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Listrura urussanga sp. nov. http://zoobank.org/act: F703D95A-0F7E-4261-8B97-5EAAAD9BD698 (Figures 3d–f, 6, 7; Table 1) Holotype UFRJ 6914, 35.5 mm SL; Brazil: Estado de Santa Catarina: Municipality of Balneário Rincão: village of Urussanga Velha: stream tributary to Lagoa Urussanga Velha, Rio Urussanga basin, 28.791°S, 49.238°W; C.R.M. Feltrin, 27 April 2020. Paratypes All from Brazil: Estado de Santa Catarina: Município de Balneário Rincão: Rio Urussanga basin. UFRJ 6915, 1, 27.6 mm SL; UFRJ 6916, 3, 30.7–37.6 mm SL (C&S); CICCAA 04080, 2, 31.9–37.2 mm SL; collected with holotype. UFRJ 6917, 3, 35.9–39.6 mm SL; stream tributary to Lagoa Urussanga Velha, 28.786°S, 49.231°W; C.R.M. Feltrin, 27 April 2020. Additional material (non-type specimens) UFRJ 6930, 6; UFRJ 6931, 1 (C&S); Brazil: Santa Catarina State: Municipality of Içara: village of Cristo Rei: stream belonging to the Rio Três Ribeirões subdrainage, Rio dos Porcos drainage, Rio Araranguá basin, Cristo Rei, Içara, 28.713°S, 49.321°W; C.R.M. Feltrin, 27 April 2020. Diagnosis Listrura urussanga differs from all other species of the genus, except L. depinnai and L. gyrinura, by having a deep caudal peduncle, deeper than the preanal region of the body, as the result of an expanded skin fold involving procurrent caudal-fin rays (vs caudal peduncle slender, its depth about equal to preanal depth). Listrura urussanga is distinguished from L. depinnai by the presence of a dorsal fin (vs absence), and by having more vertebrae (48 or 49 vs 45 or 46), and from Listrura gyrinura having fewer vertebrae (48 or 49 vs 51 or 52), dorsal-fin origin at a vertical between the centra of the 29th and 30th vertebrae (vs between the centra of the 31st to 33rd vertebrae), anal-fin origin at a vertical between the centra of the 30th and 31st vertebrae (vs between the centra of the 32nd and 33rd vertebrae), presence of a process on the dorsal surface of the autopalatine articular facet for the mesethmoid (vs absence), presence of a ventral projection on the hyomandibula articular facet for the opercle (vs absence), a longer parhypural posterior process, its length about equal to the length between the anterior margin of the parurohyal head and the proximal limit of the posterior process (vs about half as long as, or slightly shorter than that length), and mesethmoid cornu nearly straight (vs slightly folded posteriorly). Listrura urussanga is also distinguished from L. boticario and L. camposae by having more procurrent caudal-fin rays (dorsal procurrent rays 38 or 39 vs 28–30 in L. boticario, 31–34 in L. camposae; ventral procurrent rays 35 or 36, vs 28 in L. boticario and 26–28 in L. camposae). Description Morphometric data appear in Table 1. Body slender, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth approximately at middle region of caudal peduncle. Dorsal and ventral profiles slightly convex, slightly expanded on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla slightly anterior to anal fin base. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view. Anterior profile of head straight in dorsal view. Eye small, dorsally positioned in head, just anterior to midway between snout and posterior limit of head. Posterior nostril located nearer orbit than anterior nostril. Barbels long, reaching basal portion of first pectoral-fin ray. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth pointed, arranged in two rows; total premaxillary teeth 16–20, outer row 6–8, inner row 10–12; total dentary teeth 15–16, outer row 7–8, inner row 7–9. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 6. Dorsal and anal fins minute; total dorsal-fin rays 7 (i–ii + V–VI), total anal-fin rays 6–7 (i–ii + 5–6); dorsal-fin origin at vertical slightly posterior to anal-fin base, through centrum of 29th or 30th vertebra; anal-fin origin at vertical through centrum of 30th or 31st vertebra. Pectoral fin narrow, total pectoral-fin rays 2–3 (II–III), first ray well developed, second and third rays rudimentary, second ray half first ray length or less, third ray when present hardly visible. Pelvic fin and girdle absent. Caudal fin spatula-shaped, with dorsal and ventral procurrent rays anteriorly extending to area close to dorsal and anal-fin base, respectively; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 9 + II), total dorsal procurrent rays 38–39 (xxxvi–xxxvii + I–II), total ventral procurrent rays 35–36 (xxxiv–xxxv + I). Vertebrae 48–49. Ribs 2 or 3. Single dorsal hypural plate, corresponding to hypurals 3–5; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1–2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Cephalic sensory canal minute, restricted to short postorbital canal with 2 pores just above opercular patch of odontodes, connected to short lateral line of body, with 1 pore just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Osteology (Figure 3 d-f) Mesethmoid thin, posteriorly widening, with distinctive lateral expansion; cornu narrow and straight. Antorbital rectangular, with a narrow posterior process; sesamoid supraorbital minute. Premaxilla sub-triangular in dorsal view, with narrow lateral extremity. Maxilla moderate in length, nearly equal to premaxilla length. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, compact, lateral and medial margins slightly concave; autopalatine posterolateral process minute, with narrow process dorso-medially directed; articular facet for mesethmoid wide, with distinctive dorsal process. Metapterygoid minute. Quadrate slender, dorsal process narrow, without posterior outgrowth. Hyomandibula long, with anterior outgrowth anteriorly terminating in sharp tip; articular facet for opercle robust, with distinctive ventral expansion. Opercle relatively robust, transverse length of odontode patch slightly shorter than transverse length of interopercular odontode patch; interopercle compact, with prominent postero-dorsal expansion; opercular odontodes 6–8, interopercular odontodes 6–8; odontodes pointed, nearly straight. Preopercle narrow and long. Parurohyal slender, lateral process narrow and pointed, latero-posteriorly directed; parurohyal head small, with minute anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small and rounded; posterior process long, its length about equal to length between anterior margin of parurohyal head and proximal limit of posterior process. Colouration in alcohol Trunk and head light brownish grey, with brown chromatophores irregularly arranged on dorsum, flank and head, often forming irregularly shaped spots, darker on flank longitudinal midline, almost black, often forming interrupted longitudinal stripe; on head, brown chromatophores extending over base of barbels; unpigmented area below orbit and branchiostegal region. Venter greyish white with few sparse brown chromatophores. Fins hyaline with brown chromatophores forming minute spots, often melanophores forming black spots between dorsal limit of caudal peduncle muscles and skin fold supporting dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays. Distribution, habitat and conservation Listrura urussanga is known from two neighbouring areas, one in streams tributary to the Lagoa Urussanga Velha, Rio Urussanga basin, the type locality, and the other in the Rio dos Porcos drainage, Rio Araranguá basin (Figure 4). Specimens were found close to the leaf litter bottom over fine gravel sediment on the stream bottom (Figure 5b). The region where this species was found is undergoing an intense process of urbanisation, and many areas are occupied by livestock and agriculture activities, leaving few areas with natural conditions. In addition, neighbouring streams are under intense environmental decline caused by new roads and urban pollution, making the habitat of the new species highly vulnerable. Etymology The name urussanga is a reference to the type locality of the new species near the Lagoa Urussanga Velha, Rio Urussanga basin. It is a non-Latin noun used in apposition. The name is probably derived from the Tupi-Guarani, meaning very cold water., Published as part of Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Feltrin, Caio R. M. & Katz, Axel M., 2023, Field studies in small streams of the Atlantic Forest of southern subtropical Brazil reveal two new interstitial microcambevine catfishes of the genus Listrura (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), pp. 475-489 in Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12) on pages 482-487, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2196450, http://zenodo.org/record/7924564

Listrura urussanga sp. nov. http://zoobank.org/act: F703D95A-0F7E-4261-8B97-5EAAAD9BD698 (Figures 3d–f, 6, 7; Table 1) Holotype UFRJ 6914, 35.5 mm SL; Brazil: Estado de Santa Catarina: Municipality of Balneário Rincão: village of Urussanga Velha: stream tributary to Lagoa Urussanga Velha, Rio Urussanga basin, 28.791°S, 49.238°W; C.R.M. Feltrin, 27 April 2020. Paratypes All from Brazil: Estado de Santa Catarina: Município de Balneário Rincão: Rio Urussanga basin. UFRJ 6915, 1, 27.6 mm SL; UFRJ 6916, 3, 30.7–37.6 mm SL (C&S); CICCAA 04080, 2, 31.9–37.2 mm SL; collected with holotype. UFRJ 6917, 3, 35.9–39.6 mm SL; stream tributary to Lagoa Urussanga Velha, 28.786°S, 49.231°W; C.R.M. Feltrin, 27 April 2020. Additional material (non-type specimens) UFRJ 6930, 6; UFRJ 6931, 1 (C&S); Brazil: Santa Catarina State: Municipality of Içara: village of Cristo Rei: stream belonging to the Rio Três Ribeirões subdrainage, Rio dos Porcos drainage, Rio Araranguá basin, Cristo Rei, Içara, 28.713°S, 49.321°W; C.R.M. Feltrin, 27 April 2020. Diagnosis Listrura urussanga differs from all other species of the genus, except L. depinnai and L. gyrinura, by having a deep caudal peduncle, deeper than the preanal region of the body, as the result of an expanded skin fold involving procurrent caudal-fin rays (vs caudal peduncle slender, its depth about equal to preanal depth). Listrura urussanga is distinguished from L. depinnai by the presence of a dorsal fin (vs absence), and by having more vertebrae (48 or 49 vs 45 or 46), and from Listrura gyrinura having fewer vertebrae (48 or 49 vs 51 or 52), dorsal-fin origin at a vertical between the centra of the 29th and 30th vertebrae (vs between the centra of the 31st to 33rd vertebrae), anal-fin origin at a vertical between the centra of the 30th and 31st vertebrae (vs between the centra of the 32nd and 33rd vertebrae), presence of a process on the dorsal surface of the autopalatine articular facet for the mesethmoid (vs absence), presence of a ventral projection on the hyomandibula articular facet for the opercle (vs absence), a longer parhypural posterior process, its length about equal to the length between the anterior margin of the parurohyal head and the proximal limit of the posterior process (vs about half as long as, or slightly shorter than that length), and mesethmoid cornu nearly straight (vs slightly folded posteriorly). Listrura urussanga is also distinguished from L. boticario and L. camposae by having more procurrent caudal-fin rays (dorsal procurrent rays 38 or 39 vs 28–30 in L. boticario, 31–34 in L. camposae; ventral procurrent rays 35 or 36, vs 28 in L. boticario and 26–28 in L. camposae). Description Morphometric data appear in Table 1. Body slender, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth approximately at middle region of caudal peduncle. Dorsal and ventral profiles slightly convex, slightly expanded on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla slightly anterior to anal fin base. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view. Anterior profile of head straight in dorsal view. Eye small, dorsally positioned in head, just anterior to midway between snout and posterior limit of head. Posterior nostril located nearer orbit than anterior nostril. Barbels long, reaching basal portion of first pectoral-fin ray. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth pointed, arranged in two rows; total premaxillary teeth 16–20, outer row 6–8, inner row 10–12; total dentary teeth 15–16, outer row 7–8, inner row 7–9. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 6. Dorsal and anal fins minute; total dorsal-fin rays 7 (i–ii + V–VI), total anal-fin rays 6–7 (i–ii + 5–6); dorsal-fin origin at vertical slightly posterior to anal-fin base, through centrum of 29th or 30th vertebra; anal-fin origin at vertical through centrum of 30th or 31st vertebra. Pectoral fin narrow, total pectoral-fin rays 2–3 (II–III), first ray well developed, second and third rays rudimentary, second ray half first ray length or less, third ray when present hardly visible. Pelvic fin and girdle absent. Caudal fin spatula-shaped, with dorsal and ventral procurrent rays anteriorly extending to area close to dorsal and anal-fin base, respectively; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 9 + II), total dorsal procurrent rays 38–39 (xxxvi–xxxvii + I–II), total ventral procurrent rays 35–36 (xxxiv–xxxv + I). Vertebrae 48–49. Ribs 2 or 3. Single dorsal hypural plate, corresponding to hypurals 3–5; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1–2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Cephalic sensory canal minute, restricted to short postorbital canal with 2 pores just above opercular patch of odontodes, connected to short lateral line of body, with 1 pore just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Osteology (Figure 3 d-f) Mesethmoid thin, posteriorly widening, with distinctive lateral expansion; cornu narrow and straight. Antorbital rectangular, with a narrow posterior process; sesamoid supraorbital minute. Premaxilla sub-triangular in dorsal view, with narrow lateral extremity. Maxilla moderate in length, nearly equal to premaxilla length. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, compact, lateral and medial margins slightly concave; autopalatine posterolateral process minute, with narrow process dorso-medially directed; articular facet for mesethmoid wide, with distinctive dorsal process. Metapterygoid minute. Quadrate slender, dorsal process narrow, without posterior outgrowth. Hyomandibula long, with anterior outgrowth anteriorly terminating in sharp tip; articular facet for opercle robust, with distinctive ventral expansion. Opercle relatively robust, transverse length of odontode patch slightly shorter than transverse length of interopercular odontode patch; interopercle compact, with prominent postero-dorsal expansion; opercular odontodes 6–8, interopercular odontodes 6–8; odontodes pointed, nearly straight. Preopercle narrow and long. Parurohyal slender, lateral process narrow and pointed, latero-posteriorly directed; parurohyal head small, with minute anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small and rounded; posterior process long, its length about equal to length between anterior margin of parurohyal head and proximal limit of posterior process. Colouration in alcohol Trunk and head light brownish grey, with brown chromatophores irregularly arranged on dorsum, flank and head, often forming irregularly shaped spots, darker on flank longitudinal midline, almost black, often forming interrupted longitudinal stripe; on head, brown chromatophores extending over base of barbels; unpigmented area below orbit and branchiostegal region. Venter greyish white with few sparse brown chromatophores. Fins hyaline with brown chromatophores forming minute spots, often melanophores forming black spots between dorsal limit of caudal peduncle muscles and skin fold supporting dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays. Distribution, habitat and conservation Listrura urussanga is known from two neighbouring areas, one in streams tributary to the Lagoa Urussanga Velha, Rio Urussanga basin, the type locality, and the other in the Rio dos Porcos drainage, Rio Araranguá basin (Figure 4). Specimens were found close to the leaf litter bottom over fine gravel sediment on the stream bottom (Figure 5b). The region where this species was found is undergoing an intense process of urbanisation, and many areas are occupied by livestock and agriculture activities, leaving few areas with natural conditions. In addition, neighbouring streams are under intense environmental decline caused by new roads and urban pollution, making the habitat of the new species highly vulnerable. Etymology The name urussanga is a reference to the type locality of the new species near the Lagoa Urussanga Velha, Rio Urussanga basin. It is a non-Latin noun used in apposition. The name is probably derived from the Tupi-Guarani, meaning very cold water.

Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Feltrin, Caio R. M., Katz, Axel M. (2023): Field studies in small streams of the Atlantic Forest of southern subtropical Brazil reveal two new interstitial microcambevine catfishes of the genus Listrura (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Journal of Natural History 57 (9-12): 475-489, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2196450, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2196450

Listrura gyrinura sp. nov. http://zoobank.org/act: F68F2A3E-B5F7-418E-BFA6-EA6752BAB543 (Figures 1–3a–c; Table 1) Holotype UFRJ 6927, 39.9 mm SL; Brazil: Santa Catarina State: Municipality of Paulo Lopes: village of Sertão do Campo: stream tributary to Rio da Madre, 27.920°S, 48.692°W; C.R.M. Feltrin and F.R. Colonetti, 10 July 2020. Paratypes UFRJ 6928, 10, 27.6–41.6 mm SL; UFRJ 6929, 4 (C&S), 29.7–38.4 mm SL; CICCAA 02658, 5, 29.7–37.0 mm SL; collected with holotype. Diagnosis Listrura gyrinura is distinguished from all congeners, except L. depinnai and L. urussanga, by having a deep caudal peduncle,deeper than the preanal region of the body, as the result of an expanded skin fold involving procurrent caudal-fin rays (vs caudal peduncle slender, its depth about equal to preanal depth). Listrura gyrinura is distinguished from L. depinnai and L. urussanga by having more vertebrae (51 or 52 vs 45 or 46 in L. depinnai and 48 or 49 in L. urussanga), absence of a process on the dorsal surface of the autopalatine articular facet for the mesethmoid (vs presence),and by the mesethmoid cornu being slightly posteriorly folded (vs straight). Listrura gyrinura also differs from L. depinnai by the presence of a dorsal fin (vs absence), and from L. urussanga by having the dorsal-fin origin at a vertical between the centra of the 31st to 33rd vertebrae (vs between centra of the 29th and 30th vertebrae), anal-fin origin at a vertical between the centra of the 32nd and 33rd vertebrae (vs between the centra of the 30th and 31st vertebrae), absence of a ventral projection on the hyomandibula articular facet for the opercle (vs presence), and a shorter parhypural posterior process, its length about half or slightly less of the length between the anterior margin of the parurohyal head and the proximal limit of the posterior process (vs about equal to that length). Listrura gyrinura is also distinguished from L. boticario and L. camposae by having more ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays (31–36, vs 28 in L. boticario and 26–28 in L. camposae). Description Morphometric data appear in Table 1. Body slender, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth approximately at middle region of caudal peduncle. Dorsal and ventral profiles slightly convex, slightly expanded on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla slightly anterior to anal fin base. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view. Anterior profile of head straight in dorsal view. Eye small, dorsally positioned in head, just anterior to midway between snout and posterior limit of head. Posterior nostril located nearer to orbit than to anterior nostril. Barbels long, reaching basal portion of first pectoral-fin ray. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth pointed, arranged in two rows; total premaxillary teeth 18–23, outer row 7–10, inner row 11–13; total dentary teeth 15–18, outer row 6–7, inner row 7–11. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 5–7. Dorsal and anal fins minute; total dorsal-fin rays 6–8 (i–ii + V–VI), total anal-fin rays 8 (ii–iii + 5–6); dorsal-fin origin at vertical slightly posterior to anal-fin base, between centra of 31st to 33rd vertebrae; anal-fin origin at vertical through centrum of 32nd or 33rd vertebra. Pectoral fin narrow, total pectoral-fin rays 3 (III), first ray well developed, second and third rays rudimentary, second ray half first ray length or less, third ray slightly shorter than second ray. Pelvic fin and girdle absent. Caudal fin spatula-shaped, narrowing posteriorly; dorsal and ventral procurrent rays anteriorly extending to area close to dorsal- and anal-fin base, respectively; total principal caudal-fin rays 12 or 13 (I–II + 7–9 + II–III), total dorsal procurrent rays 33–38 (xxxii–xxxvii + I–II), total ventral procurrent rays 31–36 (xxx–xxxiv + I–III). Vertebrae 51–52. Ribs 2 or 3. Single dorsal hypural plate, corresponding to hypurals 3–5; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1–2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Cephalic sensory canal minute, restricted to short postorbital canal with 2 pores just above opercular patch of odontodes, connected to short lateral line of body, with 1 pore just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Osteology (Figure 3a–c) Mesethmoid thin, posteriorly widening, with distinctive lateral expansion; cornu narrow and slightly posteriorly folded. Antorbital pentagonal; sesamoid supraorbital minute. Premaxilla sub-triangular in dorsal view, with narrow lateral extremity. Maxilla moderate in length, slightly longer than premaxilla length. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, compact, lateral and medial margins slightly concave; autopalatine posterolateral process minute, with narrow process dorso-medially directed; articular facet for mesethmoid wide, without distinctive dorsal process. Metapterygoid minute. Quadrate slender, dorsal process narrow, without posterior outgrowth. Hyomandibula long, with anterior outgrowth anteriorly terminating in sharp tip; articular facet for opercle robust, without distinctive ventral expansion. Opercle slender, transverse length of odontode patch about three quarters of transverse length of interopercular odontode patch; interopercle compact, with minute postero-dorsal process; opercular odontodes 5–7, interopercular odontodes 8–10; odontodes pointed, nearly straight. Preopercle narrow and long. Parurohyal slender, lateral process narrow and pointed, latero-posteriorly directed; parurohyal head small, with prominent anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small and rounded; posterior process short, its length about half or slightly less of length between anterior margin of parurohyal head and proximal limit of posterior process. Colouration in alcohol Dorsum and dorsal portion of flank and head light brownish grey, with brown chromatophores irregularly arranged, often forming small irregularly shaped spots, darker on flank longitudinal midline; on head, brown chromatophores extending over base of barbels; unpigmented area below orbit. Venter and ventral portion of flank and head greyish white, often with brown chromatophores irregularly arranged on posterior region of flank, sometimes a few brown chromatophores on ventral portion of head and venter. Fins hyaline with brown chromatophores forming minute spots. Distribution, habitat and conservation Listrura gyrinura is only known from the type locality, a clear-water stream tributary to the Rio da Madre, a small isolated coastal river basin (Figure 4). It was found close to the leaf litter over gravel sediment on the stream bottom (Figure 5a). The habitat of this species may be considered highly endangered by mining activities that use explosives. About 100 m below the type locality, the stream is highly impacted by both mining sediments and rice planting. Etymology From the Greek gyrinus (tadpole) and ura (tail), referring to the shape of the caudal fin and caudal peduncle of the new species, similar to that occurring in tadpoles., Published as part of Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Feltrin, Caio R. M. & Katz, Axel M., 2023, Field studies in small streams of the Atlantic Forest of southern subtropical Brazil reveal two new interstitial microcambevine catfishes of the genus Listrura (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), pp. 475-489 in Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12) on pages 477-481, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2196450, http://zenodo.org/record/7924564

