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Ferrochrome slag (FS) contains a large number of glass phase, which cannot be effectively transformed into crystalline phases during the reutilization for fabricating ceramic materials. In this study, cordierite with a low expansion coefficient was successfully prepared from FS and quartz. The composition and structural characteristics of FS were analyzed. The phase evolution, microstructure, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and material properties were studied. With 34 wt% quartz and maximum cordierite crystal content of 75.1 wt%, the glass phase decreased from 78.7 to 12.7 wt%. The melted quartz generated silica-rich microdomains with high viscosity during heating. Subsequently, the nuclear dynamic conditions were improved to promote the formation of cordierite crystals. Appropriate sintering temperature and holding time can boost the crystallization rate of the glass phase. Further, the diffusion of silica-rich microdomains was beneficial for the formation of cordierite crystals. Finally, the optimal cordierite ceramic material was obtained at 1300 °C for 2 h with a flexural strength of 38.3 MPa and CTE of 3.01 × 10−6/°C. These studies provide an effective way of re-utilizing large volumes of FS, and suggest a new method for preparing ceramic materials using high-temperature silicate waste residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, high-carbon ferrochrome slag powder produced by grinding was used to replace different proportions of cement, and the effect of the amount of ferrochrome slag powder on the physical and mechanical properties of ferrochrome-slag-cement composites was analyzed. Water-cooled ferrochrome slag with a particle size of <5 mm was optimized to replace part of river sand as fine aggregate, and air-cooled ferrochrome slag with a particle size of >5 mm was used to completely replace coarse aggregate to prepare ferrochrome-slag-based concretes. The microstructure of ferrochrome-slag-cement composites was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The compressive strength, water absorption, and aggregate–slurry interface bonding properties of ferrochrome-slag-based concrete were studied. The results demonstrate that a ferrochrome slag powder amount of 15% leads to the highest performance of ferrochrome-slag-cement composite material, and the fluidity ratio of ferrochrome-slag-cement mortar is 103, higher than reference samples. Furthermore, the compressive strengths of ferrochrome slag concretes are 15.8% and 3.6% higher than conventional concrete, and the water absorption of ferrochrome slag low-carbon concrete is better than that of conventional concrete. The interface bonding structure between concrete aggregate and slurry was optimized. This research can provide a reference for studying the application of ferrochrome slag, both the feasibility of high-carbon ferrochrome slag powder as supplementary cementitious material and the application of ferrochrome slag as concrete aggregate, and it can help to achieve the purpose of saving energy and reducing carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main intention of this research is to reuse the industrial by product ferrochrome slag and silica fume as a partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate and fly ash, respectively for the production of Geopolymer concrete with improved mechanical properties. Natural coarse aggregate was replaced by ferrochrome slag (FS) in varying percentages from 0 to 40% by weight. Fly ash was replaced by silica fume (SF) at different percentages 0 to 15% by weight. The combined effect of FS and SF was studied by developing Geopolymer concrete. Tests for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of the GPC have been carried out at 7, 28 and 90 days of curing. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was performed for the inspection of surface texture of the microstructure of the hardened samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was conducted to investigate the crystallinity of the mineral phases of the material as well as the activation product. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was carried out to know the degree of polymerization of the samples. At 28 days, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of GPC produced by replacing 30% FS and 10% SF increases by 38.9%, 47% and 20.4% respectively. Acronyms: CS Compressive strength; FS Ferrochrome slag; NCA Natural coarse aggregates; NFA Natural fine aggregates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, wet-mix shotcrete specimens were produced by substituting natural aggregate (NA) with ferrochrome slag aggregate (FS). Volumetrically, the amount of NA was reduced by 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% and a corresponding amount of FS aggregate was added. The physical, mechanical, durability and radiation shielding properties of the specimens were analysed. The gamma radiation performance was determined using energies 