and formation of the united international enterprises promote expansion and interaction of various languages. In this regard we find it interesting to investigate some Russian and English borrowings in the modern spoken Azerbaijanian language, and the influence of the Azerbaijanian language on the Russian language of the Russian-speaking citizens living in Azerbaijan. So, the purpose of this work is to identify the modern Russian and English borrowings in the Azerbaijanian language, to investigate the features of their usage and to study the extent of penetration of Russian and English slang-words into the speech of Azerbaijanians. To achieve this purpose, the following tasks were put forward: to study the scientific publications about the reasons of lexical borrowings in a language; to systematize the lexical units into lexica-morphological groups. The objectives caused the use of the following methods: the method of dictionary interpretation analysis; the comparative method; the method of mathematical data processing and the modeling method. The area of the research is the vocabulary of the Azerbaijanian language. The object of research is the words borrowed from Russian and English as the result of intercommunication. The result of the work is the reflection of the language situation in the Azerbaijan Republic, and that of word-formation processes that take place in the Azerbaijanian language. Conclusions: there is an active influence of the Russian and English languages on the Azerbaijanian language and as a result on the culture of the people living in Azerbaijan. In its turn the Azerbaijanian language has a certain impact on the Russian of the Russian-speaking population of the republic, which finds its reflection in the lexis of the contacting languages.

The article focuses on the creation of the YA text sets and pairings in novel study in the middle school education in the U.S. Topics being presented include preservice teachers reading "All American Boys" as well as rapper Kendrick Lamar’s metaphor about the corruption of justice, which could foster an interesting discussion alongside the novel’s varying perspectives on police brutality.