Listrura gyrinura sp. nov. http://zoobank.org/act: F68F2A3E-B5F7-418E-BFA6-EA6752BAB543 (Figures 1–3a–c; Table 1) Holotype UFRJ 6927, 39.9 mm SL; Brazil: Santa Catarina State: Municipality of Paulo Lopes: village of Sertão do Campo: stream tributary to Rio da Madre, 27.920°S, 48.692°W; C.R.M. Feltrin and F.R. Colonetti, 10 July 2020. Paratypes UFRJ 6928, 10, 27.6–41.6 mm SL; UFRJ 6929, 4 (C&S), 29.7–38.4 mm SL; CICCAA 02658, 5, 29.7–37.0 mm SL; collected with holotype. Diagnosis Listrura gyrinura is distinguished from all congeners, except L. depinnai and L. urussanga, by having a deep caudal peduncle,deeper than the preanal region of the body, as the result of an expanded skin fold involving procurrent caudal-fin rays (vs caudal peduncle slender, its depth about equal to preanal depth). Listrura gyrinura is distinguished from L. depinnai and L. urussanga by having more vertebrae (51 or 52 vs 45 or 46 in L. depinnai and 48 or 49 in L. urussanga), absence of a process on the dorsal surface of the autopalatine articular facet for the mesethmoid (vs presence),and by the mesethmoid cornu being slightly posteriorly folded (vs straight). Listrura gyrinura also differs from L. depinnai by the presence of a dorsal fin (vs absence), and from L. urussanga by having the dorsal-fin origin at a vertical between the centra of the 31st to 33rd vertebrae (vs between centra of the 29th and 30th vertebrae), anal-fin origin at a vertical between the centra of the 32nd and 33rd vertebrae (vs between the centra of the 30th and 31st vertebrae), absence of a ventral projection on the hyomandibula articular facet for the opercle (vs presence), and a shorter parhypural posterior process, its length about half or slightly less of the length between the anterior margin of the parurohyal head and the proximal limit of the posterior process (vs about equal to that length). Listrura gyrinura is also distinguished from L. boticario and L. camposae by having more ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays (31–36, vs 28 in L. boticario and 26–28 in L. camposae). Description Morphometric data appear in Table 1. Body slender, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth approximately at middle region of caudal peduncle. Dorsal and ventral profiles slightly convex, slightly expanded on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla slightly anterior to anal fin base. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view. Anterior profile of head straight in dorsal view. Eye small, dorsally positioned in head, just anterior to midway between snout and posterior limit of head. Posterior nostril located nearer to orbit than to anterior nostril. Barbels long, reaching basal portion of first pectoral-fin ray. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth pointed, arranged in two rows; total premaxillary teeth 18–23, outer row 7–10, inner row 11–13; total dentary teeth 15–18, outer row 6–7, inner row 7–11. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 5–7. Dorsal and anal fins minute; total dorsal-fin rays 6–8 (i–ii + V–VI), total anal-fin rays 8 (ii–iii + 5–6); dorsal-fin origin at vertical slightly posterior to anal-fin base, between centra of 31st to 33rd vertebrae; anal-fin origin at vertical through centrum of 32nd or 33rd vertebra. Pectoral fin narrow, total pectoral-fin rays 3 (III), first ray well developed, second and third rays rudimentary, second ray half first ray length or less, third ray slightly shorter than second ray. Pelvic fin and girdle absent. Caudal fin spatula-shaped, narrowing posteriorly; dorsal and ventral procurrent rays anteriorly extending to area close to dorsal- and anal-fin base, respectively; total principal caudal-fin rays 12 or 13 (I–II + 7–9 + II–III), total dorsal procurrent rays 33–38 (xxxii–xxxvii + I–II), total ventral procurrent rays 31–36 (xxx–xxxiv + I–III). Vertebrae 51–52. Ribs 2 or 3. Single dorsal hypural plate, corresponding to hypurals 3–5; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1–2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Cephalic sensory canal minute, restricted to short postorbital canal with 2 pores just above opercular patch of odontodes, connected to short lateral line of body, with 1 pore just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Osteology (Figure 3a–c) Mesethmoid thin, posteriorly widening, with distinctive lateral expansion; cornu narrow and slightly posteriorly folded. Antorbital pentagonal; sesamoid supraorbital minute. Premaxilla sub-triangular in dorsal view, with narrow lateral extremity. Maxilla moderate in length, slightly longer than premaxilla length. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, compact, lateral and medial margins slightly concave; autopalatine posterolateral process minute, with narrow process dorso-medially directed; articular facet for mesethmoid wide, without distinctive dorsal process. Metapterygoid minute. Quadrate slender, dorsal process narrow, without posterior outgrowth. Hyomandibula long, with anterior outgrowth anteriorly terminating in sharp tip; articular facet for opercle robust, without distinctive ventral expansion. Opercle slender, transverse length of odontode patch about three quarters of transverse length of interopercular odontode patch; interopercle compact, with minute postero-dorsal process; opercular odontodes 5–7, interopercular odontodes 8–10; odontodes pointed, nearly straight. Preopercle narrow and long. Parurohyal slender, lateral process narrow and pointed, latero-posteriorly directed; parurohyal head small, with prominent anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small and rounded; posterior process short, its length about half or slightly less of length between anterior margin of parurohyal head and proximal limit of posterior process. Colouration in alcohol Dorsum and dorsal portion of flank and head light brownish grey, with brown chromatophores irregularly arranged, often forming small irregularly shaped spots, darker on flank longitudinal midline; on head, brown chromatophores extending over base of barbels; unpigmented area below orbit. Venter and ventral portion of flank and head greyish white, often with brown chromatophores irregularly arranged on posterior region of flank, sometimes a few brown chromatophores on ventral portion of head and venter. Fins hyaline with brown chromatophores forming minute spots. Distribution, habitat and conservation Listrura gyrinura is only known from the type locality, a clear-water stream tributary to the Rio da Madre, a small isolated coastal river basin (Figure 4). It was found close to the leaf litter over gravel sediment on the stream bottom (Figure 5a). The habitat of this species may be considered highly endangered by mining activities that use explosives. About 100 m below the type locality, the stream is highly impacted by both mining sediments and rice planting. Etymology From the Greek gyrinus (tadpole) and ura (tail), referring to the shape of the caudal fin and caudal peduncle of the new species, similar to that occurring in tadpoles.

Cambeva betabelardense sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E77B223C-C536-4729-B483-BC9B0AD3E8CE Figs 2D–F, 5–6 Diagnosis A small species, maximum recorded adult size 42.7 mm SL, diagnosed by the presence of a dorsal projection adjacent to the opercular odontode patch (Fig. 2E) and the combination of the following features: posterior nostril about equidistant from anterior nostril and from orbit; a compact broad autopalatine, its width about equal to its length excluding anterior cartilage and postero-lateral process (Fig. 2D); presence of an anterior broad and rounded projection on the interopercle (Fig. 2E); six pectoral-fin rays; 12 opercular odontodes; 30–34 premaxillary teeth; 32–34 dentary teeth; anterior jaw teeth incisiform, posterior teeth pointed; largest rays of the dorsal and anal fins shorter than respective fin bases; dorsal and anal fins subtrapezoidal; head width 73.7–78.5% of the head length; interorbital length 21.6–26.2%; mesethmoid thin, its width at the base of cornua about half autopalatine width (Fig. 2D); metapterygoid longer than deep, approximately triangular (Fig. 2E). Differential diagnosis Cambeva betabelardense sp. nov. is distinguished from all other congeners, except C. alphabelardense sp. nov., by the relatively more anterior position of the orbit, making the posterior nostril nearly equidistant from anterior nostril and orbit, a compact broad autopalatine, its width about equal to its length excluding anterior cartilage (Fig. 2D; vs. width conspicuously smaller than that length), and the presence of an anterior broad and rounded projection on the interopercle (Fig. 2E; vs. never a similar projection). Cambeva betabelardense sp. nov. is distinguished from C. alphabelardense sp. nov. by having more pectoral-fin rays (six vs. five), more opercular odontodes (12 vs. 6 or 7), more teeth on the premaxilla (30–34 vs. 20–23) and dentary (32–34 vs. 24–25), anterior jaw teeth incisiform, posterior teeth pointed (vs. all teeth pointed), largest rays of the dorsal and anal fins shorter than respective fin bases (vs. longer), a narrower head (head width 73.7–78.5% of the head length, vs. 83.5–91.3%), a narrower interorbital distance (21.6–26.2% of the head length, vs. 27.0–31.2%), a thinner mesethmoid, its width at the base of the cornua about one fifth of the distance between tips of cornua (Fig. 2D; vs. about one third, Fig. 2A), and a more slender metapterygoid that is sub-triangular and longer than deep (Fig. 2E; vs. sub-rectangular and deeper than long, Fig. 2B). Cambeva betabelardense sp. nov. also differs from all other congeners by the presence of a dorsal projection on the opercle adjacent to the odontode patch (Fig. 2E; vs. absence). Etymology The species epithet ʻ betabelardense ʼ (ʻbetaʼ, the second letter of the Greek alphabet, and ʻabelardenseʼ, Portuguese word referring to people born in Abelardo Luz municipality) is an allusion to the second new species described for this area. Material examined Holotype BRAZIL • 1 ex., 42.7 mm SL; Santa Catarina State, Abelardo Luz Municipality, stream tributary to middle Rio Chapecó, Rio Uruguai basin; 26°29′32″ S, 52°20′32″ W; 820 m a.s.l.; 20 Mar. 2021; C.R.M. Feltrin leg.; UFRJ 6995. Paratypes (n = 17) BRAZIL • 10 ex., 19.7–38.6 mm SL; same collection data as for holotype; UFRJ 6996 • 3 ex. (C&S), 32.4–37.4 mm SL; same collection data as for holotype; UFRJ 6997 • 2 ex., 33.2–34.8 mm SL; same collection data as for holotype; CICCAA 12707 • 4 ex., 36.8–41.3 mm SL; Santa Catarina State, Abelardo Luz Municipality, stream tributary to middle Rio Chapecó, in front of Parque Quedas de Chapecó; 26°33′08″ S, 52°19′13″ W; 760 m a.s.l.; 20 Mar. 2021; C.R.M. Feltrin leg.; UFRJ 6998. Description GENERAL MORPHOLOGY. Morphometric data appear in Table 2. Body slender, subcylindrical and slightly depressed anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profile of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical through anterior portion of dorsal-fin base. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view. Anterior profile of snout slightly convex in dorsal view. Eye small, dorsally positioned in head, in its anterior half. Posterior nostril located approximately mid-way between anterior nostril and orbital rim. Tip of maxillary and rictal barbels posteriorly reaching anterior margin of interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of nasal barbel posteriorly reaching area between one and two thirds of distance between orbit and opercular patch of odontodes. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth 30–34 on premaxilla, 32–34 on dentary, pointed internally to incisiform in external rows, slightly curved, arranged in three irregular rows. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anteriormost point, in ventral midline. Dorsal and anal fins subtrapezoidal, short, their length smaller than respective fin base; total dorsal-fin rays 11 (ii + II + 7), total anal-fin rays 9 (ii + II + 5); anal-fin origin at vertical through posterior half of dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin origin at vertical through centrum of 21 st vertebra; anal-fin origin at vertical through centrum of 24 th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray slightly projected beyond fin membrane but not forming filament; total pectoral-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its posterior extremity in vertical just anterior to or through dorsal-fin origin; pelvic-fin bases medially separated by small interspace, about half pelvic-fin base width; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin rounded, dorsoventrally symmetrical; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 16–19 (xv–xviii + I), total ventral procurrent rays 12–14 (xi–xiii + I). LATEROSENSORY SYSTEM. Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to posterior section of infraorbital canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent and just posterior to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, in transverse line through posterior half of orbit; pore s6 nearer orbit than its paired homologous pore. Single infraorbital sensory canal segment, with two pores, corresponding to pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit; anterior segment of infraorbital canal absent. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. OSTEOLOGY (Fig. 2D–F). Mesethmoid thin, its width at cornua bases about half autopalatine width; anterior margin about straight, mesethmoid cornu narrow, with rounded extremity. Lateral ethmoid articulated with autopalatine by broad articular facet. Antorbital thin, narrow and short; sesamoid supraorbital slender, without processes, short, its length about twice antorbital length. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, laterally narrowing, moderate in length, longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, broad, its width about equal to its length excluding anterior cartilage; medial margin sinuous, with small projection, lateral margin slightly concave, almost straight; autopalatine posterolateral process triangular in dorsal view, small, about one third autopalatine length. Metapterygoid moderate in length, thin, subtriangular, longer than deep; anteroventral process articulating with adjacent expansion in quadrate. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin separated from hyomandibula outgrowth by small interspace. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula slightly concave. Opercle long, longer than interopercle, opercular odontode patch moderate, its depth slightly shorter than dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 11 or 12 odontodes; odontodes pointed, nearly straight, transversely arranged; dorsal projection adjacent to odontode patch; dorsal process of opercle short, extremity rounded; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with prominent sub-rectangular projection, articular facet for preopercle well developed, rounded. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, with pronounced anterior rounded projection; interopercular odontodes; odontodes pointed, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral projection. Parurohyal robust, lateral process broad, subtriangular, laterally directed, tip pointed; parurohyal head well-developed, with prominent anterolateral paired process; middle foramen rounded; posterior process short, about one third of distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of posterior process. Branchiostegal rays 8. Vertebrae 37. Ribs 12. Two dorsal hypural plates corresponding to hypurals 3 + 4 + 5; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 + 2 and parhypural. COLOURATION IN ALCOHOL (Fig. 5). Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellow, with rounded dark brown blotches, often longitudinally coalesced, larger and darker on middle and dorsal portions of flank. In some specimens, blotches darker, smaller and not coalesced. Nasal and maxillary barbels dark brown, rictal barbel pale yellowish brown. Venter and ventral surface of head white. Fins hyaline with dark grey spots. COLOURATION IN LIFE. Similar to colouration in alcohol, but with paler colours. Distribution and habitat Cambeva betabelardense sp. nov. is only known from two localities in the type locality area, in the middle Rio Chapecó drainage, Rio Uruguai basin, southern Brazil (Fig. 3), at altitudes between about 760 and 820 m a.s.l. At both localities, the stream was about 8 m wide, with bottom comprising small stones and gravel (Fig. 6). Cambeva betabelardense sp. nov. was collected in shallow places, about 30 cm deep, on the gravel bottom and associated vegetal remnants. Some vestiges of stream siltation at the type locality, probably as a result of the intense process of deforestation associated with soya plantations in the region, may be indicative that C. betabelardense sp. nov. is an endangered species.

Cambeva alphabelardense sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 13FDAD9A-CEDC-4027-A79D-FCC3E09CF166 Figs 1, 2A–C, 3–4 Diagnosis A small species, maximum recorded adult size 46.4 mm SL, diagnosed by the presence of four pelvicfin rays and the combination of the following features: posterior nostril about equidistant from anterior nostril and from orbit; a compact broad autopalatine, its width about equal to its length excluding anterior cartilage and postero-lateral process; presence of an anterior broad and rounded projection on the interopercle; five pectoral-fin rays; six or seven opercular odontodes; 20–23 premaxillary teeth; 24–25 dentary teeth; jaw teeth always pointed; largest rays of the dorsal and anal fins longer than the respective fin bases; dorsal and anal fins rounded; head width 83.5–91.3% of the head length; interorbital length 27.0–31.2%; mesethmoid robust, its width at the base of cornua about four fifths of autopalatine width (Fig. 2A); metapterygoid deeper than long (Fig. 2B). Differential diagnosis Cambeva alphabelardense sp. nov. is distinguished from all other congeners by having four pelvicfin rays (vs. five rays whenever the pelvic fin is present). Cambeva alphabelardense sp. nov. differs from all other congeners, except C. betabelardense sp. nov., by the relatively more anterior position of the orbit, making the posterior nostril nearly equidistant from anterior nostril and orbit, a compact broad autopalatine, its width about equal to its length excluding anterior cartilage (Fig. 2A; vs. width conspicuously smaller than that length), and the presence of an anterior broad and rounded projection on the interopercle (Fig. 2B; vs. never a similar projection). Cambeva alphabelardense sp. nov. is distinguished from C. betabelardense sp. nov. by having fewer pectoral-fin rays (five vs. six), fewer opercular odontodes (6–7 vs. 12), fewer teeth on the premaxilla (20–23 vs. 30–34) and dentary (24–25 vs. 30–34), jaw teeth always pointed (vs. anterior-most teeth incisiform), largest rays of the dorsal and anal fins longer than the respective fin bases (vs. shorter), a wider head (head width 83.5–91.3% of the head length, vs. 73.7–78.5%), a wider interorbital distance (27.0–31.2% of the head length, vs. 21.6– 26.2%), a very robust mesethmoid, its width at the base of the cornua about one third of the distance between tips of cornua (Fig. 2A; vs. about one fifth, Fig. 2D), and a deeper metapterygoid that is subrectangular and deeper than long (Fig. 2B; vs. subtriangular and longer than deep, Fig. 2E). Etymology The species epithet ʻ alphabelardense ʼ (ʻalphaʼ, the first letter of the Greek alphabet, and ʻabelardenseʼ, Portuguese word referring to people born in Abelardo Luz municipality) is an allusion to the first new species described for this area. Material examined Holotype BRAZIL • 1 ex., 43.4 mm SL; Santa Catarina State, Abelardo Luz Municipality, stream tributary to middle Rio Chapecó, Rio Uruguai basin; 26°32′19″ S, 52°25′17″ W; 805 m a.s.l.; 20 Mar. 2021; C.R.M. Feltrin leg.; UFRJ 6990. Paratypes (n = 21) BRAZIL • 11 ex., 23.6–46.3 mm SL; same collection data as for holotype; UFRJ 6991 • 1 ex. (C&S), 41.8 mm SL; same collection data as for holotype; UFRJ 6992 • 3 ex., 34.1–39.7 mm SL; same collection data as for holotype; CICCAA 12706 • 4 ex., 29.8–46.4 mm SL; same locality as for holotype; 15 Jul. 2020; A. Bianco, F.H. Llanos and C.R.M. Feltrin leg.; UFRJ 6993 • 2 ex. (C&S), 34.3–39.5 mm SL; same collection data as for preceding; UFRJ 6994. Description GENERAL MORPHOLOGY. Morphometric data appear in Table 1. Body relatively slender, subcylindrical and slightly depressed anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profile of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical through anterior portion of dorsal-fin base. Head sub-rectangular in dorsal view, almost rectangular. Anterior profile of snout slightly convex in dorsal view. Eye small, dorsally positioned in head, in its anterior half. Posterior nostril located approximately mid-way between anterior nostril and orbital rim. Tip of maxillary and rictal barbels posteriorly reaching interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of nasal barbel usually posteriorly reaching area just anterior to opercular patch of odontodes, sometimes shorter, reaching midway between orbit and opercular patch of odontodes. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth 20–23 on premaxilla, 24 or 25 on dentary, pointed and slightly curved, arranged in two irregular rows. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior-most point, in ventral midline. Dorsal and anal fins rounded, long, their length larger than respective fin base; total dorsal-fin rays 10–11 (i–ii + II + 7), total anal-fin rays 9 (ii + II + 5); anal-fin origin at vertical through posterior half of dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin origin at vertical through centrum of 20 th or 21 st vertebra; anal-fin origin at vertical through centrum of 23 rd or 24 th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, narrow, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray terminating in short filament, about 10–20% of pectoral-fin length; total pectoralfin rays 5 (I + 4). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its posterior extremity in vertical just anterior or just posterior to dorsal-fin origin; pelvic-fin bases medially separated by small interspace, about half pelvic-fin base width; total pelvic-fin rays 4 (I + 3). Caudal fin subtruncate, often asymmetrical with dorsal portion slightly longer than ventral one; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 21 (xx + I), total ventral procurrent rays 15 (xiv + I). LATEROSENSORY SYSTEM. Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to posterior section of infraorbital canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent and just posterior to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, in transverse line through posterior half of orbit; pore s6 nearer orbit than its paired homologous pore. Single infraorbital sensory canal segment, with two pores, corresponding to pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit; anterior segment of infraorbital canal absent. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. OSTEOLOGY (Fig. 2A–C). Mesethmoid robust, its width at cornua bases about four fifths of autopalatine width; anterior margin slightly concave, often with slight middle projection; mesethmoid cornu narrow, with rounded extremity. Lateral ethmoid articulated with autopalatine by broad articular facet. Antorbital thin, narrow, and short; sesamoid supraorbital slender, without processes, short, its length about twice antorbital length. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, laterally narrowing, moderate in length, longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, broad, its width about equal to its length excluding anterior cartilage; medial margin almost straight and with small projection, lateral margin slightly concave; autopalatine posterolateral process minute, almost indistinct. Metapterygoid large and thin, sub-rectangular, deeper than longer. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin separated from hyomandibula outgrowth by small interspace. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula slightly concave. Opercle long, longer than interopercle, opercular odontode patch slender, its depth slightly shorter than half length of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet; opercular odontodes 6 or 7; odontodes pointed, nearly straight, transversely arranged; dorsal process of opercle short, extremity rounded; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with prominent sub-rectangular flap, articular facet for preopercle well developed, rounded. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, with pronounced anterior rounded projection; interopercular odontodes 20–22; odontodes pointed, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral projection. Parurohyal robust, lateral process narrow, sub-triangular, latero-posteriorly directed, tip pointed; parurohyal head well-developed, with prominent anterolateral paired process; middle foramen oval; posterior process moderate in length, about half distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of posterior process. Branchiostegal rays 7. Vertebrae 37. Ribs 12 or 13. Two dorsal hypural plates, partially or completely fused, corresponding to hypurals 3 + 4 + 5; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 + 2 and parhypural. COLOURATION IN ALCOHOL (Fig. 1). Flank, dorsum and head side with dense concentration of small dark brown spots over pale yellow background; spots irregularly shaped, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows, slightly larger and often coalesced on dorsal portion, slightly darker along flank midline. Nasal and maxillary barbels dark brown, rictal barbel pale yellowish brown. Venter and ventral surface of head white. Unpaired fins hyaline with minute dark grey dots. Paired fins hyaline. COLOURATION IN LIFE. Similar to colouration in alcohol, but light yellowish brown pigmentation slightly more intense on trunk. Distribution and habitat Cambeva alphabelardense sp. nov. is known only from the type locality area in the middle Rio Chapecó drainage, Rio Uruguai basin, southern Brazil (Fig. 3). The type locality is situated in the headwaters of a narrow stream, altitude about 800 m a.s.l., with clearwater, clay bottom and dense marginal vegetation mainly composed of ferns (Fig. 4). This short area, about 600 m long, corresponds to a small residual fragment of the original vegetation consisting of a mixed rainforest. This area is now surrounded by a vast area occupied by soya plantations. However, there is no evidence of siltation in the stream. Cambeva alphabelardense sp. nov. was only found in the well-preserved residual fragment, where the stream was about three or four meters wide and about one meter deep. All specimens, collected with small dip nets (40 × 30 cm) during daylight, were found buried in vegetal debris (mostly tree ferns, and other plant remnants) on the bottom of stream banks. The well-developed marginal vegetation partially shades. Considering the small area occupied by the species, the high level of environmental decline around that area, and the unsuccessful attempts to find other similar biotopes in the region, C. alphabelardense sp. nov. should be regarded as highly threatened with extinction.