133Ba, 137Cs, 60Co and 22Na (ranging from 276.5 keV to 1332.5 keV) and a high-purity germanium HPGe detector system. The neutron radiation performance of the shotcrete specimens was obtained using FLUKA simulation. The WinXCOM interface was used for theoretical calculations, while the FLUKA Monte Carlo code was used for simulation calculations, and the data obtained were compared. It was observed that shotcrete mixtures having up to 50% ferrochrome slag aggregate showed a significant increase in mechanical properties. In radiation shielding performances, linear attenuation coefficient (μ), half-value layer (HVL), Tenth-value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP) and radiation protection efficiency (RPE) parameters increased with increasing ferrochrome slag aggregate ratio, while mass attenuation coefficient (μ⁄ρ) values remained almost constant. It was experimentally determined that the 5 cm thickness shotcrete produced had RPE values of 75% and 50% at low (276.4 keV) and high (1332.5 keV) energies, respectively. It was concluded that the use of 50% ferrochrome slag aggregate has a positive effect on the mechanical properties of shotcrete mixtures. Additionally, ferrochrome slag-reinforced shotcrete is a good gamma and neutron radiation shielding material. • Wet mix shotcrete with ferrochrome slag admixture was produced. • Physical, mechanical and durability properties were analysed. • Experimental, theoretical and simulation methods were used. • Specimen FS50 has the best mechanical properties. • Sample FS100 has the best gamma radiation shielding properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples of concrete stone based on ferrochrome slags with addition of fly ash and Portland cement were obtained by mechanochemical activation. The samples were studied in terms of their chemical, phase, and particle size composition, specific surface area, as well as morphology and strength characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The utilization of ferrochrome slag as a solid waste resource holds significant potential for reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainable practices. This review summarizes the material characteristics and utilizations of ferrochrome slag based on existing research. The benefits such as enhanced mechanical strength from 100% to 120% are indicated compared with conventional concrete. Furthermore, advanced utilization methods and environmental impact analyses indicate promising high-value applications. For instance, the leaching value of hexavalent chromium is generally below 0.5 mg/L, and a notable 14.4% reduction in environmental disturbance indicators according to life cycle assessment (LCA) analyses is noted. However, limitations persist, including the performance variations of ferrochrome slag, its impact on the shrinkage and durability of concrete when used as aggregate, and the underutilization of its material characteristics and waste heat resources during production. Suggestions for future research directions and improvement measures are proposed to promote the utilization value and broaden its application. Finally, the adoption of construction materials and the promotion of sustainable waste management practices are expected for the future utilization of ferrochrome slag. • The material characteristics of ferrochrome slag were reviewed. • The primary utilization of ferrochrome slag as aggregate was analyzed. • The advanced applications and environmental impact were summarized. • The limitations during the existing research of ferrochrome slag were concluded. • The directions of future studies for ferrochrome slag were proposed accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces the possible utilization of water cooled ferrochrome slag, an industrial waste from ferrochrome industry in concrete production. Traditional sand was substituted with six percentages (0% for reference mix, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) of ferrochrome slag by weight in all concrete mixtures. Leaching, micro-structural and mechanical properties, these three aspects were explored for the qualification of ferrochrome slag concrete. Different tests for the physical and mechanical performance of the concrete were done and the outcome demonstrated that substitution of sand by ferrochrome slag reduced a little in the performance of the strength and water absorption increases along with the increase of rate of substitution. However, the concrete having 30% ferrochrome slag shows almost comparable results with the reference mix. Leachability characteristics were also observed by pH dependence leaching test method for the five concrete samples and one raw slag sample. Moreover, micro-structural study of reference mix and concrete mix with 10–50% ferrochrome slag was performed by utilizing SEM techniques. This experimental study concludes that that ferrochrome slag can be used in the production of concrete as a partial substitution of traditional sand with no unfavourable ecological, micro-structural