In recent years, campus slang has gradually gained the concerns of the scholars. Campus slang, as one language form on campus, has always been the subject of semantics, pragmatics and systemic-functional linguistics. The domestic and foreign scholars mostly focused on the description and explanation of the characteristics, development tendency and pragmatic effects of campus slang, but few has been done in the field of its characteristics from the perspective of semiotics. Considering the shortage of the previous studies on campus slang, attempts are made to use specific examples of campus slang as samples to complete the research system of campus slang by giving a broader view and re-interpreting the phenomenon of campus slang from the perspective of semiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the relationship of swearing and slang to code-switching based on data obtained in a Basque–Spanish language contact situation. The study is based on 22 hours of recorded material of 22 Basque bilinguals, both L1 and L2 Basque speakers. In Greater Bilbao, even the bilinguals who do not frequently code-switch shift to Spanish to introduce slang or swear words to otherwise Basque discourse. The susceptibility of these elements to switching is examined from structural, discursive and sociolinguistic points of view. The phenomena are understood to strengthen one another: when different stylistic and stance-taking devices co-occur, they become even more salient, thus underlining the effect for which they were introduced to the conversation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In The Maltese Falcon (1929/1930), U.S. hard-boiled author Dashiell Hammett used common colloquial terms (queer and fairy) and specialized slang terms (gunsel, the gooseberry lay) to include homosexual characters at a time when pulp magazines and mainstream publishers frowned on diverse sexualities. Hammett subversively introduced these terms in a resolvably ambiguous fashion, relying on readers to trigger underlying homosexual interpretations. Instances of queer and fairy were attenuated in early versions (1933, 1946) but in more recent versions (1968, 1974, 1992, and 2011) were generally preserved (marica) or even intensified (maricón). In many cases, the Spanish translators misinterpreted the gooseberry lay, which has no sexual connotations at all, thinking it meant something homosexual. In all cases, the term gunsel, which does have a homosexual meaning, was stripped of all male same-sex significance and was cast into slang terms for gunman, thug or killer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our paper we tackle the topic of the knowledge of Mexican Spanish vocabulary through several types of dictionaries registering it. We make an historical overview recalling the impact of Spanish on the autochthonous people, as well as some remarks on the influence of the Castillian norm, as the leading norm, on Mexican Spanish. We also offer points of analysis for the knowledge of the privative and we analyze the theoretical tendencies of actual lexicography in registering Mexican Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the functioning of a very numerous group of lexemes synonymous to the adjective fajny 'such that I like (a lot)', which can be found in the language of contemporary teenagers, e.g. fajowy, super, spoko, cool, słit (sweet), odjazdowy, wypasiony, epicki, zajebisty, zacny. It analyses the conditions and methods used to multiply this category of lexemes in the teenage slang -- which has these days a powerful impact on general Polish. The points of reference are the phenomena characteristic of slang: expressiveness, fashion, richness of synonyms and tautonyms. These questions are considered against the background of current cultural and linguistic changes (structural processes, borrowing, colloquialization, vulgarization and devulgarization, word play). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saussure famously characterizes language as both 'mutable' and 'immutable.' Any individual is free to coin a phrase or use a word in a new way, but it is only the linguistic community as a whole that can ratify the new expression, giving it social currency and legitimation. In a language, rhetorical force is constantly being applied by speakers of a language: by writers, film-makers, politicians, and academics. At the same time, resistance to linguistic innovation is being applied by the language community as a whole: in conversation, on Wikipedia, and on talkback radio. Expressions such as 'collateral damage,' 'rogue state,' or 'queue-jumper,' can only be given currency, force, or legitimation, by the community of speakers of a language. The Saussurean scholar Roy Harris, in his work Reading Saussure (Open Court, 1987), says that the role of the individual in making a language is remarkably similar to the role of the individual in a nation-state. This analogy naturally suggests the concept of the 'language citizen.' A language citizen would be a speaker of a language who makes choices in their language use, who may either ratify or resist linguistic innovation. The notion of the language citizen is a way of measuring the depth and breadth of community participation in the construction of meaning, and in the making and remaking of worlds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lexikos is the property of Bureau of the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the sociolinguistic import of an emerging hybrid street language by a group known as the Ágábá Boys in Calabar South, Cross River State, South-eastern Nigeria. The paper explores the lexically and contextually driven ingroup code of the Ágábá Boys which is manifested in slang, metaphors and a variety of taboo expressions embodied in expletives, profanities, insults, curses and swear words. The group uses its peculiar language in addition to other socially constructed dialects to reinforce anti-establishment behaviour, conceptualize identity, enhance solidarity and foster group integration. Youth language in Calabar South is full of improvization and allows enormous creative possi-bilities. It is adjudged to be generally deviant and exotic and mainly perceived as a mark of poor parentage, unemployment, limited education and low social orientation. It enables youth (Ágábá Boys) to identify their individuality and express their deviant tendencies against established norms and conventions. The paper highlights how youth in Calabar South produce and reinforce their marginal/deviant status through iterative and creative language use which is essential for the creation of urban subculture and their group dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper focuses on presenting some aspects related to the use of military terminology, both British and American, during the XVIIth and XXth centuries. When it comes to British English we can highlight the richness in military terms, as connected to how people lived during ancient times. They were conquerors, involved in historical armed conflicts, where a certain of weaponry was needed. The XVIIth century represents a landmark of English language evolution. It is the moment when the American language began to shape itself. As language is concerned, trade and colonization altered language during the XVIIIth century, thus becoming a rather corrupted one. English language continued to change as the British Empire moved across the world - to the U.S.A., Australia, New Zealand, India, Asia and Africa. American language fully emerged with The Spanish-American War (1898) which lasted for only four months but considerably improved language in general, and slang in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the improvement of the new communication technologies has made it necessary to return the focus on verbal culture. In the messages transmitted in the social media which developed within the internet, the irregular and false use of Turkish is remarkable together with meaningless structures generated because of using English and Turkish simultaneously. This condition results in a different language which is not suitable for literacy. This article aims to extensively examine this structure of verbal culture which is newly generated due to the internet and demonstrate the contemporary transformations of the Turkish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osman Cemal Kaygılı started to write at journal called as "Eşek" in 1910 and he was one of the the writers who had written about all kinds of literature. The author who was different from his contemporaries in terms of the periphery he was grown up and lived in had the readers feel this periphery in his all writings. Osman Cemal Kaygılı chose as materials for his literary works the districts which remained outside the literary world at that time such as Haliç, Kumkapı, Kasımpasa, Balat, Samatya, Hasköy, the social life in these districts, the types such as gypsies, unofficial fire fighters, rakes, tipplers, gangsters and entertainment places such as pubs, cafes and casinos. These mentioned rich materials determined the language and especially vocabulary he used to a great extent. Slang, defined as a special language which is used to communicate by some groups in a society and exists in almost every country and language, is one of the factors which make Osman Cemal's vocabulary different. His slang can be divided into three parts: criminals' slang, minorities' slang and fun slang. Slang at Osman Cemal's vocabulary comes out at three functions: The reflection of reality, contribution to humour and putting forward his own experiences to the reader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how paratexts are used in a short story and its translation. "A Victorian Fable (with Glossary)", by Angela Carter, was translated into Chinese in Taiwan in 2005. The story highlights the role of paratext, and specifically of glossaries/ footnotes, in framing a tale on two levels. As a compositional technique, the English glossary brings the Victorian scene into a contemporary context; as a translational apparatus, the glosses mediate between the source context and the target readers. The translator's consideration in rendering the archaic source text is encapsulated in the initial translational footnote, which explains her endeavour to retain the absurdity and awkwardness of the source text. This paper explores the translator's contentions in two stages. It first examines the semantically and culturally loaded vocabulary of the source text to establish the reliability of Carter's glossary and its role in shaping the story it accompanies. Subsequently, it analyses the strategies used to achieve the same effect in the target text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the instant messaging (IM) exchanges of college students using an inductive approach based on the grounded theory. It analyzes the different language features of IM including eye dialect, emoticons and slang, and its frequency patterns. Moreover, it explores the paralinguistic information inscribed in the students' interactive written conversations, and suggests that teachers should focus on technologically mediated writing of their students to understand the meaning of their communication.