Cambeva alphabelardense sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 13FDAD9A-CEDC-4027-A79D-FCC3E09CF166 Figs 1, 2A���C, 3���4 Diagnosis A small species, maximum recorded adult size 46.4 mm SL, diagnosed by the presence of four pelvicfin rays and the combination of the following features: posterior nostril about equidistant from anterior nostril and from orbit; a compact broad autopalatine, its width about equal to its length excluding anterior cartilage and postero-lateral process; presence of an anterior broad and rounded projection on the interopercle; five pectoral-fin rays; six or seven opercular odontodes; 20���23 premaxillary teeth; 24���25 dentary teeth; jaw teeth always pointed; largest rays of the dorsal and anal fins longer than the respective fin bases; dorsal and anal fins rounded; head width 83.5���91.3% of the head length; interorbital length 27.0���31.2%; mesethmoid robust, its width at the base of cornua about four fifths of autopalatine width (Fig. 2A); metapterygoid deeper than long (Fig. 2B). Differential diagnosis Cambeva alphabelardense sp. nov. is distinguished from all other congeners by having four pelvicfin rays (vs. five rays whenever the pelvic fin is present). Cambeva alphabelardense sp. nov. differs from all other congeners, except C. betabelardense sp. nov., by the relatively more anterior position of the orbit, making the posterior nostril nearly equidistant from anterior nostril and orbit, a compact broad autopalatine, its width about equal to its length excluding anterior cartilage (Fig. 2A; vs. width conspicuously smaller than that length), and the presence of an anterior broad and rounded projection on the interopercle (Fig. 2B; vs. never a similar projection). Cambeva alphabelardense sp. nov. is distinguished from C. betabelardense sp. nov. by having fewer pectoral-fin rays (five vs. six), fewer opercular odontodes (6���7 vs. 12), fewer teeth on the premaxilla (20���23 vs. 30���34) and dentary (24���25 vs. 30���34), jaw teeth always pointed (vs. anterior-most teeth incisiform), largest rays of the dorsal and anal fins longer than the respective fin bases (vs. shorter), a wider head (head width 83.5���91.3% of the head length, vs. 73.7���78.5%), a wider interorbital distance (27.0���31.2% of the head length, vs. 21.6��� 26.2%), a very robust mesethmoid, its width at the base of the cornua about one third of the distance between tips of cornua (Fig. 2A; vs. about one fifth, Fig. 2D), and a deeper metapterygoid that is subrectangular and deeper than long (Fig. 2B; vs. subtriangular and longer than deep, Fig. 2E). Etymology The species epithet �� alphabelardense �� (��alpha��, the first letter of the Greek alphabet, and ��abelardense��, Portuguese word referring to people born in Abelardo Luz municipality) is an allusion to the first new species described for this area. Material examined Holotype BRAZIL ��� 1 ex., 43.4 mm SL; Santa Catarina State, Abelardo Luz Municipality, stream tributary to middle Rio Chapec��, Rio Uruguai basin; 26��32���19��� S, 52��25���17��� W; 805 m a.s.l.; 20 Mar. 2021; C.R.M. Feltrin leg.; UFRJ 6990. Paratypes (n = 21) BRAZIL ��� 11 ex., 23.6���46.3 mm SL; same collection data as for holotype; UFRJ 6991 ��� 1 ex. (C&S), 41.8 mm SL; same collection data as for holotype; UFRJ 6992 ��� 3 ex., 34.1���39.7 mm SL; same collection data as for holotype; CICCAA 12706 ��� 4 ex., 29.8���46.4 mm SL; same locality as for holotype; 15 Jul. 2020; A. Bianco, F.H. Llanos and C.R.M. Feltrin leg.; UFRJ 6993 ��� 2 ex. (C&S), 34.3���39.5 mm SL; same collection data as for preceding; UFRJ 6994. Description GENERAL MORPHOLOGY. Morphometric data appear in Table 1. Body relatively slender, subcylindrical and slightly depressed anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profile of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical through anterior portion of dorsal-fin base. Head sub-rectangular in dorsal view, almost rectangular. Anterior profile of snout slightly convex in dorsal view. Eye small, dorsally positioned in head, in its anterior half. Posterior nostril located approximately mid-way between anterior nostril and orbital rim. Tip of maxillary and rictal barbels posteriorly reaching interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of nasal barbel usually posteriorly reaching area just anterior to opercular patch of odontodes, sometimes shorter, reaching midway between orbit and opercular patch of odontodes. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth 20���23 on premaxilla, 24 or 25 on dentary, pointed and slightly curved, arranged in two irregular rows. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior-most point, in ventral midline. Dorsal and anal fins rounded, long, their length larger than respective fin base; total dorsal-fin rays 10���11 (i���ii + II + 7), total anal-fin rays 9 (ii + II + 5); anal-fin origin at vertical through posterior half of dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin origin at vertical through centrum of 20 th or 21 st vertebra; anal-fin origin at vertical through centrum of 23 rd or 24 th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, narrow, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray terminating in short filament, about 10���20% of pectoral-fin length; total pectoralfin rays 5 (I + 4). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its posterior extremity in vertical just anterior or just posterior to dorsal-fin origin; pelvic-fin bases medially separated by small interspace, about half pelvic-fin base width; total pelvic-fin rays 4 (I + 3). Caudal fin subtruncate, often asymmetrical with dorsal portion slightly longer than ventral one; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 21 (xx + I), total ventral procurrent rays 15 (xiv + I). LATEROSENSORY SYSTEM. Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to posterior section of infraorbital canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent and just posterior to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, in transverse line through posterior half of orbit; pore s6 nearer orbit than its paired homologous pore. Single infraorbital sensory canal segment, with two pores, corresponding to pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit; anterior segment of infraorbital canal absent. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. OSTEOLOGY (Fig. 2A���C). Mesethmoid robust, its width at cornua bases about four fifths of autopalatine width; anterior margin slightly concave, often with slight middle projection; mesethmoid cornu narrow, with rounded extremity. Lateral ethmoid articulated with autopalatine by broad articular facet. Antorbital thin, narrow, and short; sesamoid supraorbital slender, without processes, short, its length about twice antorbital length. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, laterally narrowing, moderate in length, longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, broad, its width about equal to its length excluding anterior cartilage; medial margin almost straight and with small projection, lateral margin slightly concave; autopalatine posterolateral process minute, almost indistinct. Metapterygoid large and thin, sub-rectangular, deeper than longer. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin separated from hyomandibula outgrowth by small interspace. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula slightly concave. Opercle long, longer than interopercle, opercular odontode patch slender, its depth slightly shorter than half length of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet; opercular odontodes 6 or 7; odontodes pointed, nearly straight, transversely arranged; dorsal process of opercle short, extremity rounded; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with prominent sub-rectangular flap, articular facet for preopercle well developed, rounded. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, with pronounced anterior rounded projection; interopercular odontodes 20���22; odontodes pointed, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral projection. Parurohyal robust, lateral process narrow, sub-triangular, latero-posteriorly directed, tip pointed; parurohyal head well-developed, with prominent anterolateral paired process; middle foramen oval; posterior process moderate in length, about half distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of posterior process. Branchiostegal rays 7. Vertebrae 37. Ribs 12 or 13. Two dorsal hypural plates, partially or completely fused, corresponding to hypurals 3 + 4 + 5; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 + 2 and parhypural. COLOURATION IN ALCOHOL (Fig. 1). Flank, dorsum and head side with dense concentration of small dark brown spots over pale yellow background; spots irregularly shaped, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows, slightly larger and often coalesced on dorsal portion, slightly darker along flank midline. Nasal and maxillary barbels dark brown, rictal barbel pale yellowish brown. Venter and ventral surface of head white. Unpaired fins hyaline with minute dark grey dots. Paired fins hyaline. COLOURATION IN LIFE. Similar to colouration in alcohol, but light yellowish brown pigmentation slightly more intense on trunk. Distribution and habitat Cambeva alphabelardense sp. nov. is known only from the type locality area in the middle Rio Chapec�� drainage, Rio Uruguai basin, southern Brazil (Fig. 3). The type locality is situated in the headwaters of a narrow stream, altitude about 800 m a.s.l., with clearwater, clay bottom and dense marginal vegetation mainly composed of ferns (Fig. 4). This short area, about 600 m long, corresponds to a small residual fragment of the original vegetation consisting of a mixed rainforest. This area is now surrounded by a vast area occupied by soya plantations. However, there is no evidence of siltation in the stream. Cambeva alphabelardense sp. nov. was only found in the well-preserved residual fragment, where the stream was about three or four meters wide and about one meter deep. All specimens, collected with small dip nets (40 �� 30 cm) during daylight, were found buried in vegetal debris (mostly tree ferns, and other plant remnants) on the bottom of stream banks. The well-developed marginal vegetation partially shades. Considering the small area occupied by the species, the high level of environmental decline around that area, and the unsuccessful attempts to find other similar biotopes in the region, C. alphabelardense sp. nov. should be regarded as highly threatened with extinction., Published as part of Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Feltrin, Caio R. M. & Katz, Axel M., 2022, Two new remarkable and endangered catfish species of the genus Cambeva (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) from southern Brazil, pp. 140-155 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 on pages 142-147, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1661, http://zenodo.org/record/6204989

Cambeva betabelardense sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E77B223C-C536-4729-B483-BC9B0AD3E8CE Figs 2D���F, 5���6 Diagnosis A small species, maximum recorded adult size 42.7 mm SL, diagnosed by the presence of a dorsal projection adjacent to the opercular odontode patch (Fig. 2E) and the combination of the following features: posterior nostril about equidistant from anterior nostril and from orbit; a compact broad autopalatine, its width about equal to its length excluding anterior cartilage and postero-lateral process (Fig. 2D); presence of an anterior broad and rounded projection on the interopercle (Fig. 2E); six pectoral-fin rays; 12 opercular odontodes; 30���34 premaxillary teeth; 32���34 dentary teeth; anterior jaw teeth incisiform, posterior teeth pointed; largest rays of the dorsal and anal fins shorter than respective fin bases; dorsal and anal fins subtrapezoidal; head width 73.7���78.5% of the head length; interorbital length 21.6���26.2%; mesethmoid thin, its width at the base of cornua about half autopalatine width (Fig. 2D); metapterygoid longer than deep, approximately triangular (Fig. 2E). Differential diagnosis Cambeva betabelardense sp. nov. is distinguished from all other congeners, except C. alphabelardense sp. nov., by the relatively more anterior position of the orbit, making the posterior nostril nearly equidistant from anterior nostril and orbit, a compact broad autopalatine, its width about equal to its length excluding anterior cartilage (Fig. 2D; vs. width conspicuously smaller than that length), and the presence of an anterior broad and rounded projection on the interopercle (Fig. 2E; vs. never a similar projection). Cambeva betabelardense sp. nov. is distinguished from C. alphabelardense sp. nov. by having more pectoral-fin rays (six vs. five), more opercular odontodes (12 vs. 6 or 7), more teeth on the premaxilla (30���34 vs. 20���23) and dentary (32���34 vs. 24���25), anterior jaw teeth incisiform, posterior teeth pointed (vs. all teeth pointed), largest rays of the dorsal and anal fins shorter than respective fin bases (vs. longer), a narrower head (head width 73.7���78.5% of the head length, vs. 83.5���91.3%), a narrower interorbital distance (21.6���26.2% of the head length, vs. 27.0���31.2%), a thinner mesethmoid, its width at the base of the cornua about one fifth of the distance between tips of cornua (Fig. 2D; vs. about one third, Fig. 2A), and a more slender metapterygoid that is sub-triangular and longer than deep (Fig. 2E; vs. sub-rectangular and deeper than long, Fig. 2B). Cambeva betabelardense sp. nov. also differs from all other congeners by the presence of a dorsal projection on the opercle adjacent to the odontode patch (Fig. 2E; vs. absence). Etymology The species epithet �� betabelardense �� (��beta��, the second letter of the Greek alphabet, and ��abelardense��, Portuguese word referring to people born in Abelardo Luz municipality) is an allusion to the second new species described for this area. Material examined Holotype BRAZIL ��� 1 ex., 42.7 mm SL; Santa Catarina State, Abelardo Luz Municipality, stream tributary to middle Rio Chapec��, Rio Uruguai basin; 26��29���32��� S, 52��20���32��� W; 820 m a.s.l.; 20 Mar. 2021; C.R.M. Feltrin leg.; UFRJ 6995. Paratypes (n = 17) BRAZIL ��� 10 ex., 19.7���38.6 mm SL; same collection data as for holotype; UFRJ 6996 ��� 3 ex. (C&S), 32.4���37.4 mm SL; same collection data as for holotype; UFRJ 6997 ��� 2 ex., 33.2���34.8 mm SL; same collection data as for holotype; CICCAA 12707 ��� 4 ex., 36.8���41.3 mm SL; Santa Catarina State, Abelardo Luz Municipality, stream tributary to middle Rio Chapec��, in front of Parque Quedas de Chapec��; 26��33���08��� S, 52��19���13��� W; 760 m a.s.l.; 20 Mar. 2021; C.R.M. Feltrin leg.; UFRJ 6998. Description GENERAL MORPHOLOGY. Morphometric data appear in Table 2. Body slender, subcylindrical and slightly depressed anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profile of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical through anterior portion of dorsal-fin base. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view. Anterior profile of snout slightly convex in dorsal view. Eye small, dorsally positioned in head, in its anterior half. Posterior nostril located approximately mid-way between anterior nostril and orbital rim. Tip of maxillary and rictal barbels posteriorly reaching anterior margin of interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of nasal barbel posteriorly reaching area between one and two thirds of distance between orbit and opercular patch of odontodes. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth 30���34 on premaxilla, 32���34 on dentary, pointed internally to incisiform in external rows, slightly curved, arranged in three irregular rows. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anteriormost point, in ventral midline. Dorsal and anal fins subtrapezoidal, short, their length smaller than respective fin base; total dorsal-fin rays 11 (ii + II + 7), total anal-fin rays 9 (ii + II + 5); anal-fin origin at vertical through posterior half of dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin origin at vertical through centrum of 21 st vertebra; anal-fin origin at vertical through centrum of 24 th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray slightly projected beyond fin membrane but not forming filament; total pectoral-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its posterior extremity in vertical just anterior to or through dorsal-fin origin; pelvic-fin bases medially separated by small interspace, about half pelvic-fin base width; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin rounded, dorsoventrally symmetrical; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 16���19 (xv���xviii + I), total ventral procurrent rays 12���14 (xi���xiii + I). LATEROSENSORY SYSTEM. Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to posterior section of infraorbital canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent and just posterior to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, in transverse line through posterior half of orbit; pore s6 nearer orbit than its paired homologous pore. Single infraorbital sensory canal segment, with two pores, corresponding to pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit; anterior segment of infraorbital canal absent. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. OSTEOLOGY (Fig. 2D���F). Mesethmoid thin, its width at cornua bases about half autopalatine width; anterior margin about straight, mesethmoid cornu narrow, with rounded extremity. Lateral ethmoid articulated with autopalatine by broad articular facet. Antorbital thin, narrow and short; sesamoid supraorbital slender, without processes, short, its length about twice antorbital length. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, laterally narrowing, moderate in length, longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, broad, its width about equal to its length excluding anterior cartilage; medial margin sinuous, with small projection, lateral margin slightly concave, almost straight; autopalatine posterolateral process triangular in dorsal view, small, about one third autopalatine length. Metapterygoid moderate in length, thin, subtriangular, longer than deep; anteroventral process articulating with adjacent expansion in quadrate. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin separated from hyomandibula outgrowth by small interspace. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula slightly concave. Opercle long, longer than interopercle, opercular odontode patch moderate, its depth slightly shorter than dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 11 or 12 odontodes; odontodes pointed, nearly straight, transversely arranged; dorsal projection adjacent to odontode patch; dorsal process of opercle short, extremity rounded; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with prominent sub-rectangular projection, articular facet for preopercle well developed, rounded. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, with pronounced anterior rounded projection; interopercular odontodes; odontodes pointed, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral projection. Parurohyal robust, lateral process broad, subtriangular, laterally directed, tip pointed; parurohyal head well-developed, with prominent anterolateral paired process; middle foramen rounded; posterior process short, about one third of distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of posterior process. Branchiostegal rays 8. Vertebrae 37. Ribs 12. Two dorsal hypural plates corresponding to hypurals 3 + 4 + 5; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 + 2 and parhypural. COLOURATION IN ALCOHOL (Fig. 5). Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellow, with rounded dark brown blotches, often longitudinally coalesced, larger and darker on middle and dorsal portions of flank. In some specimens, blotches darker, smaller and not coalesced. Nasal and maxillary barbels dark brown, rictal barbel pale yellowish brown. Venter and ventral surface of head white. Fins hyaline with dark grey spots. COLOURATION IN LIFE. Similar to colouration in alcohol, but with paler colours. Distribution and habitat Cambeva betabelardense sp. nov. is only known from two localities in the type locality area, in the middle Rio Chapec�� drainage, Rio Uruguai basin, southern Brazil (Fig. 3), at altitudes between about 760 and 820 m a.s.l. At both localities, the stream was about 8 m wide, with bottom comprising small stones and gravel (Fig. 6). Cambeva betabelardense sp. nov. was collected in shallow places, about 30 cm deep, on the gravel bottom and associated vegetal remnants. Some vestiges of stream siltation at the type locality, probably as a result of the intense process of deforestation associated with soya plantations in the region, may be indicative that C. betabelardense sp. nov. is an endangered species., Published as part of Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Feltrin, Caio R. M. & Katz, Axel M., 2022, Two new remarkable and endangered catfish species of the genus Cambeva (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) from southern Brazil, pp. 140-155 in European Journal of Taxonomy 794 on pages 148-152, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.794.1661, http://zenodo.org/record/6204989

Cambeva grisea n. sp. (Figs 6, 11F, 12F, 13F; Table 6) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A5CFD65E-416F-4722-AE0B-9335C766E27F MATERIAL EXAMINED. ��� Holotype. Brazil ��� 1 ex., 43.1 mm SL; Santa Catarina State: Treviso Municipality: village of Santo Ant��nio: Rio Pio, Rio M��e Luzia drainage, Rio Ararangu�� basin; 28��29���17���S, 49��30���45���W; about 300 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 30.XI.2020; UFRJ 6936. Paratypes. Brazil ��� 2 ex., 38.4-39.3 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6937 ��� 4 ex., 29.1-40.9 mm SL (C&S); collected with holotype; UFRJ 6938 ��� 4 ex., 24.1-45.9 mm SL; same area as holotype, 28��29���32���S, 49��31���26���W; C. R. M. Feltrin; 29.IX.2018; UFRJ 1219 ��� 2 ex., 48.1-66.4 mm SL; same data as UFRJ 1219; CIC- CAA 04112 ��� 1 ex. (C&S), 52.3 mm SL; Sider��polis Municipality: stream tributary to Rio S��o Bento, village of S��o Pedro, Agua�� Santu��rio Ecol��gico; 28��36���52���S, 49��33���40���W; about 155 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 26.VIII.2020; UFRJ 6962 ��� 4 ex. (C&S), 21.5- 34.8 mm SL; Sider��polis Municipality: Rio da Serra, about 100 m from the confluence with the Rio da Mina to form Rio S��o Bento, village of Cost��o da Serra; 28��33���16���S, 49��34���53���W; about 230 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 1.IX.2015; UFRJ 10698. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Cambeva grisea n. sp. is distinguished from C. brachykechenos, the only other species of the C. brachykechenos complex, in having more pleural ribs (13-15, vs 12), anal and dorsal fins more posteriorly placed relatively to vertebrae (dorsal-fin origin in a vertical through centrum of the 20th or 21st vertebra, vs 19th; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 23rd or 24th vertebra, vs 21st or 22nd), and a different colouration on the flank (pale brownish grey, sometimes with dark grey pigment irregularly distributed, vs dark brown with small light brownish grey spots). Cambeva grisea n. sp. also seems to be smaller than C. brachykechenos, with the largest specimen found reaching only 52.3 mm SL (vs 70.9 mm SL recorded for C. brachykechenos by Ferrer & Malabarba 2013). DISTRIBUTION. ��� Cambeva grisea n. sp. occurs in the eastern forested slope. It is known from the Rio Ararangu�� basin, in altitudes about 160-300 m asl (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. ��� From the Latin grisea (grey), referring to the predominant colouration of this new species. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 6. Body slender, subcylindrical and slightly depressed anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal profile of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle; ventral profile straight to slightly convex between lower jaw and end of anal-fin base, straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical just posterior to dorsal-fin origin. Head subtrapezoidal in dorsal view, almost rectangular, with anterior profile of snout slightly convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in head, on its anterior half. Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim. Tip of maxillary and rictal barbels reaching area between interopercular patch of odontodes and pectoral-fin base; tip of nasal barbel reaching area between eye and opercular patch of odontodes. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth 26-35 in both jaws, incisiform in specimens above about 35 mm SL, pointed in smaller specimens, always irregularly distributed. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 8. Anterior cranial fontanel absent, posterior fontanel restricted to parieto-supraoccipital, sometimes slightly anteriorly ad - vancing between frontals. Dorsal and anal fins subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex; total dorsal-fin rays 11 (ii + II + 7), total anal-fin rays 9 (ii + II + 5); anal-fin origin in vertical through anterior third of dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 20th or 21st vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 23rd or 24th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray not terminating in filament; total pectoral-fin rays 6 (I + 5). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical anterior to dorsal-fin base; pelvic-fin bases medially in contact; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin subtruncate, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral extremities rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 14-16 (xiii-xv + I), total ventral procurrent rays 8-12 (vii-xi + I). Vertebrae 38-39. Ribs 13-15. Single dorsal hypural plate, corresponding to hypurals 3 + 4 + 5, single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 + 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to posterior section of infraorbital canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent and just posterior to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, in transverse line through posterior half of orbit; pore s6 nearer orbit than its paired homologous pore. Single infraorbital sensory canal segment, with two pores, corresponding to pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit; anterior segment of infraorbital canal absent. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11F) Mesethmoid robust, its anterior margin about straight; mesethmoid cornu subtriangular in dorsal view, extremity pointed; narrow lateral flap on intersection between cornu and main bone axis. Small lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin close to middle portion of sesamoid supraorbital. Antorbital thin, drop-shaped; sesamoid supraorbital short and slender, slightly longer than antorbital, without processes. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, laterally narrowing, moderate in length, slightly longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerangshaped, slender, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, medial margin slightly concave, lateral margin approximately straight; autopalatine posterolateral process short, subtriangular. Cheek region (Fig. 12F) Metapterygoid thin, subtrapezoidal, large, slightly longer than deep, its largest length about equal to horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin separated from hyomandibula outgrowth by small interspace. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula slightly concave. Opercle relatively slender, opercular odontode patch depth about half length of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 10-16 odontodes; odontodes pointed, nearly straight to slightly curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows; dorsal process of opercle short and pointed; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with prominent trapezoidal flap, articular facet for preopercle inconspicuous. Interopercle moderate, its length about equal to hyomandibular outgrowth length, with 23-26 odontodes; odontodes pointed, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap. Parurohyal (Fig. 13F) Parurohyal robust, lateral process sub-triangular, slightly curved, latero-posteriorly directed, extremity pointed; parurohyal head well-developed, with anterolateral paired process; middle foramen oval; posterior process short, about one third of distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of posterior process. Colouration in alcohol (Fig. 6) Flank pale brownish grey, sometimes with dark grey pigment irregularly distributed; dorsum greyish brown with small light grey vermiculate spots, venter light yellowish grey. Head pale brownish grey to brown on nape, with darker pigmentation concentrated between orbit and anterior nostril; small dark grey spots along lateral extremity of head and basal portion of barbels. Fins whitish hyaline, with minute grey dots along rays of unpaired fins and small dark grey spot close to dorsal-fin origin and pectoral-fin base., Published as part of Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Feltrin, Caio R. M. & Katz, Axel M., 2021, Field inventory reveals high diversity of new species of mountain catfishes, genus Cambeva Katz, Barbosa, Mattos & Costa, 2018 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), in south-eastern Serra Geral, southern Brazil, pp. 659-690 in Zoosystema 43 (28) on pages 673-675, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2021v43a28, http://zenodo.org/record/5636536, {"references":["FERRER J. & MALABARBA L. R. 2013. - Taxonomic review of the genus Trichomycterus Valenciennes (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the laguna dos Patos system, Southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 11: 217 - 246."]}