and mechanical effects. Cr- Chromium; FeCr- Ferrochrome; GBFS- Granulated Blast Furnace Slag; ISF- Imperial Smelting Furnace; PSC- Portland Slag Cement; SAI- Slag Activity Index; SEM- Scanning Electron Microscope; TCLP- Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure; USEPA- United States Environmental Protection Agency; WCFS- Water Cooled Ferrochrome Slag; XRD- X-Ray Diffraction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the mechanical and thermal properties of cement mortars incorporating two types of waste slags: ferrochrome (FeCr) slag aggregate was used as a replacement for sand at ratios of 25, 50, 75 and 100 wt%, and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) was used as a partial replacement for cement at a ratio of 25 wt%. Compressive strength, volume of permeable voids (VPV), drying shrinkage, and thermal conductivity tests were conducted after 28 days of curing. The microstructure characteristics were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results revealed that FeCr waste aggregates could satisfactorily replace natural fine sand in cement mortars up to 25 wt% without a remarkable degradation of compressive strength. Furthermore, increasing the replacement ratios of FeCr aggregates by over 25 wt% resulted in a noticeable decrease in thermal conductivity and an increase in the permeable void content of cement mortars. The increased VPV of FeCr slag-blended mortars led to a significant increase in drying shrinkage. The integration of GGBS with FeCr aggregates led to enhanced compressive strength and reduced VPV and drying shrinkage, thus contributing to an improved microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid waste, such as ferrochrome slag (FCS), has been extensively studied for its potential use as a construction material. This research focuses on utilizing FCS as the primary raw material to produce a high-strength ceramic aggregate, referred to as FCS-HSCA. The impact of calcination parameters on the performance of FCS-HSCA was investigated, while the underlying transformation mechanism was comprehensively explored. Subsequently, concrete with FCS-HSCA was prepared, and its influence on the performance of concrete was evaluated. The results reveal that the optimal performance of FCS-HSCA is achieved with a compressive strength of 310.3 MPa, a water absorption of 0.27%, and an apparent density of 2930 kg/m3. These characteristics are associated with specific parameters during the calcination stages, namely a preheating temperature of 1100 ℃, preheating time of 60 min, calcination temperature of 1500 ℃, and calcination time of 180 min. Moreover, the increased crystalline phases promote the solid dissolution of chromium into Mg(Al 1.5 Cr 0.5)O 4 , and the occurrence state of chromium is stable during the preparation of FCS-HSCA. This results in a decreased leaching value from 0.439 mg/L to 0.188 mg/L, reducing the impact on the environment and human health. Additionally, replacing FCS with FCS-HSCA in concrete enhances its compressive strength from 59.9 MPa to 66.1 MPa. This improvement is attributed to a notable reduction in the diameter of pores on the surface of FCS-HSCA, leading to a denser structure and improved bondability with cementitious composites. Finally, this novel approach maximizes the utilization of material characteristics while enhancing the stability of waste FCS. • A novel way to maximize the utilization of waste characteristics was proposed. • The optimal performance of FCS-HSCA was achieved through various analyses. • The surface roughness and performance variations were refined in preparing FCS-HSCA. • The improved bonding ability contributed to the increased performance of concrete. • The solidification of chromium was beneficial in reducing the environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology of Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) is gaining importance in the present era because of the reduced carbon dioxide emission and low embodied energy, when compared with the conventional cement concrete. GPC is obtained by the activation of silica and alumina rich source materials in the presence of alkali activator. This paper evaluates the strength and durability characteristics of fly ash based GPC with ferrochrome slag aggregates. The fine and coarse aggregates in the GPC were replaced with ferrochrome slag in various proportions, and it was noted that the coarse aggregate replacement performed better than the replacement of fine aggregates. The optimum replacement percentage that gives the maximum strength in terms of coarse aggregate replacement was arrived at. The result concluded that the incorporation of ferrochrome slag as coarse aggregate at optimum level enhanced the strength characteristics in comparison with the conventional GPC with normal aggregates. The durability characteristics of the various replacement mix was carried out, and the results of the optimum replacement mix was compared with the conventional geopolymer mix. Apart from these, the feasibility of utilising ferrochrome slag as aggregates in concrete were aiso ascertained by leaching tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, mechanical, visual, and microstructure changes of geopolymer concrete exposed to sulfate and salt effects were investigated. Elazığ ferrochrome slag (EFS) and blast furnace slag (BFS)‐based geopolymer concretes which completed curing time were immersed in 5% sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), sodium chloride (NaCl), and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) solutions for 12 weeks. The compressive strength values, ultrasonic pulse velocities, visual inspections, weight, and length changes of the samples were determined in this investigation. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was performed for the microstructure analysis of the samples removed from the solutions. Sulfate solutions had a more negative effect on the samples than salt solutions. As the EFS ratio in the mixture increases, the loss rate in the strength of the samples exposed to sulfate and salt solutions decreased. While samples exposed to sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, and magnesium sulfate solutions occurred weight gain, samples exposed to magnesium chloride occurred weight loss. The samples in salt solutions shrank, while the samples in sulfate solutions expanded. No deterioration occurred on the surfaces of the samples exposed to the solutions for 12 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Maximum strength of FSGPC is achieved at FS content 30%. • Use of FS shows excellent performance in GPC as compared to NCA. • Compact and denser media in the microstructure responsible for high strengths. The present research work aims to produce fly ash geopolymer concrete with ferrochrome slag as coarse aggregate. The experimental results of all the properties of ferrochrome slag based geopolymer concrete are compared to controlled geopolymer concrete and proved as most efficient, technically acceptable and environmentally compatible construction material. From compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile test results, it is observed that ferrochrome slag based geopolymer concrete shows excellent performance than that of controlled geopolymer concrete. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses are performed to study the behavior of microstructure with effect of different conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of research on obtaining a new composition of chemically resistant, refractory concrete mixture are presented. The basis of the resulting mass is production waste, which is a slag of electrothermal reduction of niobium pentoxide — crushed and purified fused alumina — electrocorundum, ferrosilicon slag, ferrochrome slag, refractory aluminosilicate mortar and refractory clay. High chemical resistance, fire resistance, mechanical strength, hardness and wear resistance determine the scope of its application—the production of chemically resistant, refractory concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid waste management is one of the subjects essentially addressing the current interest today. Due to the scarcity of land filling area, utilization of wastes in the construction sector has become an attractive proposition for disposal. Ferrochrome ash (FA) is a dust obtained as a waste material from the gas cleaning plant of Ferro alloy industries. It possesses the chemical requirements of granulated slag material used for the manufacture of Portland cement. Ferrochrome slag (FS) is another residue that is obtained as a solid waste by the smelting process during the production of stainless steel in Ferroalloy industries. FS possesses the required engineering properties of coarse aggregates. The possibility of using FA with lime for partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and FS for total replacement of natural coarse aggregates is explored in this research. The combined effect of FA with lime and FS-addition on the properties of concrete, such as workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and sorptivity, were studied. Results of investigation revealed improvement in strength and durability properties of concrete on inclusion of FA and FS. Concrete mix containing 40% FA with 7% lime (replacing 47% OPC) and100% of FS (replacing 100% natural coarse aggregate) achieved the properties of normal concrete or even better properties at all ages. The results were confirmed by microscopic study such as X-ray diffraction and petrography examination. Environmental compatibility of concrete containing FA and FS was verified by the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferrochrome slag (FCS) is a by-product of ferrochrome industries and is produced during the extraction of ferrochrome from chromite ore. The chemical composition of FCS comprises of 27–33% SiO 2 , 15–25% Al 2 O 3 , 20–35% MgO, and 10–15% iron-chromium compounds. The high chromium content of FCS and the possibility of its