The use of teenage language in health communication has become more evident during the past decade. The loveLife campaign in South Africa is one such example. The perception is that when you talk to teenagers it is best to address them in their own 'lingo'. In this study, two teenage slang versions of the same message were compared. One version was the English variety that is used by loveLife (the 'loveLife variety'). The other was developed by having young people express the same message using their own teenage variety (the 'authentic teenage variety'). These two teenage varieties were also compared to the corresponding standard variety. This comparison was conducted through two separate experiments among Sepedi and English teenagers in Pretoria. The English participants showed a greater dislike of the two teenage varieties compared to Standard English. The Sepedi participants, on the other hand, showed a clear liking for their authentic teenage variety and considered it similar to their linguistic style. However, this positive evaluation of their authentic variety did not result in enhanced favourable perceptions of the source and made no difference to the persuasiveness of the message. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses words from the argot of the New Zealand male prostitute in relation to environments in which he works. The language form has absorbed into itself elements of prison slang, pig Latin, Polari, gay slang, Maori and localised dialect. The article is divided into six sections, each concerned with a different form of male prostitution. While the public toilets, wharves, prisons, streets, agencies and private brothels are not mutually exclusive environments, a consideration of their nature is helpful in understanding words and the contexts in which they operate. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 2004 The New York Times (NYT) launched a weekly Time Supplement (TS) with Taiwan's United Daily News. This article is intended to explore lexical feature variations between TS headlines and NYT headlines as a discourse strategy, focusing on variations of lexical formality and accessibility. A textual survey and stylistic analysis were conducted on a corpus comprising (i) all the TS news articles published during the eight months ending on October 31, 2008, and (ii) all the corresponding NYT news articles. An attempt was made to establish and analyze the lexical features that characterize TS and NYT headlines. Colloquialisms, idioms, slang expressions, technical terms, and non-English words were found in far more NYT headlines than TS headlines. These lexical feature variations decrease the informality of TS headlines but increase their accessibility to general TS readers, making the writing and reading of TS headlines stylistically less informal or more neutral. Four patterns of dictional variations from NYT to TS headlines were detected: from more to less informal, from first-person to third-person viewpoint, from less to more accessible, and from persuasive to informative. These variation patterns reflect what the headline writers perceive to be the norms for the respective readerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of the article is the phenomenon of slang in the Turkish language. An examination of the phenomenon and its place in contemporary Turkish culture is followed by a description of slang from a semiotic point of view. Particular attention is given to the morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic levels of slang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, an increasing number of university students in Canada speak a home language other than English, which can put added pressure on the kinds of linguistic, cultural, and academic support they may require in their tertiary education and in the workplace. Indeed, communication difficulties can surface in the workplace for students during internship placements. This article discusses the challenges that ESL engineering students have and the strategies they use to acquire oral competency while on their internship placements. The students in this study participated in a sixteen-month internship in a research and development unit of a software company. Findings reveal that learning technical language was the main priority. However, challenges revolved around conversational aspects of communication that required the ability to use and understand colloquial language, idioms, and slang, as well as to recognize cultural practices in face-to-face and computer-mediated interactions. Pedagogical implications for English for Specific Purposes (ESP) programs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the register of slang has historically been embraced to forge salient social and spatial distinctions, demarcating the physical space of the favela (shantytown) and naturalizing the exclusion of its residents. In this article, I examine the ongoing enregisterment of slang in Rio's current context of profound social inequality, democratic instability, heightened urban violence, and geographic proximity. Within this climate of fear and insecurity, newly vulnerable and newly marginalized city residents draw on and reify salient speech repertoires to negotiate rights to the city and to the nation-state that have become increasingly threatened along socioeconomic, racial, and residential lines. I argue that the enregisterment of slang constructs newly emergent citizenship categories that both challenge and reinforce Brazil's entrenched regime of differentiated citizenship, illuminating the productive role of linguistic differentiation in the modern nation-state. [Keywords: slang, crime, citizenship, marginality, Brazil] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article surveys the earliest attestations of blotto 'drunk' and proposes a new etymology for it in their light. The first nine attestations of the form in English can be dated between July 1917 and the end of January 1919; eight of them, all with the sense 'drunk', have a connection to World War I's Western Front. The odd one out, in which Blotto is used as a proper name and has no connection to intoxication, is from a story written by an Englishman residing in Paris. The article argues that none of the previously offered explanations of blotto is satisfactory and points out that none explains the nearly simultaneous emergence of the form in Western Front slang and as a fictional name. It proposes that blotto was likeliest suggested by the name of Blotto Frères, manufacturer of a well-known and often unstable delivery vehicle widely used in France in the early twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the creation of covert puns as a source of slang words in English. It mentions Dr. Samuel Johnson's opinion that if language is the dress of thought, then slang could well be described as fancy dress at its most flamboyant. It defines covert pun as a somewhat paradigmatic pun wherein two homophones, the punning element and its target, are indirectly connected by sense relations or cultural associations. Moreover, it explains the origin of covert puns and provides a glossary for it.