Cambeva orbitofrontalis n. sp. (Figs 4, 11D, 12D, 13D; Table 4) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 45F25566-C30E-43A4-8523-F77BEC7A5111 MATERIAL EXAMINED. ��� Holotype. Brazil ��� 1 ex., 56.2 mm SL; Santa Catarina State: Treviso Municipality: village of Santo Ant��nio: Cascata do Salto Branco, Rio Pio, Rio M��e Luzia drainage, Rio Ararangu�� basin; 28��29���23���S, 49��31���22���W; about 385 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 20.I.2021; UFRJ 6953. Paratypes. Brazil ��� 2 ex., 44.5-56.5 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6954 ��� 3 ex. (C&S), 43.6-55.2 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6955 ��� 2 ex., 43.6-45.5 mm SL; collected with holotype; CICCAA 04114 ��� 1 ex., 22.5 mm SL; same area as anterior; 28��29���32���S, 49��31���26���W; C. R. M. Feltrin; 29.IX.2018; UFRJ 6956 ��� 1 ex. (C&S), 47.3 mm SL; same area as anterior, 28��29���17���S, 49��30���45���W; about 300 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 30.XI.2020; UFRJ 6957 ��� 2 ex., 21.8-29.7 mm SL; Sider��polis Municipality: village of Cost��o da Serra, Rio da Serra, about 100 from its confluence with Rio da Mina; 28��33���16���S, 49��34���53���W; about 230 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 20.I.2021; UFRJ 6958 ��� 1 ex., 51.3 mm SL; Sider��polis Municipality: upper Rio S��o Bento, Cost��o da Serra; 28��35���06���S, 49��33���54���W; about 160 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 22.II.2021; UFRJ 6987 ��� 9 ex., 13.5-31.0 mm SL; Nova Veneza Municipality: stream tributary of Rio S��o Bento, S��o Bento Alto; 28��37���38���S, 49��34���11���W; about 125 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 24.II.2021; UFRJ 6988. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Cambeva orbitofrontalis n. sp. differs from other species of the C. botuvera complex in having more ribs (16, vs 12 or 13 in C. botuvera and 14 in C. panthera n. sp.), seven branchiostegal rays (vs 8), fewer teeth in the premaxilla (36-38, vs 40-42 in C. botuvera and 44-46 in C. panthera n. sp.) and dentary (31-34, vs 40-42 in C. botuvera and 38-43 in C. panthera n. sp.), a rounded caudal fin (vs subtruncate) and a long sesamoid supraorbital, longer than the autopalatine (vs shorter). Also distinguished from C. botuvera in having a shorter pectoral fin (pectoral-fin length 7.6-9.1 % SL, vs 12.1-15.1 % SL) and a shorter space between orbit and anterior nostril (pre-orbital length 10.7-12.7 % of the head length, vs 13.6-16.7 %); and from C. panthera n. sp. in having fewer dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays (18, vs 20-24), more vertebrae (39-40, vs 37), the dorsal-fin origin in a vertical through the centrum of the 21st vertebra (vs 18th or 19th), more opercular (13-15, vs 10 or 11) and interopercular odontodes (30-35, vs 23-25), a shorter caudal fin (caudal-fin length 13.0-15.2 % SL, vs 17.8-20.2 % SL), and shorter pelvic-fins (pelvic-fin length 7.6-9.1 % SL, vs 9.7-12.6 % SL). DISTRIBUTION. ��� Cambeva orbitofrontalis n. sp. occurs in the eastern forested slope. It is found in the Rio Ararangu�� basin, in altitudes between about 130 and 390 m (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. ��� From the Latin orbita (orbit, referring to the eye socket) and frontalis (frontal), in allusion to the unique long sesamoid supraorbital bone, with posterior extremity firmly attached to the frontal bone. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 4. Body moderately slender, subcylindrical anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical through anterior third of dorsal-fin base. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view, anterior profile of snout convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in anterior half of head. Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim.Tip of maxillary barbel reaching middle portion of interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of rictal barbel reaching anterior part of interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of nasal barbel slightly posteriorly surpassing orbit. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth slightly pointed to incisiform in outer areas, slightly curved, irregularly arranged, 36-38 in premaxilla, 31-34 in dentary. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 7. Cranial fontanels present, posterior fontanel long, anteriorly extending between frontals to reach transverse line close to lateral sphenotic process. Dorsal fin short, subrectangular, anal fin subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex in both; total dorsal-fin rays 11 (ii + I-II + 7-8), total anal-fin rays 9 (ii + II + 5); anal-fin origin in vertical through last third of dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 21st vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 24th or 25th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray not terminating in filament; total pectoral-fin rays 7 (I + 6). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical anterior to dorsalfin base; pelvic-fin bases medially in close proximity; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 18 (xvii + I), total ventral procurrent rays 13 (xii + I). Vertebrae 39-40. Ribs 16. Two dorsal hypural plates, corresponding to hypurals 4 + 5 and 3, respectively; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to infraorbital sensory canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, on middle part of dorsal surface of head, in transverse line just posterior to orbit; pore s6 nearer orbit than its paired homologous pore. Infraorbital sensory canal represented by single segment, with two pores: pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11D) Mesethmoid robust, its anterior margin about straight; mesethmoid cornu subtriangular, extremity pointed; narrow lateral flap on intersection between cornu and main bone axis, posteriorly extending parallel to lateral bone margin. Minute lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin close to middle portion of sesamoid supraorbital, often absent. Antorbital thin, dropshaped; sesamoid supraorbital slender, long and slightly curved, its length about three and half times antorbital length, without lateral projections, its posterior portion firmly attached to neurocranium. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, slightly laterally narrowing, longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerangshaped, slender, curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, moderate in width, slightly longer than wide when excluding posterolateral process, medial margin sinuous, lateral margin nearly straight to slightly curved near posterolateral process; autopalatine posterolateral process subtriangular in dorsal view, with sharp extremity, short, its length shorter than osseus portion of autopalatine length excluding posterolateral process. Cheek region (Fig. 12D) Metapterygoid thin, subtriangular, large, its largest length slightly longer than horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process; minute projection on anteroventral bone margin, close to articulatory cartilage block. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin in contact with from hyomandibula outgrowth; small process close and anterior to cartilage articulating quadrate and metapterygoid. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; deep notch on dorsal margin of hyomandibula outgrowth. Opercle slender, abruptly widening on odontode patch, its depth about three fifths of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, 13-15 odontodes; odontodes pointed, straight to slightly curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows; dorsal process of opercle short and truncate; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with small, rounded flap, articular facet for preopercle indistinct. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, anterior margin slightly concave; interopercular odontode patch with 30-35 pointed odontodes, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap. Parurohyal (Fig. 13D) Robust, lateral process sub-triangular, weakly curved, lateroposteriorly directed, extremity pointed, posterior margin slightly sinuous; parurohyal head well-developed, with anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small, round; posterior process relatively long, about half distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of lateral process. Colouration in alcohol (Fig. 4) Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellowish grey, with small, rounded dark grey spots, larger on dorsal portion of flank; spots irregularly arranged, except forming horizontal row on longitudinal midlateral line of flank. Venter and ventral part of flank yellowish white. Barbels dark grey. Fins hyaline with grey rays on basal portion., Published as part of Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Feltrin, Caio R. M. & Katz, Axel M., 2021, Field inventory reveals high diversity of new species of mountain catfishes, genus Cambeva Katz, Barbosa, Mattos & Costa, 2018 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), in south-eastern Serra Geral, southern Brazil, pp. 659-690 in Zoosystema 43 (28) on pages 669-670, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2021v43a28, http://zenodo.org/record/5636536

Cambeva imaruhy n. sp. (Figs 3, 11C, 12C, 13C; Table 3) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 15E30D5C-5407-4905-A2F6-BA2F3FF76730 MATERIAL EXAMINED. ��� Holotype. Brazil ��� 1 ex., 60.6 mm SL; Santa Catarina state: Orleans municipality: Rio Minador, Rio Laranjeiras drainage, village of Brusque do Sul; 28��14���33���S, 49��24���13���W; about 250 m asl; 26.I.2021; UFRJ 6939. Paratypes. Brazil ��� 6 ex., 23.8-36.7 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6964 ��� 1 ex., 55.8 mm SL; upper Rio Laranjeiras, Rio Tubar��o basin, Caminho dos Tropeiros da Serra do Imaru��; 28��13���30���S, 49��29���06���W; about 440 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 9.III. 2020 ��� 7 ex., 25.6-40.8 mm SL; Lauro Muller municipality: upper Rio Rocinha, Novo Horizonte; 28��23���42���S, 49��28���06���W; about 315 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 22.X.2020; UFRJ 6940 ��� 5 ex., 30.0- 36.4 mm SL; same data as UFRJ 6940; CICCAA 04113 ��� 5 ex., 32.3-38.8 mm SL (C&S); same data as UFRJ 6940; UFRJ 6941. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL (NON- TYPE SPECIMENS). ��� Brazil ��� 1 ex.; Santa Catarina State: Gr��o Par�� Municipality: Rio Bra��o Esquerdo subdrainage, Rio Bra��o do Norte drainage, Rio Tubar��o basin; 28��08���37���S, 49��23���25���W; about 450 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 17.II.2021; UFRJ 6959 ��� 4 ex.; same area as UFRJ 6959; 28��08���29���S, 49��23���37���W; about 460 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 17.II.2021; UFRJ 6960 ��� 2 ex. (C&S); same data as precedent; UFRJ 6961. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Cambeva imaruhy n. sp. differs from C. barbosae and C. cubataonis in having 15-17 ribs (vs 11-13) and posterior margin of the parurohyal lateral process concave (Fig. 13C; vs straight, Costa et al. 2021a: fig. 4C); from C. barbosae in having seven pectoral-fin rays (vs six), fewer interopercular odontodes (19-22 vs 30-36), and fewer jaw teeth (32-35 in the premaxilla, 26-30 in the dentary, vs 40-52 and 42-45, respectively), and from C. cubataonis in having 38-40 vertebrae (vs 36-37), the dorsal-fin origin in a vertical through the centrum of the 20th or 21st vertebra (vs 18th vertebra), and the anal-fin origin in a vertical through the centrum of the 24th or 25th vertebra (vs 23rd vertebra), as well as a different colour pattern, consisting of a hight concentration of small rounded dark grey spots on the flank (Fig. 3; vs large brownish spots on the dorsal portion of the flank, Katz & Barbosa 2014: figs 1-2). DISTRIBUTION. ��� Cambeva imaruhy n. sp. occurs in the eastern forested slope. It is only known from the Rio Tubar��o basin, in altitudes between about 250 and 440 m asl (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. ��� The name imaruhy is an allusion to the occurrence of the species in the Caminho dos Tropeiros da Serra do Imaru�� (formerly Imaruhy), an old track used to cross the Serra Geral during the 19th century, in a land previously inhabited by the Xokleng people. The word imaruhy is possibly derived from the Tupi-Guarani, meaning water mosquito. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 3. Body slender, subcylindrical and slightly depressed anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute.Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical through anterior portion of dorsal-fin base. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view, anterior profile of snout convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in head, on anterior half of head. Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim. Tip of maxillary barbel reaching between posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes and middle portion of pectoral-fin base; tip of rictal barbel reaching between middle portion of interopercular patch of odontodes and pectoral-fin base; tip of nasal barbel reaching opercular patch of odontodes. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth pointed, slightly curved, irregularly arranged; premaxillary teeth 32-35, dentary teeth 26-30. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 7 or 8. Cranial fontanels present, posterior fontanel long, anteriorly extending between frontals to reach transverse line close to lateral sphenotic process. Dorsal and anal fins subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex; total dorsal-fin rays 11-12 (iii + II + 7-8), total anal-fin rays 9 (ii + II + 5); anal-fin origin in vertical through posterior half of dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 20th or 21st vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 24th or 25th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, tip of first pectoral-fin ray slightly projecting beyond fin, forming minute filament; total pectoral-fin rays 7 (I + 6). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical through anterior portion of dorsal-fin base; pelvic-fin bases medially separated by minute interspace; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin subtruncate, postero-dorsal and posteroventral extremities rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 20-21 (xix-xx + I), total ventral procurrent rays 12-15 (xi-xiv + I). Vertebrae 38-40. Ribs 15-17. Two dorsal hypural plates, corresponding to hypurals 4 + 5 and 3, respectively, sometimes coalesced to form single plate; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to posterior section of infraorbital canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent and just posterior to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, in transverse line through posterior half of orbit; pore s6 nearer orbit than its paired homologous pore. Single infraorbital sensory canal segment, with two pores, corresponding to pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit; anterior segment of infraorbital canal absent. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11C) Mesethmoid relatively thin, its anterior margin slightly concave; mesethmoid cornu narrow, extremity slightly pointed. No lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin. Antorbital thin, drop-shaped; sesamoid supraorbital very slender, rod-shaped, without processes, its length about three times antorbital length. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, laterally narrowing, moderate in length, slightly longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slender, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, medial margin sinuous, lateral margin slightly concave; autopalatine posterolateral process well-developed, narrow, its length about two thirds autopalatine length excluding posterolateral. Cheek region (Fig. 12C) Metapterygoid thin, subtriangular, large, its largest length slightly shorter than horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process; minute marginal process just posterior to cartilage articulating metapterygoid and quadrate. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin separated from hyomandibula outgrowth by small interspace. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula concave. Opercle compact, opercular odontode patch depth about equal length of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 15-17 odontodes; odontodes pointed, nearly straight to slightly curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows; dorsal process of opercle short and pointed; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with prominent flap, articular facet for preopercle well-developed, subtriangular, in close proximity to articular facet for hyomandibula. Interopercle moderate, about three fifths of thirds hyomandibula length, with 19-22 odontodes; odontodes pointed, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap. Parurohyal (Fig. 13C) Parurohyal robust, lateral process sub-triangular, slightly curved, latero-posteriorly directed, extremity pointed; parurohyal head well-developed, with distinctive anterolateral paired process; middle foramen broad, oval; posterior process long, about half length distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of posterior process. Colouration in alcohol (Fig. 3) Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellowish brown. Dorsum and flank with hight concentration of small rounded dark grey spots, variable in size in different species, usually smaller than orbit, sometimes three or four times orbit, rarely very small almost imperceptible, often darker on flank midline and on procurrent caudal-fin rays, sometimes inconspicuous below midline. Dark pigment concentrated between anterior nostril and orbit, and on nasal barbel base. Venter and ventral surface of head light yellowish white. Unpaired fins hyaline with finely dark brown pigmented rays. Paired fins whiteish hyaline., Published as part of Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Feltrin, Caio R. M. & Katz, Axel M., 2021, Field inventory reveals high diversity of new species of mountain catfishes, genus Cambeva Katz, Barbosa, Mattos & Costa, 2018 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), in south-eastern Serra Geral, southern Brazil, pp. 659-690 in Zoosystema 43 (28) on pages 667-669, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2021v43a28, http://zenodo.org/record/5636536, {"references":["COSTA W. J. E. M., FELTRIN C. R. M. & KATZ A. M. 2021 a. - Filling distribution gaps: Two new species of the catfish genus Cambeva from southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 97: 147 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zse. 97.61006","KATZ A. M. & BARBOSA M. 2014. - Re-description of Trichomycterus cubataonis Bizerril, 1994 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the Cubatao river basin, southern Brazil. Vertebrate Zoology 64: 3 - 8."]}

Cambeva pericoh n. sp. (Figs 2, 11B, 12B, 13B; Table 2) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 324271D3-7113-4CE0-8D00-D47AA56C67B7 MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Brazil • 1 ex., 97.3 mm SL; Santa Catarina State: São Joaquim Municipality: village of Pericó: Rio Pericó, tributary of Rio Lava-Tudo, Rio Pelotas drainage, Rio Uruguai basin; 28°09’40”S, 49°45’21”W; about 1170 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 14.III.2021; UFRJ 6969. Paratypes. Brazil • 3 ex., 26.7-59.9 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6970 • 2 ex., 28.3-52.0 mm SL; Rio Lava-Tudo; 28°08’43”S, 49°42’40”W; about 1210 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 14.III.2021; UFRJ 6971 • 2 ex. (C&S), 65.1-74.4 mm SL; Rio Pericó; 28°09’40”S, 49°45’21”W; about 1170 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 8.II.2021; UFRJ 6972. DIAGNOSIS. — Cambeva pericoh n. sp. is distinguished from all other species of the C. balios complex by the presence of large black blotches irregularly arranged and often partially coalesced on the flank (Fig. 2; vs never a similar colouration, Fig. 1; see also Ferrer & Malabarba, 2013: fig. 1). Cambeva pericoh n. sp. is similar to C. diffusa n. sp. and distinguished from C. balios in having a slightly posteriorly folded extremity of the dorsal process of the opercle (Fig. 12B, vs unfolded), a narrow postero-dorsal projection on the preopercle (Fig. 12A, vs no projection), and eight branchiostegal rays (vs nine). Cambeva pericoh n. sp. differs from C. diffusa n. sp. in having fewer dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays (13 or 14, vs 17), more ribs (15, vs 12), and opercular and interopercular postero-dorsal odontodes only slightly wider and more curved than the other odontodes (Fig. 12B; vs opercular and interopercular postero-dorsal odontodes distinctively wider and more curved than the other odontodes, Fig. 12A). DISTRIBUTION. — Cambeva pericoh n. sp. occurs in the western open plateau. It is known from three localities in the Rio Pelotas drainage, upper Rio Uruguai basin, in altitudes between about 1170 and 1210 m asl (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. — The name pericoh is an allusion to the occurrence of the new species in the Rio Pericó, its type locality. The name probably has a Tupi-Guarani origin, but its meaning is uncertain. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 2. Body moderately slender, subcylindrical anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical through anterior third of dorsal-fin base. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view, anterior profile of snout convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in anterior half of head. Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim.Tip of maxillary barbel reaching area just anterior to interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of rictal barbel reaching preopercular area in vertical through orbit; tip of nasal barbel posteriorly reaching anterior portion of orbit or area just anterior to it. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth slightly pointed to incisiform, slightly curved in premaxilla and strongly curved in dentary, irregularly arranged, 39-43 in premaxilla, 48-50 in dentary. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 8. Cranial fontanels present, posterior fontanel long, anteriorly extending between frontals to reach transverse line close to lateral sphenotic process. Dorsal and anal fins subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex; total dorsal-fin rays 12 (iii + I-II + 7-8), total anal-fin rays 10 (iii + II + 5); anal-fin origin in vertical through middle dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 22nd vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 26th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray not terminating in filament; total pectoral-fin rays 7 (I + 6). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical through dorsal-fin origin or just anterior to it; pelvic-fin bases medially in close proximity; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin subtruncate, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral extremities rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 13 or 14 (xii-xiii + I), total ventral procurrent rays 10-12 (ix-xi + I). Vertebrae 41. Ribs 15. Single dorsal hypural plate, corresponding to hypurals 4 + 5 + 3; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to infraorbital sensory canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, on middle part of dorsal surface of head, in transverse line just posterior to orbit; pore s6 nearer midway between orbit and its paired homologous pore. Infraorbital sensory represented by single segment, with two pores: pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11B) Mesethmoid robust, its anterior margin about straight; mesethmoid cornu subtriangular, extremity slightly pointed; lateral flap on intersection between cornu and main bone axis, posteriorly extending parallel to lateral bone margin. Minute lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin close to middle portion of sesamoid supraorbital. Antorbital thin, drop-shaped; sesamoid supraorbital flat, its length about twice and half antorbital length, with anterior lateral pointed expansion. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slender, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, longer than wide, medial margin with deep notch, lateral margin nearly straight to slightly curved near posterolateral process; autopalatine posterolateral process subtriangular in dorsal view, short, its length shorter than osseus portion of autopalatine length excluding posterolateral process. Cheek region (Fig. 12B) Metapterygoid thin, subtriangular, large, its largest length slightly longer than horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process; short process just anterior to articulatory cartilaginous block. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin in contact with from hyomandibula outgrowth. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula slightly concave. Opercle broad, opercular odontode patch depth about two thirds of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 12-15 odontodes; odontodes pointed, straight to slightly curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows; dorsal process of opercle short, extremity slightly posteriorly folded; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with small, subtrapezoidal flap, articular facet for preopercle minute. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, anterior margin deeply concave, ventrally terminating in anteriorly directed prominent process; interopercular odontode patch with 23-25 odontodes; odontodes pointed, relatively short, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap and narrow postero-dorsal projection. Parurohyal (Fig. 13B) Robust, lateral process broad, posterior margin slightly convex, latero-posteriorly directed, extremity truncate; parurohyal head well-developed, with anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small, oval; posterior process relatively long, about six tenths of distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of lateral process. Colouration in alcohol (Fig. 2) Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellow, with large black blotches irregularly arranged and often partially coalesced on flank, and small dark brown dots in more superficial skin layer, frequently overlapping black blotches. Venter and ventral part of head greyish white. Barbels black. Fins pale grey with black spots on basal portion.