leaching into the environment categorize FCS as hazardous waste material. For each ton of ferrochrome production, nearly 1.2–1.5 tons of FCS is generated, which becomes a significant challenge for the ferrochrome producers while managing this hazardous waste. Therefore, several research attempts have been made to observe the leaching characteristics of chromium (VI) in FCS, its stabilization, and subsequent potential utilization. The high mechanical properties of FCS have led many researchers worldwide to utilize it as a construction material. This review work has undertaken FCS's physical, chemical, and microstructural characteristics and its following utilization as a fine and coarse aggregate in producing green and sustainable concrete. Different methods of stabilizing chromium (VI), including the physical, chemical, and biological methods, are extensively discussed in this review. This article also accommodated FCS as a precursor material in geopolymer and alkali-activated binders. However, the compressive strength achieved with FCS as a binder in geopolymer is very low, and thus more studies are needed to establish the possibility of strength enhancement. The leaching aspects of geopolymers with FCS also need to be studied extensively for their successive application. Lastly, the conclusions and discussion of this study have keenly addressed the significant challenges to the safe utilization of FCS in construction applications. Also, it deliberates on how the emerging research on FCS, such as refractory, composites, and coating material, can be new avenues for its utilization without any potential threat to the environment. [Display omitted] • An extensive literature on FCS is critically reviewed, taking over 120 articles in reference. • Generation, properties, environmental issues and moderation of FCS is discussed in detail. • An in-depth discussion of FCS utilization in civil engineering applications is provided withconstructive critiques. • Advance utilization of FCS is also reported for its high-end application for economic advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the study of the performance of a new geopolymer binding material exposed to sulfate attack. Geopolymer binding material was obtained by alkaline activating FS with chemical materials (NaOH and Na 2 SiO 3 ). Geopolymer concrete samples were produced by mixing this binding material with river sand and crushed sand aggregates. Test specimens were immersed in magnesium sulfate solutions (by weight 3%, 5% and 7%) for various periods of time and the durability of geopolymer concrete was investigated. The residual compressive strength (90 and 180 days), change in weight and length of samples, pH variation of solution and visual appearance of these samples were obtained experimentally. It was concluded that compressive strength of both geopolymer and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) based concrete samples decreases with increasing in MgSO 4 content and exposure duration. After exposed to 7% MgSO 4 solution for 180 days, the minimum decrease in compressive strength was seen 25% in geopolymer concrete samples with crushed sand aggregates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Performance assessment of green LC3– based mortar incorporating high dosage of ferrochrome (FeCr) slag aggregates. • The incorporation of FeCr into LC3 mortars enhanced compressive and tensile strengths and reduced Sorptivity. • LC3 mortar with 100% FeCr possessed improved microstructure in terms of compactness and ITZ tightness. • Cr-leachability values of LC3 mortars with 100% FeCr are well below USEPA permissible regulatory limits. This study set out to investigate the mechanical performance and physical properties of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) – based mortar incorporating high dosage of ferrochrome (FeCr) slag aggregates. Green, sustainable and economical alternative binder has been prepared by replacing 60 wt% of the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by a blend of limestone (LS) powder and metakaolin (MK) with LS: MK of 1:2 (wt%). The mortar specimens were produced with FeCr slag aggregate as a substitute for natural sand with different replacement ratios ranging from 25 % to 100 % with a stride of 25 wt%. The mini-slump flow test was conducted to assess the mortars behavior in the fresh state. Compressive and tensile strengths, capillary water absorption, leaching behavior and microstructure were investigated for the hardened mortars at 28 days of hydration. With the increase of FeCr replacement ratio, the water-binder ratio (w/b), compressive strength and tensile strength increased. OPC and LC3 mortars incorporating 100 % FeCr attained enhancements by about 71 and 63 % for compressive strength and 22 and 17 % for tensile strength respectively. The total replacement of sand with FeCr aggregate has decreased the water absorption of LC3 mortars by 11 %. The chromium and heavy metals leaching from LC3 mortar made with 100 % FeCr slag showed very low