The article analyzes French slang in "L'Instruit," by Jeanne Cordelier. The author presents an overview of the novel's plot, which focuses on the life of a young Parisian man from a lower class background. According to the article, "L'Instruit" has 400 slang words. Some of these words are known to many French speakers and others are commonly used by certain social classes to describe drug use and prostitution.

The article provides information concerning the history and usage of the word "argot." According to the author, the strict translation of France's "argot" is not slang but is more properly defined as cant. As with what would become slang, it is said that the first knowledge of "argot" is found in the late Middle Ages.

The article presents an analysis of how popular culture benefits legal scholarship as it displays significant cross-border perspectives and popular resistance to hegemony. It also explores Colombian language and Spanish-language radio in the U.S. It is added that informal language offers a way for subaltern factors to resist hegemonic forces in a north-south relationship in the western hemisphere.

Adopting Fairciough's multidimensional approach, this corpus-based study explores discursive changes in current Taiwanese society, with a particular focus on conversationalization in printed media. Data were collected from three major newspapers catering to different readerships during three time periods. The analyzed linguistic features include noun phrases, Chinese four-character set expressions, mixing of local dialect(s), and slang. My analysis shows that over the past two decades there has been an increase of conversational features in all three newspapers. In addition, a cross-sectional comparison has revealed that soft news texts (e.g. entertainment news) include more conversational features than hard news texts (e.g. international news). It is also found that the newspaper which stresses local values and advocates an independent Taiwan identity tends to adopt more conversational features, particularly the mixing of Taiwanese in Mandarin news texts. Finally, I suggest that this trend of conversationalization in the Taiwanese press can be linked to substantive democratization and marketization of the Taiwanese society as well as the change and development of modern written Chinese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]