Cambeva longipalata n. sp. (Figs 8, 11H, 12H, 13H; Table 8) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F938318C-424E-490E-B187-3CBEBD09F201 MATERIAL EXAMINED. ��� Holotype. Brazil ��� 1 ex., 86.0 mm SL; Santa Catarina State: Bom Jardim da Serra Municipality: Rio Mantiqueira, tributary of Rio Pelotas, Rio Uruguai basin; 28��15���47���S, 49��45���46���W; about 1325 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 8.II.2021; UFRJ 6944. Paratypes. Brazil ��� 6 ex., 26.5-53.9 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6945 ��� 1 ex. (C&S), 52.4 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6947 ��� 2 ex., 46.4-52.9 mm SL; collected with holotype; CICCAA 04109 ��� 11 ex., 28.5-37.03 mm SL; same area as holotype, 28��16���08���S, 49��45���40���W; about 1325 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 16.VII.2020; UFRJ 6946 ��� 4 ex. (C&S), 28.9-36.9 mm SL; same data as UFRJ 6946; UFRJ 6948. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Cambeva longipalata n. sp. differs from all other congeners of the C. tropeira complex in having more vertebrae (41 or 42, vs 37-40), dorsal-fin origin in a vertical between the centrum of the 23rd or 24th vertebra (vs 19th���21st) and anal-fin origin in a vertical between the centrum of the 26th vertebra (vs 22nd��� 25th), a narrower body (body width 8.0-9.7 % SL, vs 10.0-12.8 % SL); and a long posterolateral process of the autopalatine, its length about equal to the osseus portion of the autopalatine length excluding the posterolateral process (Fig. 11H, vs smaller, Figs 11G, I-K). Cambeva longipalata n. sp. is distinguished from all other congeners of the C. tropeira complex, except C. tropeira, in having rounded black spots and dots irregularly arranged on the flank (never a similar colour pattern), and the presence of a lateral projection on the lateral ethmoid, close to the middle portion of the sesamoid supraorbital (Figs 11H, J; vs projection absent or close to posterior portion of the sesamoid supraorbital when present, Figs 11 G, I, K) and posterior portion of the antorbital slightly laterally bowed (Fig. 11H, J; vs straight, Figs 11 G, I, K); C. longipalata n. sp. is readily distinguished from C. tropeira in having a well-developed pelvic fin (vs pelvic fin absent). Cambeva longipalata n. sp. is also distinguished from C. duplimaculata n. sp. in having fewer dorsal procurrent caudalfin rays (12-14, vs 16 or 17); from C. urubici n. sp. in having fewer teeth in the premaxilla (39 ��� 41, vs 46-51) and dentary (35-38, vs 46-51); and from C. notabilis n. sp. and C. urubici n. sp. in having fewer opercular odontodes (10 or 11, vs 14-16). DISTRIBUTION. ��� Cambeva longipalata n. sp. occurs in the western open plateau. It is only known from the Rio Mantiqueira, a tributary of the upper Rio Pelotas, upper Rio Uruguai basin, about 1330 m asl (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. ��� From the Latin, the name longipalata (long palate) is an allusion to the peculiar morphology of the autopalatine of the new species, with a long posterolateral process. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 8. Body moderately slender, subcylindrical anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical just posterior to dorsal-fin origin. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view, anterior profile of snout convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in anterior half of head. Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim. Tip of maxillary barbel reaching between interopercular and opercular patch of odontodes; tip of nasal and rictal barbels reaching interopercular patch of odontodes. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth pointed, slightly curved, irregularly arranged, 39-41 in premaxilla, 35-38 in dentary. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 8. Cranial fontanels present, posterior fontanel long, anteriorly extending between frontals to reach transverse line close to lateral sphenotic process. Dorsal and anal fins subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex; total dorsalfin rays 12 (iii + II + 7), total anal-fin rays 10 (iii + I-II + 5-6); anal-fin origin in vertical through middle of dorsalfin base or just posterior to it. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 23rd or 24th vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 26th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray not terminating in filament; total pectoral-fin rays 7 (I + 6). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical anterior to dorsal-fin base; pelvic-fin bases medially in close proximity; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin truncate, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral extremities rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 12-14 (x-xiii + I-II), total ventral procurrent rays 10-12 (xi-xv + I). Vertebrae 41-42. Ribs 13 or 14. Two dorsal hypural plates, corresponding to hypurals 4 + 5 and 3, respectively, often coalesced to form single plate; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to infraorbital sensory canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, on middle part of dorsal surface of head, in transverse line just posterior to orbit; pore s6 nearer orbit than its paired homologous pore. Infraorbital sensory canal arranged in 2 segments, each with two pores; anterior segment with pore i1, in transverse line through anterior nostril, and pore i3, in transverse line just anterior to posterior nostril; posterior segment with pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11H) Mesethmoid robust, its anterior margin about straight; mesethmoid cornu narrow, extremity pointed; narrow lateral flap on intersection between cornu and main bone axis, posteriorly extending parallel to lateral bone margin. Minute lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin close to middle portion of sesamoid supraorbital. Antorbital thin, posterior portion slightly laterally bowed, posteriorly supporting anterior infraorbital canal; sesamoid supraorbital slender, its length about twice or slightly less antorbital length, with weak lateral projection. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, slightly laterally narrowing, longer than maxilla.Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slender, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, slender, longer than wide, with posterior portion of medial margin expanded, lateral margin nearly straight to slightly curved near posterolateral process; autopalatine posterolateral process subtriangular in dorsal view, with sharp extremity, long, its length about equal to osseus portion of autopalatine length excluding posterolateral process. Cheek region (Fig. 12H) Metapterygoid thin, subtriangular, large, its largest length slightly longer than horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process; minute process just anterior to articulatory cartilaginous block. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin in contact with from hyomandibula outgrowth. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula slightly concave. Opercle relatively slender, with deep transverse constriction just anterior to opercular odontode patch; opercular odontode patch depth about three fifths of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 10 or 11 odontodes; odontodes pointed, straight to slightly curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows; dorsal process of opercle short and truncate; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with small, rounded flap, articular facet for preopercle indistinct. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, anterior margin slightly concave; interopercular odontode patch with 18-20 pointed odontodes, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap. Parurohyal (Fig. 13H) Robust, lateral process sub-triangular, posterior margin slightly sinuous, latero-posteriorly directed, extremity pointed; parurohyal head well-developed, with anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small, round; posterior process relatively long, about six tenths of distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of lateral process. Colouration in alcohol (Fig. 8) Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellow, with rounded black spots and small dots; most flank spots larger than interopercular patch of odontodes, head spots equal or slightly larger than orbit; spots and dots irregularly arranged on flank. Venter and ventral part of flank greyish white. Barbels dark grey. Fins pale grey with small, dark greyish brown spots on basal portion., Published as part of Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Feltrin, Caio R. M. & Katz, Axel M., 2021, Field inventory reveals high diversity of new species of mountain catfishes, genus Cambeva Katz, Barbosa, Mattos & Costa, 2018 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), in south-eastern Serra Geral, southern Brazil, pp. 659-690 in Zoosystema 43 (28) on pages 678-680, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2021v43a28, http://zenodo.org/record/5636536

Cambeva orbitofrontalis n. sp. (Figs 4, 11D, 12D, 13D; Table 4) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 45F25566-C30E-43A4-8523-F77BEC7A5111 MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Brazil • 1 ex., 56.2 mm SL; Santa Catarina State: Treviso Municipality: village of Santo Antônio: Cascata do Salto Branco, Rio Pio, Rio Mãe Luzia drainage, Rio Araranguá basin; 28°29’23”S, 49°31’22”W; about 385 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 20.I.2021; UFRJ 6953. Paratypes. Brazil • 2 ex., 44.5-56.5 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6954 • 3 ex. (C&S), 43.6-55.2 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6955 • 2 ex., 43.6-45.5 mm SL; collected with holotype; CICCAA 04114 • 1 ex., 22.5 mm SL; same area as anterior; 28°29’32”S, 49°31’26”W; C. R. M. Feltrin; 29.IX.2018; UFRJ 6956 • 1 ex. (C&S), 47.3 mm SL; same area as anterior, 28°29’17”S, 49°30’45”W; about 300 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 30.XI.2020; UFRJ 6957 • 2 ex., 21.8-29.7 mm SL; Siderópolis Municipality: village of Costão da Serra, Rio da Serra, about 100 from its confluence with Rio da Mina; 28°33’16”S, 49°34’53”W; about 230 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 20.I.2021; UFRJ 6958 • 1 ex., 51.3 mm SL; Siderópolis Municipality: upper Rio São Bento, Costão da Serra; 28°35’06”S, 49°33’54”W; about 160 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 22.II.2021; UFRJ 6987 • 9 ex., 13.5-31.0 mm SL; Nova Veneza Municipality: stream tributary of Rio São Bento, São Bento Alto; 28°37’38”S, 49°34’11”W; about 125 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 24.II.2021; UFRJ 6988. DIAGNOSIS. — Cambeva orbitofrontalis n. sp. differs from other species of the C. botuvera complex in having more ribs (16, vs 12 or 13 in C. botuvera and 14 in C. panthera n. sp.), seven branchiostegal rays (vs 8), fewer teeth in the premaxilla (36-38, vs 40-42 in C. botuvera and 44-46 in C. panthera n. sp.) and dentary (31-34, vs 40-42 in C. botuvera and 38-43 in C. panthera n. sp.), a rounded caudal fin (vs subtruncate) and a long sesamoid supraorbital, longer than the autopalatine (vs shorter). Also distinguished from C. botuvera in having a shorter pectoral fin (pectoral-fin length 7.6-9.1 % SL, vs 12.1-15.1 % SL) and a shorter space between orbit and anterior nostril (pre-orbital length 10.7-12.7 % of the head length, vs 13.6-16.7 %); and from C. panthera n. sp. in having fewer dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays (18, vs 20-24), more vertebrae (39-40, vs 37), the dorsal-fin origin in a vertical through the centrum of the 21st vertebra (vs 18th or 19th), more opercular (13-15, vs 10 or 11) and interopercular odontodes (30-35, vs 23-25), a shorter caudal fin (caudal-fin length 13.0-15.2 % SL, vs 17.8-20.2 % SL), and shorter pelvic-fins (pelvic-fin length 7.6-9.1 % SL, vs 9.7-12.6 % SL). DISTRIBUTION. — Cambeva orbitofrontalis n. sp. occurs in the eastern forested slope. It is found in the Rio Araranguá basin, in altitudes between about 130 and 390 m (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin orbita (orbit, referring to the eye socket) and frontalis (frontal), in allusion to the unique long sesamoid supraorbital bone, with posterior extremity firmly attached to the frontal bone. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 4. Body moderately slender, subcylindrical anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical through anterior third of dorsal-fin base. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view, anterior profile of snout convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in anterior half of head. Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim.Tip of maxillary barbel reaching middle portion of interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of rictal barbel reaching anterior part of interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of nasal barbel slightly posteriorly surpassing orbit. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth slightly pointed to incisiform in outer areas, slightly curved, irregularly arranged, 36-38 in premaxilla, 31-34 in dentary. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 7. Cranial fontanels present, posterior fontanel long, anteriorly extending between frontals to reach transverse line close to lateral sphenotic process. Dorsal fin short, subrectangular, anal fin subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex in both; total dorsal-fin rays 11 (ii + I-II + 7-8), total anal-fin rays 9 (ii + II + 5); anal-fin origin in vertical through last third of dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 21st vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 24th or 25th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray not terminating in filament; total pectoral-fin rays 7 (I + 6). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical anterior to dorsalfin base; pelvic-fin bases medially in close proximity; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 18 (xvii + I), total ventral procurrent rays 13 (xii + I). Vertebrae 39-40. Ribs 16. Two dorsal hypural plates, corresponding to hypurals 4 + 5 and 3, respectively; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to infraorbital sensory canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, on middle part of dorsal surface of head, in transverse line just posterior to orbit; pore s6 nearer orbit than its paired homologous pore. Infraorbital sensory canal represented by single segment, with two pores: pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11D) Mesethmoid robust, its anterior margin about straight; mesethmoid cornu subtriangular, extremity pointed; narrow lateral flap on intersection between cornu and main bone axis, posteriorly extending parallel to lateral bone margin. Minute lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin close to middle portion of sesamoid supraorbital, often absent. Antorbital thin, dropshaped; sesamoid supraorbital slender, long and slightly curved, its length about three and half times antorbital length, without lateral projections, its posterior portion firmly attached to neurocranium. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, slightly laterally narrowing, longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerangshaped, slender, curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, moderate in width, slightly longer than wide when excluding posterolateral process, medial margin sinuous, lateral margin nearly straight to slightly curved near posterolateral process; autopalatine posterolateral process subtriangular in dorsal view, with sharp extremity, short, its length shorter than osseus portion of autopalatine length excluding posterolateral process. Cheek region (Fig. 12D) Metapterygoid thin, subtriangular, large, its largest length slightly longer than horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process; minute projection on anteroventral bone margin, close to articulatory cartilage block. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin in contact with from hyomandibula outgrowth; small process close and anterior to cartilage articulating quadrate and metapterygoid. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; deep notch on dorsal margin of hyomandibula outgrowth. Opercle slender, abruptly widening on odontode patch, its depth about three fifths of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, 13-15 odontodes; odontodes pointed, straight to slightly curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows; dorsal process of opercle short and truncate; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with small, rounded flap, articular facet for preopercle indistinct. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, anterior margin slightly concave; interopercular odontode patch with 30-35 pointed odontodes, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap. Parurohyal (Fig. 13D) Robust, lateral process sub-triangular, weakly curved, lateroposteriorly directed, extremity pointed, posterior margin slightly sinuous; parurohyal head well-developed, with anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small, round; posterior process relatively long, about half distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of lateral process. Colouration in alcohol (Fig. 4) Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellowish grey, with small, rounded dark grey spots, larger on dorsal portion of flank; spots irregularly arranged, except forming horizontal row on longitudinal midlateral line of flank. Venter and ventral part of flank yellowish white. Barbels dark grey. Fins hyaline with grey rays on basal portion.

Cambeva longipalata n. sp. (Figs 8, 11H, 12H, 13H; Table 8) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F938318C-424E-490E-B187-3CBEBD09F201 MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Brazil • 1 ex., 86.0 mm SL; Santa Catarina State: Bom Jardim da Serra Municipality: Rio Mantiqueira, tributary of Rio Pelotas, Rio Uruguai basin; 28°15’47”S, 49°45’46”W; about 1325 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 8.II.2021; UFRJ 6944. Paratypes. Brazil • 6 ex., 26.5-53.9 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6945 • 1 ex. (C&S), 52.4 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6947 • 2 ex., 46.4-52.9 mm SL; collected with holotype; CICCAA 04109 • 11 ex., 28.5-37.03 mm SL; same area as holotype, 28°16’08”S, 49°45’40”W; about 1325 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 16.VII.2020; UFRJ 6946 • 4 ex. (C&S), 28.9-36.9 mm SL; same data as UFRJ 6946; UFRJ 6948. DIAGNOSIS. — Cambeva longipalata n. sp. differs from all other congeners of the C. tropeira complex in having more vertebrae (41 or 42, vs 37-40), dorsal-fin origin in a vertical between the centrum of the 23rd or 24th vertebra (vs 19th–21st) and anal-fin origin in a vertical between the centrum of the 26th vertebra (vs 22nd– 25th), a narrower body (body width 8.0-9.7 % SL, vs 10.0-12.8 % SL); and a long posterolateral process of the autopalatine, its length about equal to the osseus portion of the autopalatine length excluding the posterolateral process (Fig. 11H, vs smaller, Figs 11G, I-K). Cambeva longipalata n. sp. is distinguished from all other congeners of the C. tropeira complex, except C. tropeira, in having rounded black spots and dots irregularly arranged on the flank (never a similar colour pattern), and the presence of a lateral projection on the lateral ethmoid, close to the middle portion of the sesamoid supraorbital (Figs 11H, J; vs projection absent or close to posterior portion of the sesamoid supraorbital when present, Figs 11 G, I, K) and posterior portion of the antorbital slightly laterally bowed (Fig. 11H, J; vs straight, Figs 11 G, I, K); C. longipalata n. sp. is readily distinguished from C. tropeira in having a well-developed pelvic fin (vs pelvic fin absent). Cambeva longipalata n. sp. is also distinguished from C. duplimaculata n. sp. in having fewer dorsal procurrent caudalfin rays (12-14, vs 16 or 17); from C. urubici n. sp. in having fewer teeth in the premaxilla (39 – 41, vs 46-51) and dentary (35-38, vs 46-51); and from C. notabilis n. sp. and C. urubici n. sp. in having fewer opercular odontodes (10 or 11, vs 14-16). DISTRIBUTION. — Cambeva longipalata n. sp. occurs in the western open plateau. It is only known from the Rio Mantiqueira, a tributary of the upper Rio Pelotas, upper Rio Uruguai basin, about 1330 m asl (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin, the name longipalata (long palate) is an allusion to the peculiar morphology of the autopalatine of the new species, with a long posterolateral process. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 8. Body moderately slender, subcylindrical anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical just posterior to dorsal-fin origin. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view, anterior profile of snout convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in anterior half of head. Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim. Tip of maxillary barbel reaching between interopercular and opercular patch of odontodes; tip of nasal and rictal barbels reaching interopercular patch of odontodes. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth pointed, slightly curved, irregularly arranged, 39-41 in premaxilla, 35-38 in dentary. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 8. Cranial fontanels present, posterior fontanel long, anteriorly extending between frontals to reach transverse line close to lateral sphenotic process. Dorsal and anal fins subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex; total dorsalfin rays 12 (iii + II + 7), total anal-fin rays 10 (iii + I-II + 5-6); anal-fin origin in vertical through middle of dorsalfin base or just posterior to it. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 23rd or 24th vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 26th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray not terminating in filament; total pectoral-fin rays 7 (I + 6). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical anterior to dorsal-fin base; pelvic-fin bases medially in close proximity; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin truncate, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral extremities rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 12-14 (x-xiii + I-II), total ventral procurrent rays 10-12 (xi-xv + I). Vertebrae 41-42. Ribs 13 or 14. Two dorsal hypural plates, corresponding to hypurals 4 + 5 and 3, respectively, often coalesced to form single plate; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to infraorbital sensory canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, on middle part of dorsal surface of head, in transverse line just posterior to orbit; pore s6 nearer orbit than its paired homologous pore. Infraorbital sensory canal arranged in 2 segments, each with two pores; anterior segment with pore i1, in transverse line through anterior nostril, and pore i3, in transverse line just anterior to posterior nostril; posterior segment with pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11H) Mesethmoid robust, its anterior margin about straight; mesethmoid cornu narrow, extremity pointed; narrow lateral flap on intersection between cornu and main bone axis, posteriorly extending parallel to lateral bone margin. Minute lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin close to middle portion of sesamoid supraorbital. Antorbital thin, posterior portion slightly laterally bowed, posteriorly supporting anterior infraorbital canal; sesamoid supraorbital slender, its length about twice or slightly less antorbital length, with weak lateral projection. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, slightly laterally narrowing, longer than maxilla.Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slender, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, slender, longer than wide, with posterior portion of medial margin expanded, lateral margin nearly straight to slightly curved near posterolateral process; autopalatine posterolateral process subtriangular in dorsal view, with sharp extremity, long, its length about equal to osseus portion of autopalatine length excluding posterolateral process. Cheek region (Fig. 12H) Metapterygoid thin, subtriangular, large, its largest length slightly longer than horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process; minute process just anterior to articulatory cartilaginous block. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin in contact with from hyomandibula outgrowth. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula slightly concave. Opercle relatively slender, with deep transverse constriction just anterior to opercular odontode patch; opercular odontode patch depth about three fifths of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 10 or 11 odontodes; odontodes pointed, straight to slightly curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows; dorsal process of opercle short and truncate; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with small, rounded flap, articular facet for preopercle indistinct. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, anterior margin slightly concave; interopercular odontode patch with 18-20 pointed odontodes, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap. Parurohyal (Fig. 13H) Robust, lateral process sub-triangular, posterior margin slightly sinuous, latero-posteriorly directed, extremity pointed; parurohyal head well-developed, with anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small, round; posterior process relatively long, about six tenths of distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of lateral process. Colouration in alcohol (Fig. 8) Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellow, with rounded black spots and small dots; most flank spots larger than interopercular patch of odontodes, head spots equal or slightly larger than orbit; spots and dots irregularly arranged on flank. Venter and ventral part of flank greyish white. Barbels dark grey. Fins pale grey with small, dark greyish brown spots on basal portion.

Cambeva diffusa n. sp. (Figs 1, 11A, 12A, 13A; Table 1) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5C3D95DE-504C-49EB-B20D-83B9D446381A MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Brazil • 1 ex., 112.3 mm SL; Santa Catarina state: Urubici Municipality: Rio Urubici, Rio Canoas drainage, Rio Uruguai basin; 28°01’37”S, 49°35’20”W; about 935 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 8.II.2021; UFRJ 6968. Paratypes. Brazil • 4 ex., 19.0- 49.2 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6980 • 3 ex. (C&S), 26.0- 103.4 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6981 • 4 ex., 22.4-72.4 mm SL; same locality and collector as holotype; 14.III.2021; UFRJ 6978 • 6 ex., 21.7-55.9 mm SL; upper Rio Canoas, road between Urubici and Rio dos Bugres; 27°59’24”S, 49°32’39”W; about 905 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 14.III.2021; UFRJ 6977 • 5 ex., 30.3-67.9 mm SL; same data as UFRJ 6977; CICCAA 04111 • 1 ex., 43.9 mm SL; same locality and collector as UFRJ 6977; 8.II.2021; UFRJ 6982 • 7 ex., 29.4-65.1 mm SL; stream tributary to Rio Urubici; 28°00’52”S, 49°35’31”W; about 920 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 14.III.2021; UFRJ 6979. DIAGNOSIS. — Cambeva diffusa n. sp. is distinguished from all other species of the C. balios complex by the presence of a lighter general colouration, highly differing by the presence of a great concentration of small dark brownish grey dots in a superficial skin layer, contrasting with rounded diffuse pale grey spots, almost inconspicuous, in a deeper layer (Fig. 1; vs never a similar colouration, Fig. 2; see also Ferrer & Malabarba 2013: fig. 1). Cambeva diffusa n. sp. is similar to C. pericoh n. sp. and distinguished from C. balios in having a slightly posteriorly folded extremity of the dorsal process of the opercle (Fig. 12A, vs unfolded), a narrow postero-dorsal projection on the preopercle (Fig. 12A, vs no projection), and eight branchiostegal rays (vs nine). Cambeva diffusa n. sp. differs from C. pericoh n. sp. in having more dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays (17, vs 13 or 14), fewer ribs (12, vs 15), and opercular and interopercular postero-dorsal odontodes distinctively wider and more curved than other odontodes (Fig. 12A; vs opercular and interopercular posterodorsal odontodes only slightly wider and more curved than other odontodes, Fig. 12B). DISTRIBUTION. — Cambeva diffusa n. sp. occurs in the western open plateau. It is known from three localities in the upper Rio Canoas drainage, Rio Uruguai basin, in altitudes between about 910 and 940 m asl (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin, the name diffusa (diffuse) refers to the colour pattern of the new species, with diffuse grey spots in a deeper skin layer, overlapped by a great concentration of minute brownish grey dots, conferring a unique general colouration that is lighter than in close related congeners. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 1. Body moderately slender, subcylindrical anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical through anterior third of dorsal-fin base. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view, anterior profile of snout convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in anterior half of head. Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim. Tip of maxillary barbel reaching middle of interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of rictal barbel reaching area just anterior to interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of nasal barbel reaching anterior portion of orbit. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth slightly pointed to incisiform, slightly curved in premaxilla and strongly curved in dentary, irregularly arranged, 36-45 in premaxilla, 33-46 in dentary. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 8. Cranial fontanels present, posterior fontanel long, anteriorly extending between frontals to reach transverse line close to lateral sphenotic process. Dorsal and anal fins subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex; total dorsal-fin rays 12 (iii + II + 7), total anal-fin rays 10 (iii + II + 5); anal-fin origin in vertical slightly posterior to middle dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 21st vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 25th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray not terminating in filament; total pectoral-fin rays 7 (I + 6). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical through dorsal-fin origin or just anterior to it; pelvic-fin bases medially in contact; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin subtruncate, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral extremities rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 17 (xvi + I), total ventral procurrent rays 12-13 (xi-xii + I). Vertebrae 40-42. Ribs 12. Two dorsal hypural plates, corresponding to hypurals 4 + 5 and 3, respectively; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to infraorbital sensory canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, on middle part of dorsal surface of head, in transverse line just posterior to orbit; pore s6 nearer midway between orbit and its paired homologous pore. Infraorbital sensory represented by single segment, with two pores: pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11A) Mesethmoid robust, its anterior margin about straight to gently concave; mesethmoid cornu subtriangular in dorsal view, extremity pointed; narrow lateral flap on intersection between cornu and main bone axis. Minute lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin close to sesamoid supraorbital. Antorbital thin, short, drop-shaped; sesamoid supraorbital flattened, its length about thrice antorbital length, with lateral pointed expansion on its anterior half. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, slightly laterally narrowing, slightly longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slender, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, moderate in width, longer than wide, with deep notch on medial margin, lateral margin straight to slightly curved at posterolateral process base; autopalatine posterolateral process subtriangular in dorsal view, its length shorter than osseus portion of autopalatine length excluding posterolateral process. Cheek region (Fig. 12A) Metapterygoid thin, subtriangular, large, its largest length greater than horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin in contact with hyomandibula outgrowth. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula slightly concave. Opercle broad, opercular odontode patch depth about three fourths of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 13-14 odontodes; odontodes pointed, straight to curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows, postero-dorsal odontodes larger and distinctively more curved; dorsal process of opercle short, extremity slightly posteriorly folded; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with small, subtrapezoidal flap, articular facet for preopercle minute. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, anterior margin deeply concave, ventrally terminating in anteriorly directed prominent process; interopercular odontode patch with 18-20 pointed odontodes, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows, postero-dorsal odontodes larger and strongly curved, remaining odontodes nearly straight to slightly curved. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap and narrow postero-dorsal projection. Parurohyal (Fig. 13A) Robust, lateral process broad, posterior margin slightly convex, latero-posteriorly directed, extremity truncate; parurohyal head well-developed, with prominent anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small, round; posterior process long, about three fifths of distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of lateral process. Colouration in alcohol (Fig. 1) Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellow, with great concentration of small dark brownish grey dots in superficial skin layer, and rounded diffuse pale grey spots, almost inconspicuous, in deeper layer. Venter with paler dots; ventral part of head greyish white. Barbels grey. Fins pale grey with small dark brownish grey dots. In juvenile species, dark grey spots over whole flank.

