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Ultrasmall silver nanoparticles were prepared by reduction with NaBH 4 and surface-terminated with glutathione (GSH). The particles had a solid core diameter of 2 nm as shown by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). NMR-DOSY gave a hydrodynamic diameter of 2 to 2.8 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that silver is bound to the thiol group of the central cysteine in glutathione under partial oxidation to silver(+I). In turn, the thiol group is deprotonated to thiolate. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) together with Rietveld refinement confirmed a twinned (polycrystalline) fcc structure of ultrasmall silver nanoparticles with a lattice compression of about 0.9% compared to bulk silver metal. By NMR spectroscopy, the interaction between the glutathione ligand and the silver surface was analyzed, also with 13 C-labeled glutathione. The adsorbed glutathione is fully intact and binds to the silver surface via cysteine. In situ H NMR spectroscopy up to 85 °C in dispersion showed that the glutathione ligand did not detach from the surface of the silver nanoparticle, i.e. the silver-sulfur bond is remarkably strong. The ultrasmall nanoparticles had a higher cytotoxicity than bigger particles in 1 H NMR spectroscopy up to 85 °C in dispersion showed that the glutathione ligand did not detach from the surface of the silver nanoparticle, i.e. the silver-sulfur bond is remarkably strong. The ultrasmall nanoparticles had a higher cytotoxicity than bigger particles in in vitro cell culture with HeLa cells with a cytotoxic concentration of about 1 μg mL -1 after 24 h incubation. The overall stoichiometry of the nanoparticles was about Ag ∼250 GSH ∼155 .

This study investigated the bactericidal effect, the underlying mechanisms of treatment, and recovery of biocompatibility of the infected titanium surface using a combination treatment of silver ion application and ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light irradiation. Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were used in suspension and as a biofilm on a titanium surface to test for the bactericidal effect. The bactericidal effect of the combination treatment was significantly higher than that of silver ion application or UV-A light irradiation alone. The bactericidal effect of the combination treatment was attributable to hydroxyl radicals, which generated from the bacterial cell wall and whose yield increased with the silver concentration. To assess the biocompatibility, proliferation and calcification of MC3T3E1 cells were evaluated on the treated titanium surface. The treated titanium screws were implanted into rat tibias and the removal torques were measured 28 days post-surgery. The titanium surface that underwent the combination treatment exhibited recovery of biocompatibility by allowing cellular proliferation or calcification at levels observed in the non-infected titanium surfaces. The removal torque 28 days after surgery was also comparable to the control values. This approach is a novel treatment option for peri-implantitis.

Silver nanoparticles loaded fibrillar collagen-chitosan matrix (CC) was prepared by biomimetic approach by blending silver nanoparticles (tAgNPs), collagen fibril and chitosan hydrogel followed by cross-linking and biomineralization. Electron micrograph showed that the surface of the composites exhibited native fibrillar morphology of collagen and their cross-section revealed layer-like arrangement of native fibrillar collagen. The mineralized composites exhibited surface mineralization of calcium phosphates incorporated with magnesium. FT-IR ATR analysis revealed the uniform blending of collagen and chitosan without any chemical interaction between them. XRD analysis showed incorporation of silver nanoparticles and lamellar structure of collagen and chitosan. The mechanical property of the dry composite film showed increase in tensile strength with the addition of chitosan and raised to 4.6 fold in M-CC4 composite. The incorporation of chitosan in M-CC3 led to 2.2 fold increase in mineralization as confirmed by the TGA analysis. Contact angle analysis revealed the hydrophilic nature of the composite. Hemolysis analysis of the composites verified the hemocompatible nature of composites with hemolysis < 5%. MTT assay for the composites was carried by seeding MG-63 cells and indicated cell viability > 80%. Antibacterial activity analysis showed the percent growth inhibition of about 27% and 37% for S. aureus and E. coli respectively. The prepared composite would possess silver nanoparticles loaded collagen fibril in the native state and the formed biomineral will be similar to the bone mineral. Hence the fabricated composite -could be used as a biomaterial for bone tissue engineering applications., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A three-layer system of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (first layer; 1000nm thick), silver nanoparticles (second layer; 1.5μg Ag cm -2 ) and calcium phosphate (third layer, either 150 or 1000nm thick) on titanium was prepared by a combination of electrophoretic deposition of silver nanoparticles and the deposition of calcium phosphate by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the silver nanoparticles were evenly distributed over the surface. The adhesion of multilayered coating on the substrate was evaluated using the scratch test method. The resistance to cracking and delamination indicated that the multilayered coating has good resistance to contact damage. The release of silver ions from the hydroxyapatite/silver nanoparticle/calcium phosphate system into the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Approximately one-third of the incorporated silver was released after 3days immersion into PBS, indicating a total release time of the order of weeks. There were no signs of cracks on the surface of the coating after immersion after various periods, indicating the excellent mechanical stability of the multilayered coating in the physiological environment. An antimicrobial effect against Escherichia coli was found for a 150nm thick outer layer of the calcium phosphate using a semi-quantitative turbidity test., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Results are presented of studies of the physical-mechanical properties of silver-doped calcium phosphate coatings formed by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering on a surface of technically pure VT1-0 titanium and 12Cr18Ni10Ti stainless chromium-nickel surgical steel. The films have the nanocrystalline structure of hydroxyapatite with mean diameter of the coherently diffracting domains equal to 20-30 nm. It has been established that the configuration of the magnetic field of the magnetron has an effect on the roughness, thickness, and refractive index of the coatings. The thickness of the coatings and the refractive index vary within the ranges 300-700 nm and 1.68-1.80, respectively. The nanohardness of the coatings is within the range 4-7GPa, the modulus of elasticity of the coatings depends on the material of the substrate and is equal to 130-150 GPa for titanium and 170-200 GPa for steel. Sclerometric measurements of the coatings made it possible to establish a high adhesion strength of the coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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