levels as a result of the improved microstructure in terms of compactness and interfacial transition zone (ITZ) tightness. Recycling of FeCr waste with utilization of green alternative binder in the production of mortar with improved mechanical performance is helpful in reducing the carbon footprint in the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Circular pathway through use of FCS aggregate and fly ash in concrete was explored. • An eco-efficient mix design method based on PPOT was adopted. • Ten types of concrete mixes were prepared using PPOT and conventional mix design. • The techno-environmental performance of all mixes were studied. • FCSAC with 30% fly ash designed by PPOT was ranked as the most sustainable mix. Climate change mitigation and resource efficiency have emerged as crucial challenges for long-term sustainability of concrete. Implementing circular approach through waste valorisation in concrete production with eco-efficient mix design is an efficient mitigation pathway to combat natural resources depletion and environmental issues. This paper investigates techno-environmental sustainability of concrete utilizing 100% ferrochrome slag as alternate coarse aggregate and fly ash as partial cement substitute (0–40%) adopting particle packing optimization technique (PPOT) as a sustainable mix design method. Total of ten types of concrete mixtures were prepared using the alternate materials and mix design methods (PPOT and IS:10262(2009)). Natural aggregate concrete prepared by IS:10262(2009) mix design was considered as the reference mixture. Technical assessment of concrete was performed experimentally in terms of compressive strength and tensile strength. Environmental performance was investigated through life cycle assessment (LCA) as per ISO 14040-44 guidelines using cradle-to-gate system boundary and two functional units: 1 m3 concrete and 1 MPa compressive strength. Results revealed that ferrochrome slag aggregate concrete (FCSAC) containing fly ash up to 30% prepared by PPOT has enhanced strength than reference concrete. Regardless of the functional units used, FCSAC with 30% fly ash designed by PPOT was ranked as the most sustainable mix with significant environmental savings (around 50–70%) without compromising desired requirements. Sensitivity analysis was performed by varying transportation distance, mode of transport and energy mix. Results showed that FCSAC with 30% fly ash is not sensitive to the scenarios investigated. The outcomes will be helpful for decision-makers to develop policy directives and frameworks on synergistic use of ferrochrome slag and fly ash towards concrete sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Use of Ferrochrome slag (FCS) as alternative aggregates in concrete was reviewed. • Material properties of FCS were summarized and compared with natural aggregate. • Properties of FCS concrete were analyzed and compared with those of normal concrete. • Leaching of Cr from FCS concrete were discussed and compared with the standard. • Showing an outlook of future studies for acceptance of FCS as an alternative aggregate. Industrial wastes and by-products have been explored for many years as green construction materials. The use of some industrial wastes and by-products including ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, and fly ash has already been standardized in several codes of practice as green construction materials. However, Ferrochrome slag (FCS) is one of the by-products that has not yet been standardized, particularly in concrete production. FCS is produced during the extraction of ferrochrome (FC) from the natural minerals. Due to its chemical composition, physical nature, and mechanical properties, FCS has recently attracted the researchers' interest as an alternative green and sustainable construction material, particularly as a concrete aggregate. The review article summarizes the physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics of FCS. The review also explores the beneficial utilization of FCS as a fine and coarse aggregate in the production of green and sustainable concrete. It is found that the physical and mechanical characteristics of the FCS aggregate are generally superior to the conventional aggregate. Although FCS aggregate contains a considerable amount of the hazardous element (i.e. , residual chromium), it is substantially stable within the concrete mixture. Previous studies show that FCS coarse aggregate has a considerable effect on improving the strength and durability properties of concrete. However, the contradictory effects of using FCS fine aggregate on concrete properties were observed in different studies. Subsequently, more studies are needed to observe the effect of FCS fine aggregate on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. In addition, the long-term safety and environmental compatibility of FCS containing concrete in diversified environmental conditions should critically be assessed in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]