Cambeva panthera n. sp. (Figs 5, 11E, 12E, 13E; Table 5) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 96329D84-8A60-4849-A1D4-17BCB13401A1 MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Brazil • 1 ex., 66.5 mm SL; Santa Catarina State: Pedras Grandes Municipality: village of Azambuja, stream tributary of Rio Pedras Grandes, Rio Tubarão basin; 28°28’37”S, 49°11’41”W; about 245 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 22.III.2021; UFRJ 6984. Paratypes. Brazil • 6 ex., 18.7-63.6 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6985 • 4 ex. (C&S), 30.9-55.5 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6986 • 3 ex., 46.2-57.0 mm SL; collected with holotype; CICCAA 04108. DIAGNOSIS. — Cambeva panthera n. sp. is distinguished from other species of the C. botuvera complex in having a longer maxillary barbel, its tip reaching the middle of the pectoral-fin base (vs reaching area between interopercular patch of odontodes and pectoral-fin base), fewer vertebrae (37, vs 39 or 40), the dorsal-fin origin in a vertical through the centrum of the 18th or 19th vertebra (vs 21st or 22nd), fewer opercular odontodes (10 or 11, vs 13-18), more premaxillary teeth (44-46, vs 36-42), and by the presence of rounded brown spots with dark brown to black margin on the flank in adult specimens (vs uniformly pigmented spots). Cambeva panthera n. sp. is also distinguished from C. orbitofrontalis n. sp. in having fewer ribs (14, vs 16), a subtruncate caudal fin (vs rounded), more dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays (20-24, vs 18), fewer interopercular odontodes (23-25, vs 30-35), a longer caudal fin (caudal-fin length 17.8-20.2 % SL, vs 13.0-15.2 % SL), and longer pelvic-fins (pelvic-fin length 9.7-12.6 % SL, vs 7.6-9.1 % SL). DISTRIBUTION. — Cambeva panthera n. sp. occurs in the eastern forested slope. It is only known from the type locality, a stream tributary of the Rio Pedras Grandes, Rio Tubarão basin, altitude about 250 m (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. — The name panthera (panther), derived from the Greek, is an allusion to the colour pattern of larger specimens that exhibit a colour pattern similar to that occurring in species of the felid genus Panthera Oken, 1816. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 5. Body moderately slender, subcylindrical anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area between pectoral and pelvic fins. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, slightly convex on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical through middle portion of dorsalfin base. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view, anterior profile of snout slightly convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in middle portion of head.Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim. Tip of maxillary barbel reaching middle of pectoral-fin base; tip of rictal reaching between interopercular patch of odontodes and pectoral-fin base; tip of nasal barbel reaching middle of opercular patch of odontodes. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth pointed, slightly curved, irregularly arranged, 44-46 in premaxilla, 38-43 in dentary. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 8. Cranial fontanels present, posterior fontanel long, anteriorly extending between frontals to reach transverse line close to lateral sphenotic process. Dorsal and anal fins subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex; total dorsal-fin rays 11-12 (ii-iii + II + 7), total anal-fin rays 9-10 (ii-iii + I-II + 5-6); anal-fin origin in vertical just anterior to posterior dorsal-fin base end. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 18th or 19th vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 23rd or 24th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray terminating in short filament, about 10-15 % of pectoral-fin length; total pectoral-fin rays 7 (I + 6). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical through middle of dorsal-fin base; pelvic-fin bases medially in close proximity; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin subtruncate, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral extremities rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 20-23 (xix-xxii + I), total ventral procurrent rays 13-14 (xii-xiii + I-II). Vertebrae 37. Ribs 14. Two dorsal hypural plates, corresponding to hypurals 4 + 5 and 3, respectively; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to infraorbital sensory canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, on middle part of dorsal surface of head, in transverse line just posterior to orbit; pore s6 nearer orbit than its paired homologous pore. Anterior segment of infraorbital sensory canal absent; posterior segment with pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11E) Mesethmoid robust, its anterior margin about straight; mesethmoid cornu subtriangular in dorsal view, extremity pointed; narrow lateral flap on intersection between cornu and main bone axis. Small lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin close to posterior portion of sesamoid supraorbital. Antorbital thin, drop-shaped; sesamoid supraorbital slender, its length about thrice or slightly more antorbital length. Premaxilla subtrapezoidal in dorsal view, anterior margin convex, laterally narrowing, longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slender, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, broad, about so long as wide, with concavity on medial margin, lateral margins slightly concave; autopalatine posterolateral process subtriangular in dorsal view, short, its length shorter than osseus portion of autopalatine length excluding posterolateral process. Cheek region (Fig. 12E) Metapterygoid thin, subtriangular, large, its largest length longer than horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process; minute projection on anteroventral bone margin, close to articulatory cartilage block. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin in contact with from hyomandibula outgrowth. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth, with deep dorsal concavity. Opercle relatively slender, opercular odontode patch depth about half dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 10 or 11 odontodes; odontodes pointed, straight to slightly curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows; dorsal process of opercle short; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with small, rounded flap, articular facet for preopercle rounded, close to opercular facet. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, anterior margin concave; interopercular odontode patch with 23-25 pointed odontodes, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap. Parurohyal (Fig. 13E) Robust, lateral process sub-triangular, posterior margin slightly convex, latero-posteriorly directed, extremity pointed; parurohyal head well-developed, with prominent anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small, rounded; posterior process long, about three fifths of distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of lateral process. Colouration in alcohol (Fig. 5) Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellow, with rounded brown spots with dark brown to black margin; flank spots irregularly arranged and variable in size, largest spots slightly larger than opercular patch of odontodes. Venter and ventral part of head yellowish white. Barbels brown, with dark brown dots. Fins pale grey with small brownish grey spots on basal portion. In juveniles, spots dark brown without distinct margin colour; spots slightly darker along longitudinal midline of flank.

Cambeva duplimaculata n. sp. (Figs 7, 11G, 12G, 13G; Table 7) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 17CCE793-8B84-41C6-B304-CD44C46747FE MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Brazil • 1 ex., 83.4 mm SL; Santa Catarina State: Bom Jardim da Serra Municipality: Rio Barrinha, a tributary of the upper Rio Pelotas, Rio Uruguai basin, 28°20’24”S, 49°36’59”W; about 1245 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 8.II.2021; UFRJ 6949. Paratypes. Brazil • 2 ex., 29.6-61.5 mm SL; upper Rio Pelotas, Rio Uruguai basin, 28°20’07”S, 49°40’43”W; about 1190 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 8.II.2021; UFRJ 6950 • 2 ex., 37.4-38.0 mm SL; same locality as UFRJ 6950; C. R. M. Feltrin; 16.VII.2020; UFRJ 6951 • 3 ex. (C&S), 33.5-41.1 mm SL; same data as UFRJ 6951; UFRJ 6952. DIAGNOSIS. — Cambeva duplimaculata n. sp. is distinguished from all other species of the C. tropeira complex in having more dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays (16 or 17, vs 12-15) and a colour pattern in adult specimens (above about 50 mm SL) consisting of flank with rounded black spots arranged in three irregular longitudinal rows, overlapped by a high concentration of minute dark brown spots that are placed at a more superficial skin layer (Fig. 7; vs never a similar colour pattern, Figs 8-10; see also Ferrer & Malabarba 2011: fig. 1). Also distinguished from C. longipalata n. sp. in having fewer vertebrae (39 or 40, vs 41 or 42), the dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 20th or 21st vertebrae (vs 23rd or 24th) and the anal-origin in vertical through centrum of 24th or 25th vertebrae (vs 26th), and a wider body (body width 10.8-11.8 % SL, vs 8.0-9.7 % SL); from C. notabilis n. sp. in having a shorter pelvic fin (pelvic-fin length 7.0-8.6 % SL, vs 9.0-10.4 % SL); from C. tropeira in having a well-developed pelvic fin (vs pelvic fin absent); from C. urubici n. sp. in having fewer teeth on premaxilla (38-41, vs 46-51) and dentary (35-39, vs 46-51); from C. notabilis n. sp., C. tropeira and C. urubici n. sp. in having more ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays (12-15, vs 10-11); and from C. notabilis n. sp. and C. urubici n. sp. in having fewer opercular odontodes (11-13, vs 15 or 16). DISTRIBUTION. — Cambeva duplimaculata n. sp. occurs in the western open plateau. It is only known from two localities in the upper Rio Pelotas drainage, upper Rio Uruguai basin, in altitudes between about 1190 and 1250 m asl (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. — The name duplimaculata, from the Latin (doubly maculated) refers to its colour pattern in the flank, consisting of two overlapped spotted patterns in different skin layers, comprising inner large black spots and outer small brown spots. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 7. Body moderately slender, subcylindrical anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical through anterior third of dorsalfin base. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view, anterior profile of snout convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in anterior half of head. Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim. Tip of maxillary barbel reaching middle of interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of rictal and nasal barbels reaching anterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth pointed, slightly curved, irregularly arranged, 38-41 in premaxilla, 35-39 in dentary. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 9. Cranial fontanels present, posterior fontanel long, anteriorly extending between frontals to reach transverse line close to lateral sphenotic process. Dorsal and anal fins subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex; total dorsal-fin rays 12-13 (iii-iv + II + 7), total anal-fin rays 10-11 (iii-iv + II + 5); anal-fin origin in vertical through just anterior to posterior dorsal-fin base end. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 20th or 21st vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 24th or 25th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray not terminating in filament; total pectoral-fin rays 7 (I + 6). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical through anterior-most portion of dorsal-fin base; pelvic-fin bases medially in contact; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin subtruncate, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral extremities rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 16-17 (xv-xvi + I), total ventral procurrent rays 12-15 (xi-xiv + I). Vertebrae 39-40. Ribs 14 or 15. Two dorsal hypural plates, corresponding to hypurals 4 + 5 and 3, respectively; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to infraorbital sensory canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, on middle part of dorsal surface of head, in transverse line just posterior to orbit; pore s6 nearer orbit than its paired homologous pore. Infraorbital sensory canal arranged in 2 segments, each with two pores; anterior segment with pore i1, in transverse line through anterior nostril, and pore i3, in transverse line just anterior to posterior nostril; posterior segment with pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11G) Mesethmoid robust, its anterior margin about straight; mesethmoid cornu narrow, extremity slightly pointed; narrow lateral flap on intersection between cornu and main bone axis, posteriorly extending parallel to lateral bone margin. Minute lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin close to posterior portion of sesamoid supraorbital. Antorbital thin, posteriorly supporting anterior infraorbital canal; sesamoid supraorbital slender, its length about twice or slightly more antorbital length, sometimes with minute lateral process. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, slightly laterally narrowing, longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slender, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, moderate in width, longer than wide, lateral and medial margins slightly concave; autopalatine posterolateral process subtriangular in dorsal view, with sharp extremity, short, its length shorter than osseus portion of autopalatine length excluding posterolateral process. Cheek region (Fig. 12G) Metapterygoid thin, subtriangular, large, its largest length about equal horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin in contact with from hyomandibula outgrowth. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula slightly concave. Opercle relatively slender, with deep transverse constriction just anterior to opercular odontode patch; opercular odontode patch depth about three fifths of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 11-13 odontodes; odontodes pointed, straight to slightly curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows; dorsal process of opercle short and truncate; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with small, rounded flap, articular facet for preopercle almost indistinct. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, anterior margin concave; interopercular odontode patch with 16-18 pointed odontodes, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap. Parurohyal (Fig. 13G) Robust, lateral process sub-triangular, posterior margin slightly convex, latero-posteriorly directed, extremity pointed; parurohyal head well-developed, with prominent anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small, round; posterior process long, about three fifths of distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of lateral process. Colouration in alcohol (Fig. 7) Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellow, with rounded black spots, flank spots larger than interopercular patch of odontodes, head spots equal or slightly larger than orbit; flank spots arranged in three irregular longitudinal rows. Small pale brown spots in superficial skin layer, scattered over flank and dorsum, overlapping dark grey spots, their diameter equal or smaller than posterior nostril. Venter and ventral part of head greyish white. Barbels grey with dark grey margin. Fins pale grey with small black spots on basal portion.

Cambeva notabilis n. sp. (Figs 9, 11I, 12I, 13I; Table 9) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7495C863-9AB2-4B1B-9822-CD30FE954F10 MATERIAL EXAMINED. ��� Holotype. Brazil ��� 1 ex., 71.7 mm SL; Santa Catarina State: Gr��o Par�� Municipality: upper Rio Bra��o Esquerdo, Rio Bra��o do Norte drainage, RioTubar��o basin; 28��08���02���S, 49��24���54���W; about 610 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 17.II.2021; UFRJ 6965. Paratypes. Brazil ��� 1 ex. (C&S), 39.4 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6966 ��� 1 ex., 65.1 mm SL; same locality as holotype; C. R. M. Feltrin; 2.III.2015; UFRJ 10513. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Cambeva notabilis n. sp. is distinguished from all other species of the C. tropeira complex, except C. urubici n. sp., in the presence of a black stripe along flank longitudinal midline during some life stage (vs black stripe along flank longitudinal midline always absent); in C. notabilis n. sp., the stripe is interrupted in the largest specimen (71.7 mm SL), forming a distinctive series of horizontally elongated black spots (Fig. 9), a colouration not seen in any specimen of other species of the C. tropeira complex (Figs 7, 8, 10). Cambeva notabilis n. sp. differs from C. urubici n. sp. in having fewer teeth in the premaxilla (39, vs 46-51) and dentary (31, vs 46- 51), and by the presence of round black spots irregularly arranged on dorsum (Fig. 9B; vs arranged in two dorsolateral longitudinal rows, often coalesced and forming stripes, Fig. 10B). Cambeva notabilis n. sp. is also distinguished from C. duplimaculata n. sp. in having fewer dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays (13, vs 16 or 17); from C. longipalata n. sp. in having fewer vertebrae (39, vs 41 or 42), more opercular odontodes (14, vs 10 or 11), dorsal fin origin in a vertical through the centrum of the 21st vertebra (vs between 23rd and 24th vertebrae) anal fin origin in a vertical through the centrum of the 24th vertebra (vs 26th vertebra), and a wider body (10.4-12.4 % SL, vs 8.0-9.7 % SL); and from C. tropeira in having a well-developed pelvic fin (vs pelvic fin absent). Examination of a single cleared and stained paratype for bone and cartilage, indicates that C. notabilis n. sp. also differs from all other species of the C. tropeira complex by the possession of a long antorbital, about three fourths of the sesamoid supraorbital length (Fig. 11I, vs about half length of less, Figs 11G, H, J, K), and the absence of a dorsal constriction close to the opercular patch of odontodes (Fig. 12I), vs presence (Figs 12G, H, J). DISTRIBUTION. ��� Cambeva notabilis n. sp. occurs in the eastern forested slope. It is only known from the upper Rio Bra��o Esquerdo, Rio Bra��o do Norte drainage, Rio Tubar��o basin, altitude about 610 m asl (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. ��� From the Latin, the name notabilis (notable) refers to the unique colouration of this new species. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 9. Body moderately slender, subcylindrical anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical through middle of dorsal-fin origin. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view, anterior profile of snout convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in anterior half of head. Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim. Tip of maxillary barbel reaching middle part of interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of rictal barbel reaching anterior margin of interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of nasal barbel slightly posteriorly surpassing posterior margin of orbit. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth pointed, slightly curved, irregularly arranged, premaxillary teeth 39, dentary teeth 31. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 8. Cranial fontanels present, posterior fontanel long, anteriorly extending between frontals to reach transverse line close to lateral sphenotic process. Dorsal and anal fins short, subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex; total dorsal-fin rays 12 (iii + II + 7), total anal-fin rays 10 (iii + I-II + 5-6); anal-fin origin in vertical just anterior to dorsalfin base posterior end. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 21st vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 24th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray not terminating in filament; total pectoral-fin rays 7 (I + 6). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical through dorsal-fin origin, or slightly anterior to it; pelvic-fin bases medially in close proximity; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin truncate, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral extremities rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 13 (xii + I), total ventral procurrent rays 12 (xi + I). Vertebrae 39. Ribs 14. Single dorsal hypural plate, corresponding to hypurals 3 + 4 + 5; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to infraorbital sensory canal posteriorly.Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, on middle part of dorsal surface of head, in transverse line just posterior to orbit; pore s6 nearer its paired homologous pore than orbit or slightly nearer orbit than its paired homologous. Infraorbital sensory canal arranged in 2 segments, each with two pores; anterior segment with pore i1, in transverse line through anterior nostril, and pore i3, in transverse line just anterior to posterior nostril; posterior segment with pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11I) Mesethmoid robust, its anterior margin about straight; mesethmoid cornu narrow, extremity rounded; narrow lateral flap on intersection between cornu and main bone axis, posteriorly extending parallel to lateral bone margin. Minute lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin close to middle portion of sesamoid supraorbital. Antorbital thin, relatively long, posteriorly supporting anterior infraorbital canal, its posterior extremity near anterior extremity of sesamoid supraorbital; sesamoid supraorbital flat and slender, without processes. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slender, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, compact, slightly longer than wide when excluding postero-lateral process, medial margin straight, lateral margin nearly straight to slightly curved near posterolateral process; autopalatine posterolateral process subtriangular in dorsal view, with sharp extremity, short, its length shorter than osseus portion of autopalatine length excluding posterolateral process. Cheek region (Fig. 12I) Metapterygoid thin, subtriangular, large, its largest length slightly shorter than horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin slightly separated from hyomandibula outgrowth. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula slightly concave. Opercle relatively slender; opercular odontode patch depth about three fifths of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 14 odontodes; odontodes pointed, straight to slightly curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows; dorsal process of opercle short and truncate; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with small, rounded flap, articular facet for preopercle indistinct. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, anterior margin slightly concave; interopercular odontode patch with 20 pointed odontodes, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap. Parurohyal (Fig. 13I) Robust, lateral process sub-triangular, posterior margin slightly sinuous, latero-posteriorly directed, extremity pointed; parurohyal head well-developed, with prominent anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small, round; posterior process relatively long, about three quarters of distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of lateral process. Colouration in alcohol (based on holotype, 71.1 mm SL, Fig. 9) Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellow, with rounded black spots; spots distinctively larger on row through longitudinal midlateral line of flank; spots irregularly arranged on dorsum and head. Venter and ventral part of flank greyish white. Barbels dark grey. Fins pale grey. Paratypes, 39.3 and 65.1 mm SL, differing only by spots on longitudinal midlateral line of flank being longitudinally coalesced, forming broad black stripe., Published as part of Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Feltrin, Caio R. M. & Katz, Axel M., 2021, Field inventory reveals high diversity of new species of mountain catfishes, genus Cambeva Katz, Barbosa, Mattos & Costa, 2018 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), in south-eastern Serra Geral, southern Brazil, pp. 659-690 in Zoosystema 43 (28) on pages 680-682, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2021v43a28, http://zenodo.org/record/5636536

Cambeva urubici n. sp. (Figs 10, 11K, 12J, 13J; Table 10) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4F7C0D5A-4EC1-4D1D-9AFA-CEFE1973A810 MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Brazil • 1 ex., 65.6 mm SL; Santa Catarina state: Urubici Municipality: Rio Urubici, Rio Canoas drainage, upper Rio Uruguai basin; 28°01’37”S, 49°35’21”W; about 935 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 14.III.2021; UFRJ 6967. Paratypes. Brazil • 4 ex., 23.0-51.0 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6973 • 2 ex., 28.3-61.0 mm SL; same locality and collector as holotype; 8.II.2021; UFRJ 6975 • 3 ex. (C&S), 31.2-47.3 mm SL, same data as for precedent; UFRJ 6976 • 4 ex., 19.1-32.0 mm SL; upper Rio Canoas, road between Urubici and Rio dos Bugres, 27°59’24”S, 49°32’39”W; about 905 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 14.III.2021; UFRJ 6983 • 2 ex., 33.5-38.0 mm SL; same data as for precedent; CICCAA 04110. DIAGNOSIS. — Cambeva urubici n. sp. differs from all other species of the C. tropeira complex in having more opercular odontodes (15 or 16, vs 10 – 14), more teeth in the premaxilla and dentary (46-51 in both, vs 38-41 in the premaxilla and 31-39 in the dentary), a unique colour pattern, comprising three longitudinal rows of black spots on the flank in juveniles, with spots of the median row coalescing to form a black stripe along lateral midline (vs never a similar colour pattern), a robust autopalatine with a nearly straight medial margin (Fig. 11K; vs autopalatine more slender, with concave medial margin, Figs G-J), and the presence of a pronounced lateral process on the sesamoid supraorbital (Fig. 11K; vs absence, Figs G-J). Cambeva urubici n. sp. is also distinguished from C. duplimaculata n. sp. in having fewer dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays (13-15, vs 16 or 17); and from C. longipalata n. sp. in having fewer vertebrae (40, vs 41 – 42), dorsal-fin origin in a vertical through the centrum of the 21st vertebra (vs 23rd or 24th) and anal-fin origin in a vertical through the centrum of the 25th vertebra (vs 26th). DISTRIBUTION. — Cambeva urubici n. sp. occurs in the western open plateau. It is known from two localities in the upper Rio Canoas drainage, Rio Uruguai basin, in altitudes between about 910 and 940 m asl (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. — The name urubici is an allusion to the occurrence of the species in the Rio Urubici, Rio Uruguai basin, southern Brazil, where is its type locality. This name is derived from theTupi-Guarani, but its meaning is unclear. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 10. Body moderately slender, subcylindrical anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical trough anterior portion of dorsal-fin origin. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view, anterior profile of snout convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in anterior half of head. Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim. Tip of maxillary barbel reaching anterior part of interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of rictal barbel reaching anterior margin of interopercular patch of odontodes, sometimes shorter, not reaching; tip of nasal barbel reaching posterior margin of orbit, or little beyond it. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth pointed, slightly curved, irregularly arranged, 46- 51 in both jaws. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 8 or 9. Cranial fontanels present, posterior fontanel long, anteriorly extending between frontals to reach transverse line close to lateral sphenotic process. Dorsal and anal fins short, subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex; total dorsalfin rays 12 (iii + II + 7), total anal-fin rays 10 (iii + I-II + 5-6); anal-fin origin in vertical just anterior to dorsal-fin base posterior end. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 21st or 22nd vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 25th or 26th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray not terminating in filament; total pectoral-fin rays 7 (I + 6). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical through dorsal-fin origin; pelvic-fin bases medially in close proximity; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin truncate, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral extremities rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 13-15 (xii-xiv + I), total ventral procurrent rays 10-11 (ix-x + I). Vertebrae 38-40. Ribs 15 or 16. Two dorsal hypural plates, corresponding to hypurals 4 + 5 and 3, respectively; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to infraorbital sensory canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, on middle part of dorsal surface of head, in transverse line just posterior to orbit; pore s6 nearer orbit than its paired homologous pore, near its paired homologous pore than orbit in larger specimens, above about 60 mm SL or more. Infraorbital sensory canal arranged in 2 segments, each with two pores; anterior segment with pore i1, in transverse line through anterior nostril, and pore i3, in transverse line just anterior to posterior nostril; posterior segment with pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11K) Mesethmoid robust, its anterior margin about straight; mesethmoid cornu narrow, extremity rounded; narrow lateral flap on intersection between cornu and main bone axis, posteriorly extending parallel to lateral bone margin. Minute lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin close to middle portion of sesamoid supraorbital. Antorbital thin, posteriorly supporting anterior infraorbital canal; sesamoid supraorbital flat, slender anteriorly, widening posteriorly, its length about twice or slightly less antorbital length, with pronounced lateral process postero-laterally directed. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slender, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, robust, about so wide as long when excluding posterolateral process, medial margin straight to slightly concave, lateral margin nearly straight to slightly curved near posterolateral process; autopalatine posterolateral process subtriangular in dorsal view, with sharp extremity, short, its length shorter than osseus portion of autopalatine length excluding posterolateral process. Cheek region (Fig. 12J) Metapterygoid thin, subtriangular, large, its largest length slightly longer than horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process; short process just anterior to articulatory cartilaginous block. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin in contact with from hyomandibula outgrowth. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula slightly concave. Opercle relatively slender, with deep transverse constriction just anterior to opercular odontode patch; opercular odontode patch depth about three fifths of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 15 or 16 odontodes; odontodes pointed, straight to slightly curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows; dorsal process of opercle short and truncate; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with small, rounded flap, articular facet for preopercle indistinct. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, anterior margin slightly concave; interopercular odontode patch with 18-20 pointed odontodes, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap. Parurohyal (Fig. 13J) Robust, lateral process sub-triangular, posterior margin slightly sinuous, latero-posteriorly directed, extremity slightly pointed; parurohyal head well-developed, with prominent anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small, round; posterior process relatively long, about six tenths of distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of lateral process. Colouration in alcohol (Fig. 10) Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellowish grey, with rounded dark brown spots; spots larger than interopercular patch of odontodes, arranged in three longitudinal series on flank; spots of two dorsal-most rows longitudinally coalesced with neighbouring spots in specimens about 50 mm SL or larger, forming stripe on longitudinal midlateral line of flank. Venter and ventral part of flank greyish white. Barbels dark grey. Fins pale grey. Smaller juvenile specimens, 23 mm SL or less, with homogeneous brownish grey flank; faint spots in juvenile specimens 25 mm SL or slightly larger.

Cambeva imaruhy n. sp. (Figs 3, 11C, 12C, 13C; Table 3) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 15E30D5C-5407-4905-A2F6-BA2F3FF76730 MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Brazil • 1 ex., 60.6 mm SL; Santa Catarina state: Orleans municipality: Rio Minador, Rio Laranjeiras drainage, village of Brusque do Sul; 28°14’33”S, 49°24’13”W; about 250 m asl; 26.I.2021; UFRJ 6939. Paratypes. Brazil • 6 ex., 23.8-36.7 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6964 • 1 ex., 55.8 mm SL; upper Rio Laranjeiras, Rio Tubarão basin, Caminho dos Tropeiros da Serra do Imaruí; 28°13’30”S, 49°29’06”W; about 440 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 9.III. 2020 • 7 ex., 25.6-40.8 mm SL; Lauro Muller municipality: upper Rio Rocinha, Novo Horizonte; 28°23’42”S, 49°28’06”W; about 315 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 22.X.2020; UFRJ 6940 • 5 ex., 30.0- 36.4 mm SL; same data as UFRJ 6940; CICCAA 04113 • 5 ex., 32.3-38.8 mm SL (C&S); same data as UFRJ 6940; UFRJ 6941. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL (NON- TYPE SPECIMENS). — Brazil • 1 ex.; Santa Catarina State: Grão Pará Municipality: Rio Braço Esquerdo subdrainage, Rio Braço do Norte drainage, Rio Tubarão basin; 28°08’37”S, 49°23’25”W; about 450 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 17.II.2021; UFRJ 6959 • 4 ex.; same area as UFRJ 6959; 28°08’29”S, 49°23’37”W; about 460 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 17.II.2021; UFRJ 6960 • 2 ex. (C&S); same data as precedent; UFRJ 6961. DIAGNOSIS. — Cambeva imaruhy n. sp. differs from C. barbosae and C. cubataonis in having 15-17 ribs (vs 11-13) and posterior margin of the parurohyal lateral process concave (Fig. 13C; vs straight, Costa et al. 2021a: fig. 4C); from C. barbosae in having seven pectoral-fin rays (vs six), fewer interopercular odontodes (19-22 vs 30-36), and fewer jaw teeth (32-35 in the premaxilla, 26-30 in the dentary, vs 40-52 and 42-45, respectively), and from C. cubataonis in having 38-40 vertebrae (vs 36-37), the dorsal-fin origin in a vertical through the centrum of the 20th or 21st vertebra (vs 18th vertebra), and the anal-fin origin in a vertical through the centrum of the 24th or 25th vertebra (vs 23rd vertebra), as well as a different colour pattern, consisting of a hight concentration of small rounded dark grey spots on the flank (Fig. 3; vs large brownish spots on the dorsal portion of the flank, Katz & Barbosa 2014: figs 1-2). DISTRIBUTION. — Cambeva imaruhy n. sp. occurs in the eastern forested slope. It is only known from the Rio Tubarão basin, in altitudes between about 250 and 440 m asl (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. — The name imaruhy is an allusion to the occurrence of the species in the Caminho dos Tropeiros da Serra do Imaruí (formerly Imaruhy), an old track used to cross the Serra Geral during the 19th century, in a land previously inhabited by the Xokleng people. The word imaruhy is possibly derived from the Tupi-Guarani, meaning water mosquito. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 3. Body slender, subcylindrical and slightly depressed anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute.Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical through anterior portion of dorsal-fin base. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view, anterior profile of snout convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in head, on anterior half of head. Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim. Tip of maxillary barbel reaching between posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes and middle portion of pectoral-fin base; tip of rictal barbel reaching between middle portion of interopercular patch of odontodes and pectoral-fin base; tip of nasal barbel reaching opercular patch of odontodes. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth pointed, slightly curved, irregularly arranged; premaxillary teeth 32-35, dentary teeth 26-30. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 7 or 8. Cranial fontanels present, posterior fontanel long, anteriorly extending between frontals to reach transverse line close to lateral sphenotic process. Dorsal and anal fins subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex; total dorsal-fin rays 11-12 (iii + II + 7-8), total anal-fin rays 9 (ii + II + 5); anal-fin origin in vertical through posterior half of dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 20th or 21st vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 24th or 25th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, tip of first pectoral-fin ray slightly projecting beyond fin, forming minute filament; total pectoral-fin rays 7 (I + 6). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical through anterior portion of dorsal-fin base; pelvic-fin bases medially separated by minute interspace; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin subtruncate, postero-dorsal and posteroventral extremities rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 20-21 (xix-xx + I), total ventral procurrent rays 12-15 (xi-xiv + I). Vertebrae 38-40. Ribs 15-17. Two dorsal hypural plates, corresponding to hypurals 4 + 5 and 3, respectively, sometimes coalesced to form single plate; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to posterior section of infraorbital canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent and just posterior to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, in transverse line through posterior half of orbit; pore s6 nearer orbit than its paired homologous pore. Single infraorbital sensory canal segment, with two pores, corresponding to pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit; anterior segment of infraorbital canal absent. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11C) Mesethmoid relatively thin, its anterior margin slightly concave; mesethmoid cornu narrow, extremity slightly pointed. No lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin. Antorbital thin, drop-shaped; sesamoid supraorbital very slender, rod-shaped, without processes, its length about three times antorbital length. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, laterally narrowing, moderate in length, slightly longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slender, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, medial margin sinuous, lateral margin slightly concave; autopalatine posterolateral process well-developed, narrow, its length about two thirds autopalatine length excluding posterolateral. Cheek region (Fig. 12C) Metapterygoid thin, subtriangular, large, its largest length slightly shorter than horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process; minute marginal process just posterior to cartilage articulating metapterygoid and quadrate. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin separated from hyomandibula outgrowth by small interspace. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula concave. Opercle compact, opercular odontode patch depth about equal length of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 15-17 odontodes; odontodes pointed, nearly straight to slightly curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows; dorsal process of opercle short and pointed; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with prominent flap, articular facet for preopercle well-developed, subtriangular, in close proximity to articular facet for hyomandibula. Interopercle moderate, about three fifths of thirds hyomandibula length, with 19-22 odontodes; odontodes pointed, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap. Parurohyal (Fig. 13C) Parurohyal robust, lateral process sub-triangular, slightly curved, latero-posteriorly directed, extremity pointed; parurohyal head well-developed, with distinctive anterolateral paired process; middle foramen broad, oval; posterior process long, about half length distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of posterior process. Colouration in alcohol (Fig. 3) Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellowish brown. Dorsum and flank with hight concentration of small rounded dark grey spots, variable in size in different species, usually smaller than orbit, sometimes three or four times orbit, rarely very small almost imperceptible, often darker on flank midline and on procurrent caudal-fin rays, sometimes inconspicuous below midline. Dark pigment concentrated between anterior nostril and orbit, and on nasal barbel base. Venter and ventral surface of head light yellowish white. Unpaired fins hyaline with finely dark brown pigmented rays. Paired fins whiteish hyaline.

Cambeva duplimaculata n. sp. (Figs 7, 11G, 12G, 13G; Table 7) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 17CCE793-8B84-41C6-B304-CD44C46747FE MATERIAL EXAMINED. ��� Holotype. Brazil ��� 1 ex., 83.4 mm SL; Santa Catarina State: Bom Jardim da Serra Municipality: Rio Barrinha, a tributary of the upper Rio Pelotas, Rio Uruguai basin, 28��20���24���S, 49��36���59���W; about 1245 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 8.II.2021; UFRJ 6949. Paratypes. Brazil ��� 2 ex., 29.6-61.5 mm SL; upper Rio Pelotas, Rio Uruguai basin, 28��20���07���S, 49��40���43���W; about 1190 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 8.II.2021; UFRJ 6950 ��� 2 ex., 37.4-38.0 mm SL; same locality as UFRJ 6950; C. R. M. Feltrin; 16.VII.2020; UFRJ 6951 ��� 3 ex. (C&S), 33.5-41.1 mm SL; same data as UFRJ 6951; UFRJ 6952. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Cambeva duplimaculata n. sp. is distinguished from all other species of the C. tropeira complex in having more dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays (16 or 17, vs 12-15) and a colour pattern in adult specimens (above about 50 mm SL) consisting of flank with rounded black spots arranged in three irregular longitudinal rows, overlapped by a high concentration of minute dark brown spots that are placed at a more superficial skin layer (Fig. 7; vs never a similar colour pattern, Figs 8-10; see also Ferrer & Malabarba 2011: fig. 1). Also distinguished from C. longipalata n. sp. in having fewer vertebrae (39 or 40, vs 41 or 42), the dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 20th or 21st vertebrae (vs 23rd or 24th) and the anal-origin in vertical through centrum of 24th or 25th vertebrae (vs 26th), and a wider body (body width 10.8-11.8 % SL, vs 8.0-9.7 % SL); from C. notabilis n. sp. in having a shorter pelvic fin (pelvic-fin length 7.0-8.6 % SL, vs 9.0-10.4 % SL); from C. tropeira in having a well-developed pelvic fin (vs pelvic fin absent); from C. urubici n. sp. in having fewer teeth on premaxilla (38-41, vs 46-51) and dentary (35-39, vs 46-51); from C. notabilis n. sp., C. tropeira and C. urubici n. sp. in having more ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays (12-15, vs 10-11); and from C. notabilis n. sp. and C. urubici n. sp. in having fewer opercular odontodes (11-13, vs 15 or 16). DISTRIBUTION. ��� Cambeva duplimaculata n. sp. occurs in the western open plateau. It is only known from two localities in the upper Rio Pelotas drainage, upper Rio Uruguai basin, in altitudes between about 1190 and 1250 m asl (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. ��� The name duplimaculata, from the Latin (doubly maculated) refers to its colour pattern in the flank, consisting of two overlapped spotted patterns in different skin layers, comprising inner large black spots and outer small brown spots. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 7. Body moderately slender, subcylindrical anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical through anterior third of dorsalfin base. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view, anterior profile of snout convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in anterior half of head. Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim. Tip of maxillary barbel reaching middle of interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of rictal and nasal barbels reaching anterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth pointed, slightly curved, irregularly arranged, 38-41 in premaxilla, 35-39 in dentary. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 9. Cranial fontanels present, posterior fontanel long, anteriorly extending between frontals to reach transverse line close to lateral sphenotic process. Dorsal and anal fins subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex; total dorsal-fin rays 12-13 (iii-iv + II + 7), total anal-fin rays 10-11 (iii-iv + II + 5); anal-fin origin in vertical through just anterior to posterior dorsal-fin base end. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 20th or 21st vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 24th or 25th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray not terminating in filament; total pectoral-fin rays 7 (I + 6). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical through anterior-most portion of dorsal-fin base; pelvic-fin bases medially in contact; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin subtruncate, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral extremities rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 16-17 (xv-xvi + I), total ventral procurrent rays 12-15 (xi-xiv + I). Vertebrae 39-40. Ribs 14 or 15. Two dorsal hypural plates, corresponding to hypurals 4 + 5 and 3, respectively; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to infraorbital sensory canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, on middle part of dorsal surface of head, in transverse line just posterior to orbit; pore s6 nearer orbit than its paired homologous pore. Infraorbital sensory canal arranged in 2 segments, each with two pores; anterior segment with pore i1, in transverse line through anterior nostril, and pore i3, in transverse line just anterior to posterior nostril; posterior segment with pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11G) Mesethmoid robust, its anterior margin about straight; mesethmoid cornu narrow, extremity slightly pointed; narrow lateral flap on intersection between cornu and main bone axis, posteriorly extending parallel to lateral bone margin. Minute lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin close to posterior portion of sesamoid supraorbital. Antorbital thin, posteriorly supporting anterior infraorbital canal; sesamoid supraorbital slender, its length about twice or slightly more antorbital length, sometimes with minute lateral process. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, slightly laterally narrowing, longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slender, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, moderate in width, longer than wide, lateral and medial margins slightly concave; autopalatine posterolateral process subtriangular in dorsal view, with sharp extremity, short, its length shorter than osseus portion of autopalatine length excluding posterolateral process. Cheek region (Fig. 12G) Metapterygoid thin, subtriangular, large, its largest length about equal horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin in contact with from hyomandibula outgrowth. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula slightly concave. Opercle relatively slender, with deep transverse constriction just anterior to opercular odontode patch; opercular odontode patch depth about three fifths of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 11-13 odontodes; odontodes pointed, straight to slightly curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows; dorsal process of opercle short and truncate; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with small, rounded flap, articular facet for preopercle almost indistinct. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, anterior margin concave; interopercular odontode patch with 16-18 pointed odontodes, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap. Parurohyal (Fig. 13G) Robust, lateral process sub-triangular, posterior margin slightly convex, latero-posteriorly directed, extremity pointed; parurohyal head well-developed, with prominent anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small, round; posterior process long, about three fifths of distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of lateral process. Colouration in alcohol (Fig. 7) Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellow, with rounded black spots, flank spots larger than interopercular patch of odontodes, head spots equal or slightly larger than orbit; flank spots arranged in three irregular longitudinal rows. Small pale brown spots in superficial skin layer, scattered over flank and dorsum, overlapping dark grey spots, their diameter equal or smaller than posterior nostril. Venter and ventral part of head greyish white. Barbels grey with dark grey margin. Fins pale grey with small black spots on basal portion., Published as part of Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Feltrin, Caio R. M. & Katz, Axel M., 2021, Field inventory reveals high diversity of new species of mountain catfishes, genus Cambeva Katz, Barbosa, Mattos & Costa, 2018 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), in south-eastern Serra Geral, southern Brazil, pp. 659-690 in Zoosystema 43 (28) on pages 675-678, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2021v43a28, http://zenodo.org/record/5636536, {"references":["FERRER J. & MALABARBA L. R. 2011. - A new Trichomycterus lacking pelvic fins and pelvic girdle with a very restricted range in Southern Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Zootaxa 2912: 59 - 67."]}

Cambeva diffusa n. sp. (Figs 1, 11A, 12A, 13A; Table 1) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5C3D95DE-504C-49EB-B20D-83B9D446381A MATERIAL EXAMINED. ��� Holotype. Brazil ��� 1 ex., 112.3 mm SL; Santa Catarina state: Urubici Municipality: Rio Urubici, Rio Canoas drainage, Rio Uruguai basin; 28��01���37���S, 49��35���20���W; about 935 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 8.II.2021; UFRJ 6968. Paratypes. Brazil ��� 4 ex., 19.0- 49.2 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6980 ��� 3 ex. (C&S), 26.0- 103.4 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6981 ��� 4 ex., 22.4-72.4 mm SL; same locality and collector as holotype; 14.III.2021; UFRJ 6978 ��� 6 ex., 21.7-55.9 mm SL; upper Rio Canoas, road between Urubici and Rio dos Bugres; 27��59���24���S, 49��32���39���W; about 905 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 14.III.2021; UFRJ 6977 ��� 5 ex., 30.3-67.9 mm SL; same data as UFRJ 6977; CICCAA 04111 ��� 1 ex., 43.9 mm SL; same locality and collector as UFRJ 6977; 8.II.2021; UFRJ 6982 ��� 7 ex., 29.4-65.1 mm SL; stream tributary to Rio Urubici; 28��00���52���S, 49��35���31���W; about 920 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 14.III.2021; UFRJ 6979. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Cambeva diffusa n. sp. is distinguished from all other species of the C. balios complex by the presence of a lighter general colouration, highly differing by the presence of a great concentration of small dark brownish grey dots in a superficial skin layer, contrasting with rounded diffuse pale grey spots, almost inconspicuous, in a deeper layer (Fig. 1; vs never a similar colouration, Fig. 2; see also Ferrer & Malabarba 2013: fig. 1). Cambeva diffusa n. sp. is similar to C. pericoh n. sp. and distinguished from C. balios in having a slightly posteriorly folded extremity of the dorsal process of the opercle (Fig. 12A, vs unfolded), a narrow postero-dorsal projection on the preopercle (Fig. 12A, vs no projection), and eight branchiostegal rays (vs nine). Cambeva diffusa n. sp. differs from C. pericoh n. sp. in having more dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays (17, vs 13 or 14), fewer ribs (12, vs 15), and opercular and interopercular postero-dorsal odontodes distinctively wider and more curved than other odontodes (Fig. 12A; vs opercular and interopercular posterodorsal odontodes only slightly wider and more curved than other odontodes, Fig. 12B). DISTRIBUTION. ��� Cambeva diffusa n. sp. occurs in the western open plateau. It is known from three localities in the upper Rio Canoas drainage, Rio Uruguai basin, in altitudes between about 910 and 940 m asl (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. ��� From the Latin, the name diffusa (diffuse) refers to the colour pattern of the new species, with diffuse grey spots in a deeper skin layer, overlapped by a great concentration of minute brownish grey dots, conferring a unique general colouration that is lighter than in close related congeners. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 1. Body moderately slender, subcylindrical anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical through anterior third of dorsal-fin base. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view, anterior profile of snout convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in anterior half of head. Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim. Tip of maxillary barbel reaching middle of interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of rictal barbel reaching area just anterior to interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of nasal barbel reaching anterior portion of orbit. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth slightly pointed to incisiform, slightly curved in premaxilla and strongly curved in dentary, irregularly arranged, 36-45 in premaxilla, 33-46 in dentary. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 8. Cranial fontanels present, posterior fontanel long, anteriorly extending between frontals to reach transverse line close to lateral sphenotic process. Dorsal and anal fins subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex; total dorsal-fin rays 12 (iii + II + 7), total anal-fin rays 10 (iii + II + 5); anal-fin origin in vertical slightly posterior to middle dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 21st vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 25th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray not terminating in filament; total pectoral-fin rays 7 (I + 6). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical through dorsal-fin origin or just anterior to it; pelvic-fin bases medially in contact; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin subtruncate, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral extremities rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 17 (xvi + I), total ventral procurrent rays 12-13 (xi-xii + I). Vertebrae 40-42. Ribs 12. Two dorsal hypural plates, corresponding to hypurals 4 + 5 and 3, respectively; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to infraorbital sensory canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, on middle part of dorsal surface of head, in transverse line just posterior to orbit; pore s6 nearer midway between orbit and its paired homologous pore. Infraorbital sensory represented by single segment, with two pores: pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11A) Mesethmoid robust, its anterior margin about straight to gently concave; mesethmoid cornu subtriangular in dorsal view, extremity pointed; narrow lateral flap on intersection between cornu and main bone axis. Minute lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin close to sesamoid supraorbital. Antorbital thin, short, drop-shaped; sesamoid supraorbital flattened, its length about thrice antorbital length, with lateral pointed expansion on its anterior half. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, slightly laterally narrowing, slightly longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slender, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, moderate in width, longer than wide, with deep notch on medial margin, lateral margin straight to slightly curved at posterolateral process base; autopalatine posterolateral process subtriangular in dorsal view, its length shorter than osseus portion of autopalatine length excluding posterolateral process. Cheek region (Fig. 12A) Metapterygoid thin, subtriangular, large, its largest length greater than horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin in contact with hyomandibula outgrowth. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula slightly concave. Opercle broad, opercular odontode patch depth about three fourths of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 13-14 odontodes; odontodes pointed, straight to curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows, postero-dorsal odontodes larger and distinctively more curved; dorsal process of opercle short, extremity slightly posteriorly folded; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with small, subtrapezoidal flap, articular facet for preopercle minute. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, anterior margin deeply concave, ventrally terminating in anteriorly directed prominent process; interopercular odontode patch with 18-20 pointed odontodes, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows, postero-dorsal odontodes larger and strongly curved, remaining odontodes nearly straight to slightly curved. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap and narrow postero-dorsal projection. Parurohyal (Fig. 13A) Robust, lateral process broad, posterior margin slightly convex, latero-posteriorly directed, extremity truncate; parurohyal head well-developed, with prominent anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small, round; posterior process long, about three fifths of distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of lateral process. Colouration in alcohol (Fig. 1) Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellow, with great concentration of small dark brownish grey dots in superficial skin layer, and rounded diffuse pale grey spots, almost inconspicuous, in deeper layer. Venter with paler dots; ventral part of head greyish white. Barbels grey. Fins pale grey with small dark brownish grey dots. In juvenile species, dark grey spots over whole flank., Published as part of Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Feltrin, Caio R. M. & Katz, Axel M., 2021, Field inventory reveals high diversity of new species of mountain catfishes, genus Cambeva Katz, Barbosa, Mattos & Costa, 2018 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), in south-eastern Serra Geral, southern Brazil, pp. 659-690 in Zoosystema 43 (28) on pages 662-664, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2021v43a28, http://zenodo.org/record/5636536, {"references":["FERRER J. & MALABARBA L. R. 2013. - Taxonomic review of the genus Trichomycterus Valenciennes (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the laguna dos Patos system, Southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 11: 217 - 246."]}

Cambeva grisea n. sp. (Figs 6, 11F, 12F, 13F; Table 6) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A5CFD65E-416F-4722-AE0B-9335C766E27F MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Brazil • 1 ex., 43.1 mm SL; Santa Catarina State: Treviso Municipality: village of Santo Antônio: Rio Pio, Rio Mãe Luzia drainage, Rio Araranguá basin; 28°29’17”S, 49°30’45”W; about 300 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 30.XI.2020; UFRJ 6936. Paratypes. Brazil • 2 ex., 38.4-39.3 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6937 • 4 ex., 29.1-40.9 mm SL (C&S); collected with holotype; UFRJ 6938 • 4 ex., 24.1-45.9 mm SL; same area as holotype, 28°29’32”S, 49°31’26”W; C. R. M. Feltrin; 29.IX.2018; UFRJ 1219 • 2 ex., 48.1-66.4 mm SL; same data as UFRJ 1219; CIC- CAA 04112 • 1 ex. (C&S), 52.3 mm SL; Siderópolis Municipality: stream tributary to Rio São Bento, village of São Pedro, Aguaí Santuário Ecológico; 28°36’52”S, 49°33’40”W; about 155 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 26.VIII.2020; UFRJ 6962 • 4 ex. (C&S), 21.5- 34.8 mm SL; Siderópolis Municipality: Rio da Serra, about 100 m from the confluence with the Rio da Mina to form Rio São Bento, village of Costão da Serra; 28°33’16”S, 49°34’53”W; about 230 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 1.IX.2015; UFRJ 10698. DIAGNOSIS. — Cambeva grisea n. sp. is distinguished from C. brachykechenos, the only other species of the C. brachykechenos complex, in having more pleural ribs (13-15, vs 12), anal and dorsal fins more posteriorly placed relatively to vertebrae (dorsal-fin origin in a vertical through centrum of the 20th or 21st vertebra, vs 19th; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 23rd or 24th vertebra, vs 21st or 22nd), and a different colouration on the flank (pale brownish grey, sometimes with dark grey pigment irregularly distributed, vs dark brown with small light brownish grey spots). Cambeva grisea n. sp. also seems to be smaller than C. brachykechenos, with the largest specimen found reaching only 52.3 mm SL (vs 70.9 mm SL recorded for C. brachykechenos by Ferrer & Malabarba 2013). DISTRIBUTION. — Cambeva grisea n. sp. occurs in the eastern forested slope. It is known from the Rio Araranguá basin, in altitudes about 160-300 m asl (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin grisea (grey), referring to the predominant colouration of this new species. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 6. Body slender, subcylindrical and slightly depressed anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal profile of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle; ventral profile straight to slightly convex between lower jaw and end of anal-fin base, straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical just posterior to dorsal-fin origin. Head subtrapezoidal in dorsal view, almost rectangular, with anterior profile of snout slightly convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in head, on its anterior half. Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim. Tip of maxillary and rictal barbels reaching area between interopercular patch of odontodes and pectoral-fin base; tip of nasal barbel reaching area between eye and opercular patch of odontodes. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth 26-35 in both jaws, incisiform in specimens above about 35 mm SL, pointed in smaller specimens, always irregularly distributed. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 8. Anterior cranial fontanel absent, posterior fontanel restricted to parieto-supraoccipital, sometimes slightly anteriorly ad - vancing between frontals. Dorsal and anal fins subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex; total dorsal-fin rays 11 (ii + II + 7), total anal-fin rays 9 (ii + II + 5); anal-fin origin in vertical through anterior third of dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 20th or 21st vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 23rd or 24th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray not terminating in filament; total pectoral-fin rays 6 (I + 5). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical anterior to dorsal-fin base; pelvic-fin bases medially in contact; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin subtruncate, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral extremities rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 14-16 (xiii-xv + I), total ventral procurrent rays 8-12 (vii-xi + I). Vertebrae 38-39. Ribs 13-15. Single dorsal hypural plate, corresponding to hypurals 3 + 4 + 5, single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 + 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to posterior section of infraorbital canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent and just posterior to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, in transverse line through posterior half of orbit; pore s6 nearer orbit than its paired homologous pore. Single infraorbital sensory canal segment, with two pores, corresponding to pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit; anterior segment of infraorbital canal absent. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11F) Mesethmoid robust, its anterior margin about straight; mesethmoid cornu subtriangular in dorsal view, extremity pointed; narrow lateral flap on intersection between cornu and main bone axis. Small lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin close to middle portion of sesamoid supraorbital. Antorbital thin, drop-shaped; sesamoid supraorbital short and slender, slightly longer than antorbital, without processes. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, laterally narrowing, moderate in length, slightly longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerangshaped, slender, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, medial margin slightly concave, lateral margin approximately straight; autopalatine posterolateral process short, subtriangular. Cheek region (Fig. 12F) Metapterygoid thin, subtrapezoidal, large, slightly longer than deep, its largest length about equal to horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin separated from hyomandibula outgrowth by small interspace. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula slightly concave. Opercle relatively slender, opercular odontode patch depth about half length of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 10-16 odontodes; odontodes pointed, nearly straight to slightly curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows; dorsal process of opercle short and pointed; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with prominent trapezoidal flap, articular facet for preopercle inconspicuous. Interopercle moderate, its length about equal to hyomandibular outgrowth length, with 23-26 odontodes; odontodes pointed, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap. Parurohyal (Fig. 13F) Parurohyal robust, lateral process sub-triangular, slightly curved, latero-posteriorly directed, extremity pointed; parurohyal head well-developed, with anterolateral paired process; middle foramen oval; posterior process short, about one third of distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of posterior process. Colouration in alcohol (Fig. 6) Flank pale brownish grey, sometimes with dark grey pigment irregularly distributed; dorsum greyish brown with small light grey vermiculate spots, venter light yellowish grey. Head pale brownish grey to brown on nape, with darker pigmentation concentrated between orbit and anterior nostril; small dark grey spots along lateral extremity of head and basal portion of barbels. Fins whitish hyaline, with minute grey dots along rays of unpaired fins and small dark grey spot close to dorsal-fin origin and pectoral-fin base.

Cambeva notabilis n. sp. (Figs 9, 11I, 12I, 13I; Table 9) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7495C863-9AB2-4B1B-9822-CD30FE954F10 MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Brazil • 1 ex., 71.7 mm SL; Santa Catarina State: Grão Pará Municipality: upper Rio Braço Esquerdo, Rio Braço do Norte drainage, RioTubarão basin; 28°08’02”S, 49°24’54”W; about 610 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 17.II.2021; UFRJ 6965. Paratypes. Brazil • 1 ex. (C&S), 39.4 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6966 • 1 ex., 65.1 mm SL; same locality as holotype; C. R. M. Feltrin; 2.III.2015; UFRJ 10513. DIAGNOSIS. — Cambeva notabilis n. sp. is distinguished from all other species of the C. tropeira complex, except C. urubici n. sp., in the presence of a black stripe along flank longitudinal midline during some life stage (vs black stripe along flank longitudinal midline always absent); in C. notabilis n. sp., the stripe is interrupted in the largest specimen (71.7 mm SL), forming a distinctive series of horizontally elongated black spots (Fig. 9), a colouration not seen in any specimen of other species of the C. tropeira complex (Figs 7, 8, 10). Cambeva notabilis n. sp. differs from C. urubici n. sp. in having fewer teeth in the premaxilla (39, vs 46-51) and dentary (31, vs 46- 51), and by the presence of round black spots irregularly arranged on dorsum (Fig. 9B; vs arranged in two dorsolateral longitudinal rows, often coalesced and forming stripes, Fig. 10B). Cambeva notabilis n. sp. is also distinguished from C. duplimaculata n. sp. in having fewer dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays (13, vs 16 or 17); from C. longipalata n. sp. in having fewer vertebrae (39, vs 41 or 42), more opercular odontodes (14, vs 10 or 11), dorsal fin origin in a vertical through the centrum of the 21st vertebra (vs between 23rd and 24th vertebrae) anal fin origin in a vertical through the centrum of the 24th vertebra (vs 26th vertebra), and a wider body (10.4-12.4 % SL, vs 8.0-9.7 % SL); and from C. tropeira in having a well-developed pelvic fin (vs pelvic fin absent). Examination of a single cleared and stained paratype for bone and cartilage, indicates that C. notabilis n. sp. also differs from all other species of the C. tropeira complex by the possession of a long antorbital, about three fourths of the sesamoid supraorbital length (Fig. 11I, vs about half length of less, Figs 11G, H, J, K), and the absence of a dorsal constriction close to the opercular patch of odontodes (Fig. 12I), vs presence (Figs 12G, H, J). DISTRIBUTION. — Cambeva notabilis n. sp. occurs in the eastern forested slope. It is only known from the upper Rio Braço Esquerdo, Rio Braço do Norte drainage, Rio Tubarão basin, altitude about 610 m asl (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. — From the Latin, the name notabilis (notable) refers to the unique colouration of this new species. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 9. Body moderately slender, subcylindrical anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical through middle of dorsal-fin origin. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view, anterior profile of snout convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in anterior half of head. Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim. Tip of maxillary barbel reaching middle part of interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of rictal barbel reaching anterior margin of interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of nasal barbel slightly posteriorly surpassing posterior margin of orbit. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth pointed, slightly curved, irregularly arranged, premaxillary teeth 39, dentary teeth 31. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 8. Cranial fontanels present, posterior fontanel long, anteriorly extending between frontals to reach transverse line close to lateral sphenotic process. Dorsal and anal fins short, subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex; total dorsal-fin rays 12 (iii + II + 7), total anal-fin rays 10 (iii + I-II + 5-6); anal-fin origin in vertical just anterior to dorsalfin base posterior end. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 21st vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 24th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray not terminating in filament; total pectoral-fin rays 7 (I + 6). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical through dorsal-fin origin, or slightly anterior to it; pelvic-fin bases medially in close proximity; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin truncate, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral extremities rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 13 (xii + I), total ventral procurrent rays 12 (xi + I). Vertebrae 39. Ribs 14. Single dorsal hypural plate, corresponding to hypurals 3 + 4 + 5; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to infraorbital sensory canal posteriorly.Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, on middle part of dorsal surface of head, in transverse line just posterior to orbit; pore s6 nearer its paired homologous pore than orbit or slightly nearer orbit than its paired homologous. Infraorbital sensory canal arranged in 2 segments, each with two pores; anterior segment with pore i1, in transverse line through anterior nostril, and pore i3, in transverse line just anterior to posterior nostril; posterior segment with pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11I) Mesethmoid robust, its anterior margin about straight; mesethmoid cornu narrow, extremity rounded; narrow lateral flap on intersection between cornu and main bone axis, posteriorly extending parallel to lateral bone margin. Minute lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin close to middle portion of sesamoid supraorbital. Antorbital thin, relatively long, posteriorly supporting anterior infraorbital canal, its posterior extremity near anterior extremity of sesamoid supraorbital; sesamoid supraorbital flat and slender, without processes. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slender, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, compact, slightly longer than wide when excluding postero-lateral process, medial margin straight, lateral margin nearly straight to slightly curved near posterolateral process; autopalatine posterolateral process subtriangular in dorsal view, with sharp extremity, short, its length shorter than osseus portion of autopalatine length excluding posterolateral process. Cheek region (Fig. 12I) Metapterygoid thin, subtriangular, large, its largest length slightly shorter than horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin slightly separated from hyomandibula outgrowth. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula slightly concave. Opercle relatively slender; opercular odontode patch depth about three fifths of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 14 odontodes; odontodes pointed, straight to slightly curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows; dorsal process of opercle short and truncate; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with small, rounded flap, articular facet for preopercle indistinct. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, anterior margin slightly concave; interopercular odontode patch with 20 pointed odontodes, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap. Parurohyal (Fig. 13I) Robust, lateral process sub-triangular, posterior margin slightly sinuous, latero-posteriorly directed, extremity pointed; parurohyal head well-developed, with prominent anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small, round; posterior process relatively long, about three quarters of distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of lateral process. Colouration in alcohol (based on holotype, 71.1 mm SL, Fig. 9) Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellow, with rounded black spots; spots distinctively larger on row through longitudinal midlateral line of flank; spots irregularly arranged on dorsum and head. Venter and ventral part of flank greyish white. Barbels dark grey. Fins pale grey. Paratypes, 39.3 and 65.1 mm SL, differing only by spots on longitudinal midlateral line of flank being longitudinally coalesced, forming broad black stripe.

Cambeva pericoh n. sp. (Figs 2, 11B, 12B, 13B; Table 2) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 324271D3-7113-4CE0-8D00-D47AA56C67B7 MATERIAL EXAMINED. ��� Holotype. Brazil ��� 1 ex., 97.3 mm SL; Santa Catarina State: S��o Joaquim Municipality: village of Peric��: Rio Peric��, tributary of Rio Lava-Tudo, Rio Pelotas drainage, Rio Uruguai basin; 28��09���40���S, 49��45���21���W; about 1170 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 14.III.2021; UFRJ 6969. Paratypes. Brazil ��� 3 ex., 26.7-59.9 mm SL; collected with holotype; UFRJ 6970 ��� 2 ex., 28.3-52.0 mm SL; Rio Lava-Tudo; 28��08���43���S, 49��42���40���W; about 1210 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 14.III.2021; UFRJ 6971 ��� 2 ex. (C&S), 65.1-74.4 mm SL; Rio Peric��; 28��09���40���S, 49��45���21���W; about 1170 m asl; C. R. M. Feltrin; 8.II.2021; UFRJ 6972. DIAGNOSIS. ��� Cambeva pericoh n. sp. is distinguished from all other species of the C. balios complex by the presence of large black blotches irregularly arranged and often partially coalesced on the flank (Fig. 2; vs never a similar colouration, Fig. 1; see also Ferrer & Malabarba, 2013: fig. 1). Cambeva pericoh n. sp. is similar to C. diffusa n. sp. and distinguished from C. balios in having a slightly posteriorly folded extremity of the dorsal process of the opercle (Fig. 12B, vs unfolded), a narrow postero-dorsal projection on the preopercle (Fig. 12A, vs no projection), and eight branchiostegal rays (vs nine). Cambeva pericoh n. sp. differs from C. diffusa n. sp. in having fewer dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays (13 or 14, vs 17), more ribs (15, vs 12), and opercular and interopercular postero-dorsal odontodes only slightly wider and more curved than the other odontodes (Fig. 12B; vs opercular and interopercular postero-dorsal odontodes distinctively wider and more curved than the other odontodes, Fig. 12A). DISTRIBUTION. ��� Cambeva pericoh n. sp. occurs in the western open plateau. It is known from three localities in the Rio Pelotas drainage, upper Rio Uruguai basin, in altitudes between about 1170 and 1210 m asl (Fig. 14). ETYMOLOGY. ��� The name pericoh is an allusion to the occurrence of the new species in the Rio Peric��, its type locality. The name probably has a Tupi-Guarani origin, but its meaning is uncertain. DESCRIPTION General morphology Morphometric data in Table 2. Body moderately slender, subcylindrical anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth in area just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Skin papillae minute. Anus and urogenital papilla in vertical through anterior third of dorsal-fin base. Head trapezoidal in dorsal view, anterior profile of snout convex. Eye small, dorsally positioned in anterior half of head. Posterior nostril located nearer anterior nostril than orbital rim.Tip of maxillary barbel reaching area just anterior to interopercular patch of odontodes; tip of rictal barbel reaching preopercular area in vertical through orbit; tip of nasal barbel posteriorly reaching anterior portion of orbit or area just anterior to it. Mouth subterminal. Jaw teeth slightly pointed to incisiform, slightly curved in premaxilla and strongly curved in dentary, irregularly arranged, 39-43 in premaxilla, 48-50 in dentary. Branchial membrane attached to isthmus only at its anterior point. Branchiostegal rays 8. Cranial fontanels present, posterior fontanel long, anteriorly extending between frontals to reach transverse line close to lateral sphenotic process. Dorsal and anal fins subtriangular, distal margin slightly convex; total dorsal-fin rays 12 (iii + I-II + 7-8), total anal-fin rays 10 (iii + II + 5); anal-fin origin in vertical through middle dorsal-fin base. Dorsal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 22nd vertebra; anal-fin origin in vertical through centrum of 26th vertebra. Pectoral fin subtriangular in dorsal view, posterior margin slightly convex, first pectoral-fin ray not terminating in filament; total pectoral-fin rays 7 (I + 6). Pelvic fin subtruncate, its extremity in vertical through dorsal-fin origin or just anterior to it; pelvic-fin bases medially in close proximity; total pelvic-fin rays 5 (I + 4). Caudal fin subtruncate, postero-dorsal and postero-ventral extremities rounded; total principal caudal-fin rays 13 (I + 11 + I), total dorsal procurrent rays 13 or 14 (xii-xiii + I), total ventral procurrent rays 10-12 (ix-xi + I). Vertebrae 41. Ribs 15. Single dorsal hypural plate, corresponding to hypurals 4 + 5 + 3; single ventral hypural plate corresponding to hypurals 1 and 2 and parhypural. Latero-sensory system Supraorbital sensory canal continuous, connected to infraorbital sensory canal posteriorly. Supraorbital sensory canal with 3 pores: s1, adjacent to medial margin of anterior nostril; s3, adjacent to medial margin of posterior nostril; and s6, on middle part of dorsal surface of head, in transverse line just posterior to orbit; pore s6 nearer midway between orbit and its paired homologous pore. Infraorbital sensory represented by single segment, with two pores: pore i10, adjacent to ventral margin of orbit, and pore i11, posterior to orbit. Postorbital canal with 2 pores: po1, in vertical line above posterior portion of interopercular patch of odontodes, and po2, in vertical line above posterior portion of opercular patch of odontodes. Lateral line of body short, with 2 pores, posterior-most pore in vertical just posterior to pectoral-fin base. Mesethmoidal region (Fig. 11B) Mesethmoid robust, its anterior margin about straight; mesethmoid cornu subtriangular, extremity slightly pointed; lateral flap on intersection between cornu and main bone axis, posteriorly extending parallel to lateral bone margin. Minute lateral projection on lateral ethmoid margin close to middle portion of sesamoid supraorbital. Antorbital thin, drop-shaped; sesamoid supraorbital flat, its length about twice and half antorbital length, with anterior lateral pointed expansion. Premaxilla sub-trapezoidal in dorsal view, longer than maxilla. Maxilla boomerang-shaped, slender, slightly curved. Autopalatine sub-rectangular in dorsal view, longer than wide, medial margin with deep notch, lateral margin nearly straight to slightly curved near posterolateral process; autopalatine posterolateral process subtriangular in dorsal view, short, its length shorter than osseus portion of autopalatine length excluding posterolateral process. Cheek region (Fig. 12B) Metapterygoid thin, subtriangular, large, its largest length slightly longer than horizontal length of quadrate excluding dorsal process; short process just anterior to articulatory cartilaginous block. Quadrate slender, dorsal process with constricted base, dorsoposterior margin in contact with from hyomandibula outgrowth. Hyomandibula long, with well-developed anterior outgrowth; middle portion of dorsal margin of hyomandibula slightly concave. Opercle broad, opercular odontode patch depth about two thirds of dorsal hyomandibula articular facet, with 12-15 odontodes; odontodes pointed, straight to slightly curved, arranged in irregular transverse rows; dorsal process of opercle short, extremity slightly posteriorly folded; opercular articular facet for hyomandibula with small, subtrapezoidal flap, articular facet for preopercle minute. Interopercle moderate, about two thirds hyomandibula length, anterior margin deeply concave, ventrally terminating in anteriorly directed prominent process; interopercular odontode patch with 23-25 odontodes; odontodes pointed, relatively short, arranged in irregular longitudinal rows. Preopercle compact, with short ventral flap and narrow postero-dorsal projection. Parurohyal (Fig. 13B) Robust, lateral process broad, posterior margin slightly convex, latero-posteriorly directed, extremity truncate; parurohyal head well-developed, with anterolateral paired process; middle foramen small, oval; posterior process relatively long, about six tenths of distance between anterior margin of parurohyal and anterior insertion of lateral process. Colouration in alcohol (Fig. 2) Flank, dorsum and head side pale yellow, with large black blotches irregularly arranged and often partially coalesced on flank, and small dark brown dots in more superficial skin layer, frequently overlapping black blotches. Venter and ventral part of head greyish white. Barbels black. Fins pale grey with black spots on basal portion., Published as part of Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Feltrin, Caio R. M. & Katz, Axel M., 2021, Field inventory reveals high diversity of new species of mountain catfishes, genus Cambeva Katz, Barbosa, Mattos & Costa, 2018 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), in south-eastern Serra Geral, southern Brazil, pp. 659-690 in Zoosystema 43 (28) on pages 664-666, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2021v43a28, http://zenodo.org/record/5636536, {"references":["FERRER J. & MALABARBA L. R. 2013. - Taxonomic review of the genus Trichomycterus Valenciennes (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the laguna dos Patos system, Southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 11: 217 - 246."]}